MILK YIELD AND ITS COMPOSITION OF THE MAGHREBI SHE-CAMELS IN THE DIFFERENT PARITIES

إنتاج اللبن ومکوناته فی النوق المغربی فی الولادات المختلفة

عبدالله عاشور¹ ، علاء زیدان² ، مصطفى بدر¹ ، ، عبدالحمید عبدالله عبدالحمید¹

محمد أبوالرایات²

1- قسم الإنتاج الحیوانی – کلیة الزراعة جامعة الأزهر بالقاهرة - مصر

2- معهد بحوث الإنتاج الحیوانی – الدقی – الجیزة – مصر

تم إجراء هذا العمل التجریبی فی مرکز دراسات وتنمیة إنتاج الأبل – محافظة مرسى مطروح التابع لمعهد بحوث الإنتاج الحیوانی. تم استخدام عدد 20 ناقة مغربی بمتوسط وزن 500.0±50.0 وعمر 5 سنوات. تهدف الدراسة إلى معرفة تأثیر عدد الولادات على إنتاج اللبن (لتر) ومکونات اللبن (%) فی النوق المغربی.

أوضحت النتائج أن هناک زیادة معنویة (على مستوى 0.05) فی إنتاج اللبن الیومی (لتر) فی النوق المغربی وذلک فی الولادة الثالثة والرابعة و الخامسة مقارنة بالولادة الأولى والثانیة. هذا بالإضافة إلى أن هناک زیادة معنویة (على مستوى 0.05) فی إنتاج اللبن الکلی (لتر) فی النوق المغربی وذلک فی الولادة الرابعة والخامسة عن الولادة الأولى والثانیة والثالثة. انخفاض نسبة الدهن (%) و الرماد (%) فی لبن النوق المغربی فی الولادة الأولى عن باقی الولادات. انخفاض نسبة البروتین (%) ، نسبة اللاکتوز (%) والمواد الصلبة الکلیة (%)فی لبن النوق المغربی فی الولادة الخامسة عن باقی الولادات. علاوة على ذلک فإن هناک زیادة معنویة (على مستوى 0.05). فى محتوىاللبن من الدهن,البروتین,اللاکتوز فی بدایة الحلیب عن آخر الحلیب ، وذلک خلال فترة الحلابة فی النوق المغربی. زیادة محتوى لبن النوق المغربی من نسبة الجوامد الصلبة الکلیة (%)وذلک فی بدایة الحلیب عن وسط وآخر الحلیب فى حین لم یکن هناک اختلاف معنوى فى محتوى اللبن من نسبة الرماد (%)فى المراحل المختلفة من الحلابة (بدلیة الحلیب , وسط الحلیب وآخر الحلیب) وذلک خلال فترة الحلابة.

الخلاصة :إنتاج اللبن (لتر) محتوى اللبن من الدهن والرماد کان أعلى فى الولادة الخامسة,بینما کان محتوى اللبن من البروتین و اللاکتوز و الجوامد الصلبة الکلیة (%) اقل من الولادة الاولى خلال فترة الحلابة فى النوق المغربى.

الکلمات الإفتتاحیة: النوق المغربیة ، إنتاج اللبن ، مکونات اللبن.

MILK YIELD AND ITS COMPOSITION OF THE MAGHREBI SHE-CAMELS IN THE

 DIFFERENT PARITIES

Ashour, A.M.¹; A.E.B. Zeidan²; M.I. Badr¹ ; A.A. Abd El-Hamid¹ and M.T.A. Aboul-Rayat²

¹ Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

²Animal Production Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

Key Words: Maghrebi she-camels, Milk yield, Milk composition

ABSTRACT

The experimental work was carried out at Camel Production and Development Studies Center, MarsaMatrouh Governorate belonging to the Animal Production Research Institute. Twenty Maghrebi she-camels (Camelusdramadarius) with an average live body weight of 500.0±50.0kg and 5 years of age were used in the present study. The present study aimed to define the effect ofparity number on milk yield (liter) and its composition (%) of the Maghrebi she-camels.

