COMPARISON OF MICRO IRRIGATION SYSTEMS FOR OLIVE TREES | ||
| Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering | ||
| Article 9, Volume 26, Issue 1, January 2009, Pages 149-169 PDF (395.68 K) | ||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/mjae.2009.109868 | ||
| Author | ||
| A. Nassar | ||
| Water Management and Irrigation Systems Research Institute, National Water Research Center, Cairo, Egypt. | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Micro-Irrigation Systems (MIS) apply water through small devices which deliver it onto the soil surface very near to the plant, which means in this context the use of bubbler, mini–sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems. From 2003 to 2006, 13 feddans of field research were established in sandy soil at Wadi EL Natrown On-Farm Irrigation Department Research Station operated by the Water Management and Irrigation System Research Institute, to evaluate the effect of MIS on olive trees. The experimental site was arranged in a split plots design. On 08-02-2003 olive trees (Olea europaea L, Calamata cv.) were planted in the center of an irrigated round base of 1 m diameter. The distance between the tree rows and the trees within the same row are 5ms. Each plot was divided into six replicates giving 18 experimental plots. All the micro irrigation systems were designed with the same control head components which consists of non- return valve, flow meter, venturi, air valve, pressure relief valve and 3 pressure gauges. Regarding the distributor units technical specifications and their placement: 1) For the trickle treatment 4 emitters (12 l/h) per each tree placed on one lateral line PE 16 mm diameter passing through the center of the tree round base; where each emitter is 30 cm distant from the next one; 2) For the bubbler treatment one bubbler per each tree (100 l/h) placed in the tree round base , 25 cm distance from the tree stem moving monthly in 180° clockwise to maintain good water distribution; 3) For the mini- sprinkler treatment one mini-sprinkler (70 l/h) per each tree with the same procedure as the bubbler. A comparison was made between the different systems taking into account the following points: olive trees morphology (plant height, stem diameter, shoots number/tree, leaves number/tree, shadow area and root distribution), number of fruits/tree, fruit weight, yield/tree, total yield per feddan, yield efficiency and both soil moisture content and soil salt distribution. Hydraulics characteristics for each type of MIS were also monitored. The results obtained show the usefulness of trickle irrigation system in olive trees growing where the trees height increased (cm) by 10 and 9.2%, stem diameter (mm) increased by 6 and 14%, shoots number per tree increased by 8 and 14%, leaves number per tree increased by 13 and 17%, shadow area (cm2) increased by 6 and 13% compared with bubbler and micro irrigation system respectively. Trickle irrigation systems demonstrate the highest values of sand soil moisture content which is about (18.19, 16.66 and 10.45% by weight) in the soil layers (00–30), (30-60) and (60-90) cm, respectively, whereas the bubbler irrigation systems were (16.66, 14.46 and 9.01% by weight) in the previous soil layers respectively, followed by mini-sprinkler irrigation systems treatment which were about (10.45, 9.01 and 6.58% by weight) in the same soil layers respectively. The olive trees root distribution under trickle irrigation showed more regularity than other types due to root distribution relative to the placement and the number of irrigation distributors. The net effect of trickle-irrigation was to increase water saving for producing one kilogram of olive fruits with 18 and 35 % less than with bubbler and mini-sprinkler respectively. The number of fruits increased under trickle irrigation by 16 to 24% while the olive tree yield (kg/tree) increased by 18 to 32% compared with bubbler and mini sprinkler irrigation system respectively. Trickle-irrigation can be recommended as an efficient irrigation system for olive trees in the irrigation areas of Wadi El Natrown in the west of the delta region. | ||
| References | ||
|
Assouline, S.; S. Cohen; D. Meerbach; T. Harodi and M. Rosner (2002). Micro-drip irrigation of field crops effect on yield, water uptake, and drainage in Sweet Corn. Soil Science Society of America Journal 66:228-235. Abd El Aziz, R.A. (1998). Effect of some drip irrigation treatments on growth yield and fruit quality in Valencia orange trees under conditions of newly reclaimed land. M.Sc. Thesis, Fac of Agric. Zagazig, Univ., Egypt. Abd El Samed, G.A. (1995). Effect of irrigation regimes on growth, yield, and water use of olive trees ph. D. Thesis, Fac. of Agric., Fayoum, Cairo, unit Egypt. Al Khateeb, A.F.M. (1996). The influence of some growth regulators, mineral nutrients on growth and drought resistance of some fig varieties. ph.D. Thesis, Fac. of Agric. Moshtohor, Zagazig, Univ., Egypt. APHA, American Public Health Association (1989). Standard methods for examination water and wastewater. WashingtonDC, 17th ed. Bos, M. G.; D. H. Murray-Rust; D. J. Merrey; H. G. Johnson and W. B. Snellen (1994). Methodologies for assessing performance of irrigation and drainage management. Irrigation and Drainage Systems 7:231–261. Bucks, D.A. and S. Davis; (1986). Chapter 1 in trickle irrigation for crop production. Edited by F. S. Bohm, W (1979) Methods of studying root systems. Ecological studies 33, Springer, Berlin .pp 50-89. Bos, M. G. and J. Nugteren; (1974). On irrigation efficiencies. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI) Publication 19, Wageningen. Revised 1990. Charles, M. B.; B. Isbell and Lisa Burt; (2005). Long-term salinity buildup on Drip/Micro irrigated trees in California. The Irrigation Association Technical Conference, San Diego, CA. Nov. 18. Clinton, C. S.; E. B. G. Feibert; A. B. Pereira and Cedric A. Shock; (2004), Automatic collection, radio transmission, and use of soil water data . Mal information for sustainable agriculture, Malheur Experiment Station. El Khawaga, A.S. (2007). Improving growth and productivity of Manzanillo olive trees with foliar application of some nutrients and girdling under sandy soil. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 3(9): 818-822. Emtithal, H.; S. Sanaa; Laz and E.G. Ibrahim;(2002). Yield efficiency, mineral nutrients content and salt distribution in rooting zone of figs trees under different irrigation systems and water quantity in new reclaimed sandy soil. Egypt. J. Appl. Sci., 17 (10): 700-421. Goda, A. M. G.; (1998). Studies on sensitivity of some olive varieties to drought. M. Sc. Thesis, Fac. of Agric., Fayoum, Cairo. Univ., Egypt. Ghobrial, S.K.; (1987). Physiological studies on the growth and yield of grape (Vitis vinifera) under the drip irrigation. Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. of Agric., Cairo, Univ., Egypt. Garcia, I;(1978). Soil water laboratory manual. Dept. Agr and chemical engineering. Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado. U.S.A. Goldberg, S.D.; B. Gornat and Y. Bar; (1971). The distribution of roots, water and minerals as a result of trickle irrigation. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 96 (5): 645-648. Goldbery, S.D. and M. Shmuli; (1970). Drip irrigation, a method used under arid and desert conditions of high water and soil salinity. Amer. Aoc. of Agric. Eng. 13: 38-41. Hassan, M.A; (2002). Studies on the irrigation of olive trees grown in new reclaimed soils. Ph. D. thesis, Fac. of. Agric., Zagazig. Univ., Egypt. Hendrick, R.; and K. Pregitzer; (1996). Temporal and depth related patterns of fine root dynamics in northern hardwood forests, J. Ecol., 84, 167-176. Ibrahim, E.G.; (1993). Studies on irrigation of banana. Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. of Agric., Zagazig, Univ., Egypt. Ibrahim, M.N.; M. A. Gouda and M.H. EL Manse; (1988). Effect of soil and management practices on water use efficiency and yield of broad bean and water melon in sandy soils. Egypt. J. Appl. Sci., 3: 170-180. Israelsen, O.W. and V.E. Hansen, (1962). Irrigation principles and practices. 3rd Ed. John Willey and Sons. New York, U.S.A. Laz, S.I.; A.H. EL Sherif and S.A. Sari EL Deen; (1999). Studies on the susceptibility of some olive cultivars to drought. Zagazig J. Agric. Res. Vol. 26: P. 1707-1729. Lynch, J. (1995). Root architecture and plant productivity, Plant Physiology. 109:7-13. MAPA, (2004). Anuario Estadı´stico. Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacio´ n, Madrid. Moriana, A. and E. Fereres; (2002). Plant indicators for scheduling irrigation for young olive trees. Irrig. Sci. 21, 83–90. Michelakis, N.; E. Vougioucalou and G. Clapaki. (1993). Water use, wetted soil volume, root distribution and yield of avocado under drip irrigation. Agri. Water Management. 24:119-131. Ma-CIsaac, S.A.; V.K. Sawhney and Y. Pohorecky, (1989). Regulation of lateral root formation in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seedling roots: Interacting effects of anaphthalen acid and kinetin. Physiology plant. 77:287-293. Patumi, M.; P. Giorgio and G. Serentino; (2000). Yield and quality intensively trained trees of three cultivars of olive under different irrigation regimes. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 74 (6): 729 – 737. Peterson, R.G. and L.D. Calvin; (1965). Sampling JNCA Blac. (ed) Methods of soil analysis. Am. Soc. Agron. 9 Moadison WI. Agron., 9 : 54 – 71. Rao, P. S.; (1993). Review of selected literature on indicators of irrigation performance. IIMI Research Paper No. 13. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute. Rugiero, C.; (1991). Effect of water regime on apricot in Vesuvian area. Acta Hort., 293 : 443 – 449. Sorensen, R. B.; F. S. Wright and C. L. Butts; (2001). Subsurface drip irrigation system designed for research in row crop rotations. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. Vol. 17(2): 171–176. Stevens, R.M., and T. Douglas; (1994). Distribution of grape vine roots and salt under drip and full-ground cover micro-jet irrigation systems. Irrig. Sci. 15:147-152. San-Antonio, D.; (1982). Production and turnover of fine roots of mature Douglas-fir in relation to site. Ph.D. Thesis, OregonStateUniversity, Corvallis, Oregon