The results revealed that, daily milk yield (liter) of the Maghrebi she-camels was significantly (P<0.05) increased at third, fourth andfifth parities as compared with the first and second parities. In addition, total milk yield (liter) of the Maghrebi she-camels was significantly (P<0.05) higher at the fourth and fifth  parities than the first, second and third parities. Milk fat (%) and milk ash contents of the Maghrebi she-camels were significantly (P<0.05) lower in the first parity than other parities. Milk protein (%), milk lactose (%), andwith milk total solids (%)contents of the Maghrebi she-camels were significantly (P<0.05) lower in the fifth parity than other parities. Moreover, milk fat (%), milk protein (%) and milk lactose (%) contents of the Maghrebi she-camels were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the early-lactation than the late-lactation, through lactation period. Milk total solids (%) content of the Maghriebi she-camelswas significantly (P<0.05) higher at the early-lactation than mid and late-lactation, while milk ash(%) content in the different stages of lactation period(early-lactation,mid-lactation and late-lactation)was insignificantthrough the lactation period. In conclusion, milk yield (MY), percentages of milk Fat (MF) and milk ash (MA) contents were higher at fifth parity, whilethe percentages of milk protein(MP),milk lactose(ML) and milk total solids(MS) contents were lower than the first parity of the Maghrebi she-camels.

INTRODUCTION

Camelsare found in Africa and Asia and are kept mostly by nomads. Camels are raised for milk, meat, fiber (wool and hair), transport and other work. Four camels are found in Egypt, (Sudani, Maghrabi, Fellahi and Al-Mowalled). Fellahi camels breed is domesticated in the Nile Delta regionbut not in desert environments, while Al-Mowalled camel breed is much more suitable as a farm and desert animal. Sudani and Maghrabi camel breeds were raised for meat and milk production (Wilson, 1997).

Milk is often the most important camel product and its the popular food of nomads. When nomads move in search of pasture they can live up to a month in the desert on nothing, but camel milk only. Camels can produce more milk from poor feed than any other dairy species (Wilson, 1997).

With the increase of human population in the world has raised the issue of food was security. In order to combat with this issue, there is need to explore a new world of resources. Camel can serve as the best useful addition to the food supply chain in terms of milk, meat and other products. The camel is an important species uniquely adapted to hot and arid environments and therefore, contributes significantly to the food security of the nomadic pastoral households(Wilson, 1997). This unique adaptability makes this species ideal for exploitation under the arid and semi arid land condition. The versatility of camel and its suitability to survive and perform in the hard arid and semi-arid regions of the world have earned the name "Ship of the Desert"(Wilson, 2005).

Average ofmilk yield of Maghrebi she-camels under traditional extensive condition was 2.0 l/d under more favorable condition. Ayadiet al.(2009) indicatedthat a greater milk potential for the breed. Some reported showed the an average of milk yield was 390 to 1310 1 in 6 to 19 month in Saudi Arabia camels exploited. The present study aimed to define the effect of parity number on milk yield (liter) and its composition of the Maghrebi she-camels.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The current study was jointly planned by the Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo and the Department of Camel Research, Animal Production Research Institute. The Experimental work was carried out in the Center of Studies  and Development of Camel Production, MarsaMatrouh Governorate located in the North Western part of the  Nile Delta (at distance of 500 km from Cairo) belonging to the Animal Production Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt from January, 2013 till February, 2018.

1. Materials:

1.1. Animals and management

TwentyMaghrebi (Camelusdromedarius) she-camels (5 years of age and 500.0±50.0Kg live body were used in the present study.

A total number of 20 Maghrebi she-camels were healthy and clinically free from diseases and the udder quarter was free from parasites. Camels were managed as a group under intensive condition and housed in loose stalls (20m). Camelswere live with sand bedded pens and exercise area throughout the whole experiment.

1.2.Feeding system

Ration per animal was offered twice daily at 8 a.m and 5 p.m and consisted of 4.5 kg of  a forage mixture Egyptian clover hay (Trifoliumalexandrinum) and rice straw with fresh Mediterranean saltbush (Atriplxhalimus l) and a commercial feed concentrate mixture.

Recommendations of daily requirements of pregnant and lactating camels for APRI (Animal Production Research Institute) were represented in Tables 1and 2, respectively.

Table 1: Requirements of she-camels during last terminal of pregnancy (from 11 months to delivery)

Table 2: Requirements of lactating she-camels (to produce 1 kg milk day) with 4.2% fat.

Com.: Commercial feed concentrate mixture

1.3. Routine milking

Twice daily hand milking(8.00 and 20.00 h) was initiated at the third month of lactation at that time calveswere penned separately from their dams during the full day and fed alfalfa hay and concentrate ad libitum. Camel-calves were wanted at sixth month of age and the lactating camels were hand-milked twice daily at 8.00 and 20.00 h without calf suckling until drying off at month 12 of lactation.

2. Procedures:

2.1. Parity order and date of calving

Dateof parturition was offered by the herd men, who seem to be very knowledgeable about the date of parturition.

2.2. Milk yield (liter)

First of all to be noted here, the calves with their dams during the experimental periods, and the teats of the dams not tied up. The calves are allowed to suckle their dams to stimulate milk secretion, until the milk start to flow, thereafter the calves are removed.

For milk yield determination, two plastic pails in different color and two milkier were used. The milking is done standing. The milkier stands on two legs, hold the pail by his left hand and use the right hand to evacuated the udder half as quickly as possible in to the pails. Every udder half milked in different plastic pail, and then the milk yield per udder half was estimated using two measuring cylinders (each of 500ml) according to Ibrahim (2018).

2.3. Milk composition (%)                                                                                              

For milk composition analysis, milk samples (100ml) were collected and frozen for analysis of milk (total solids and ash) contents according to the methods described by Association of Analytical Communities (A.O.A.C, 1990). Total nitrogen content of milk was measured by the kjeldhle method, International Dairy Federation (IDF, 1993) where a nitrogen convert ion factor of 6.38 was used to calculated total protein content. Milk fat content was determined by the Gerber Methods according to Ling(1963). Lactose was analyzed by an enzymatic assay (lactose>D-Glucose UV-method Bushranger Mannheim R- Biopharm, Darmstadt, Germany).

3. Statistical analysis:

Data were Statistically analyzed using SAS (2006). The percentage values were transformed to arc-sin values before being statistically analyzed. Duncan's New multiple range test (Duncan, 1955) was used for the multiple comparisons.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1.Milk yield (liter)

Data presented in Table 3 showed that the effect of parity number on daily milk yield and total milk yield (liter) of the Maghrebi she-camels at the first parity were significantly (P<0.05) increased with the advancing parities. The highest (P<0.05) value of daily milk yield and total milk yield in the Maghrebi she-camels was recorded in fifth parity, while the lowest (P<0.05) value was recorded at the first parity. Similar results were recorded by Seioudy (2013) and Ibrahim (2018) in the Maghrebi she-camels.

The results of the present study, fairly agree with Al-Saiadyet al. (2012) who reported that the lowest daily yield (MY) was observed at the first, second and fourth lactations. While, the highest milk productivity was observed at the third and sixth parity of lactation. Similarly,Bakeleet al. (2002) reported that the highest daily milk yield off-take between the third and fifth parities, and the lowest at the first parity and after the seventh. In addition, Raziqet al. (2008) also stated that the highest milk production was observed at the fifth parity with a significant difference between the first parity at all the other parities, Musa et al. (2006) stated also that peak milk yield was reached at 90.09±2.09 years of age (at the third or the fourth parities). Also, Zeleke (2007) reported that the lowest milk yield in she-camels was recorded at the sixth parity and the highest at the third parity.Musaadet al. (2013) reported that peak yield varied significantly between parities. On average, in she-camels the optimal production capacity is reached between the fifth and sixth parities(Horan  et  al.,2005).

This could be a result of the increasing development and size of the udder and the increasing body size over that of the first lactation of animal, which results in a larger digestive system and larger mammary glands for the secretion of milk. Moreover, metabolic status through the lactation period in the first lactation (primiparous, PP) mammary gland is different from that in more mature animals (multiparous, MP). For the nutrients in PP animals are prioritized not only for lactation but also for continued growth of the animal.

Table 3: Effect of the different parities on daily and total milk yield (liter) of the Maghrebi she-camels

Means bearing the different letters within the same classification, significantly different (P<0.05).

2. Milk composition (%)

2.1. Fat (%)

Data presented in Table 4 revealed that the parity number on milk Fat (%) contents in the Maghrebi she-camels was significantly (P<0.05) increased at the second, third, fourth and fifth parities of the lactation period as compared with the first parity in the different lactation periods (early-lactation, mid- lactation and the late-lactation)MF % content in the early-lactation was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the late-lactation of the Maghrebi she-camels. However, MF % content in the early and mid-lactation or the mid and late-lactation was insignificant. These results are similar to those reported by Khaskheilet al. (2005)who reported that MF content of camel ranged between 1.8 to 5.0% with an average of 2.63±0.40%.Konuspayevaet al. (2009) noted also that the MF content of the dromedary camel milk was between 1.2 to 6.4%. This low percentage of ME could be explained as a result of a dietary difference reflecting the desert nature.Similar findings were recorded by Seioudy (2013) and Ibrahim (2018) in the Maghrebi she-camels.Babikerand El-Zabeir(2014) reported that milk composition from she-camels ranged in different farming systems revealed insignificant variations over a period of 3 months.

Yagil and Etzion (1980) reported that in, Plentiful drinking water, the camels milk composition was 4.3% fat, 14.3% solid not fat (S.N.F.), 4.6% protein, 4.6% lactose. In India, Ohari and Joshi (1961) reported thatthe following value of camel milk composition was 3.87% fat, 9.59% S.N.F., 4.0% protein, 4.9% lactose. In North Kenya, Nawitoet al. (1967) reported that, fat, protein(%) and lactose(%) in the dromedary’s milk was, 3.8%, 3.5% and 3.9%, respectively. These variations in milk fat results might be due to the variations  of feed concentrationwhich due to variable of fat content according to season as affected by availability of the grasses (Shuiepet al., 2008).

Table (4): Effect of the different parities on milkFat (%) content of the Maghrebi she-camel during different lactation periods.

A.B Values with different superscripts within a row significantly different (P<0.05).

a,b. Values with different superscripts within a column significantly different (P<0.05).

2.2. Protein (%)

Data presented in Table 5 revealed that the parity number on milk protein (%) content in the Maghrebi she-camels was significantly (P<0.05) decreased with advancing parities in the different lactation periods.Milk protein (MP) content in the Maghrebi she-camels was significantly (P<0.05) higher at the early-lactation than the late-lactation and insignificantly higher in the mid-lactation than the late-lactation or the early-lactation and mid-lactation.

These results are in agreement with those ofYagil and Etzion (1980) and Knoess (1982) who noted that the mean value of MP ranged from 3 to 3.9%. Moreover, Konuspayevaet al. (2009) reported that MP content of dromedary camel ranged from 2.15 to 4.90% in general.

The results indicated also that the milk protein were the change during the season the upper limited of milk protein during the first period and decreased in the middle and the end of the season in all parities.

  These results are in agreement with those of Babikerand El-Zabeir(2014) who reported that the range of milk protein varied from 1.02 to 3.42 land was more than that reported by Ahmed (2013) who found that milk protein in the second and seventh parity was 2.41-2.27% in she-camels.

Table (5): Effect of the different parities on milk Portion (%) content of the Maghrebi she-camel during different lactation periods.

A,BValues with different superscripts within a row significantly different (P<0.05).

a,b Values with different superscripts within a column significantly different (P<0.05).

2.3. Lactose (%)

Data presented in Table 6 showed that the parity number on milk lactose(%) content in the Maghrebi she-camels was significantly (P<0.05) decreased with the advancing parities with the different lactation periods. Moreover, milk lactose (ML) content at the late-lactation was significantly(P<0.05) higher in the early than late-lactation, while insignificantly different between mid-lactation and each of early or late-lactation in the different parities of the Maghrebi she-camels. The highest (P<0.05) value of lactose (%) content in the camel milk was recorded at the first parity, while the lowest (P<0.05) value was recorded at the fifth parity.

This wide variation of ML content could be due to the type of plants eaten in the deserts, where camels usually prefer halophilic plants such as Atriplex, Salosa and Acacia to meet their physiological requirements of salts. Hence, camel milk is sometimes described as sweet, salty and at other times as better.

The results indicated also that the milk lactose (%) was change during the season. El-Bahay (1962) revealed that the camel milk contained 3.9%ML. In India, Ohari and Joshi (1961) reported that the camel milk lactose was 4.9% and 5.4%.

Milk lactose values ranged between 4.33-4.46 % during the seven months of lactation and this range within the normal range of lactose (3.4-4.6%) as reported by Khan and Iqbal (2001) similar to that reported by Ahmed (2013) who found that lactose percentage was 4.3, 4.43 and 3.28 (%) in the first, third and seventh month, respectively in the dromedary she-camels. Similarly,Mostafa et al (2016) reported that the milk lactose range of 4.55-4.77 (%) in the first month in the dromedary she-camels.

Table (6): Effect of the different parities on milk lactose (%) content of the Maghrebi she-camel during different lactation periods.

A,B Values with different superscripts within a row significantly different (P<0.05).

a,b Values with different superscripts within a column significantly different (P<0.05).

3.4. Total solids (%)

Data presented in Table 7showed that the parity number on milk total solids (%) content of the Maghrebi she-camels was significantly (P<0.05) decreased with the progress of the parities in both the early-lactation, mid-lactation and late-lactation through the different lactation stages. Moreover,milk total solids (MS) content of the Maghrebi she-camelswas significantly (P<0.05) lower in the late-lactation than early-lactation and mid-lactation in the different parities. Similar findings were recorded by Seioudy (2013) and Ibrahim (2018) in the Maghrebi she-camels.

The MS (%) content of the Maghrebi she-camels was significantly (P<0.05) increased in the early-lactation, while significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the mid-lactation and the late-lactation in all parities.

These results were of the line with the estimates reported by Khaskheilet al. (2005) who noted that the values of MS varied between 7.76 to 12.13% with an average of 9.74±0.49%. Hassan et al. (1987) and El-Amin and Wilcox (1992) reported lower TS (10.95 and 10.90) in milk of Majaheem and Egyptian she-camels, respectively. Similar trend was reported by Deselet al. (1982).Frag and Kebary (1992) reported that, the mean composition of camel’s milk was 12.36% total solids. Knoess (1976) mentioned that milk contained 8.9% of total solids. In Saudia Arabia, Sawaya et al. (1984) reported the following value: 11.7% total solids. In Sudan, El-Amin and Wilcox (1992) investigated camels milk composition, and who found that it contain 10.95% total solids.Bakheit (1999) reported that, the mean values of camel’s milk were 10.9% total solids. Similar trends were recorded by Seioudy (2013) and Ibrahim(2018) in the Maghrebi camels.

Table (7): Effect of the different parities on milk total solids (%) content of the Maghrebi she-camel during different lactation periods.

A,B,C Values with different superscripts within a row significantly different (P<0.05).

a,b,c,d Values with different superscripts within a column significantly different (P<0.05).

3.5. Ash (%)

Data presented in Table 8 showed that the effect of parity number on milk ash (%) content of the Maghrebi she-camels was significantly (P<0.05) increased with the advancing parities eitherearly-lactation, mid-lactation or the late-lactation of the lactation period. In addition, milk ash (MA) content of the Maghrebi she-camels was insignificantly lower at the early-lactation than the mid-lactation and the late-lactation,

Similar trends were recorded bySeioudy (2013) who found that the total ash varied from 0.05 to 0.89% with an average of 0.69±0.11%. Theseresults are similar to that reported by Konuspayevaet al. (2009) who stated that total ash varied from 0.60 to 0.90% in dromedary camel milk and the average was 0.79±0.07%. Variations in minerals content were attributed to the breed differences, feeding,analytical procedures (Mehaiaet al., 1995) and water intake (Haddadinet al., 2008). Otherwise, the high content of ash in camel milk could be due to forage eaten by camels, such as Atriplex and Acacia, which high salt content, consequently, increase of chloride content of the milk.

Table (8): Effect of the different parities on milk ash(%) content of the Maghrebi she-camel milk during different lactation periods.

Means bearing the different letters within the same classification, significantly different (P<0.05).

            In conclusion, evaluation of the milk productivity throughout the lactation season indicating a grater milk yield and its composition of the Maghrebi she-camels.Selection should be implemented to build up a nucleus camel herd with the improvement of the camel genotypes.

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إنتاج اللبن ومکوناته فی النوق المغربی فی الولادات المختلفة

عبدالله عاشور¹ ، علاء زیدان² ، مصطفى بدر¹ ، ، عبدالحمید عبدالله عبدالحمید¹

محمد أبوالرایات²

1- قسم الإنتاج الحیوانی – کلیة الزراعة جامعة الأزهر بالقاهرة - مصر

2- معهد بحوث الإنتاج الحیوانی – الدقی – الجیزة – مصر

تم إجراء هذا العمل التجریبی فی مرکز دراسات وتنمیة إنتاج الأبل – محافظة مرسى مطروح التابع لمعهد بحوث الإنتاج الحیوانی. تم استخدام عدد 20 ناقة مغربی بمتوسط وزن 500.0±50.0 وعمر 5 سنوات. تهدف الدراسة إلى معرفة تأثیر عدد الولادات على إنتاج اللبن (لتر) ومکونات اللبن (%) فی النوق المغربی.

أوضحت النتائج أن هناک زیادة معنویة (على مستوى 0.05) فی إنتاج اللبن الیومی (لتر) فی النوق المغربی وذلک فی الولادة الثالثة والرابعة و الخامسة مقارنة بالولادة الأولى والثانیة. هذا بالإضافة إلى أن هناک زیادة معنویة (على مستوى 0.05) فی إنتاج اللبن الکلی (لتر) فی النوق المغربی وذلک فی الولادة الرابعة والخامسة عن الولادة الأولى والثانیة والثالثة. انخفاض نسبة الدهن (%) و الرماد (%) فی لبن النوق المغربی فی الولادة الأولى عن باقی الولادات. انخفاض نسبة البروتین (%) ، نسبة اللاکتوز (%) والمواد الصلبة الکلیة (%)فی لبن النوق المغربی فی الولادة الخامسة عن باقی الولادات. علاوة على ذلک فإن هناک زیادة معنویة (على مستوى 0.05). فى محتوىاللبن من الدهن,البروتین,اللاکتوز فی بدایة الحلیب عن آخر الحلیب ، وذلک خلال فترة الحلابة فی النوق المغربی. زیادة محتوى لبن النوق المغربی من نسبة الجوامد الصلبة الکلیة (%)وذلک فی بدایة الحلیب عن وسط وآخر الحلیب فى حین لم یکن هناک اختلاف معنوى فى محتوى اللبن من نسبة الرماد (%)فى المراحل المختلفة من الحلابة (بدلیة الحلیب , وسط الحلیب وآخر الحلیب) وذلک خلال فترة الحلابة.

الخلاصة :إنتاج اللبن (لتر) محتوى اللبن من الدهن والرماد کان أعلى فى الولادة الخامسة,بینما کان محتوى اللبن من البروتین و اللاکتوز و الجوامد الصلبة الکلیة (%) اقل من الولادة الاولى خلال فترة الحلابة فى النوق المغربى.

الکلمات الإفتتاحیة: النوق المغربیة ، إنتاج اللبن ، مکونات اللبن.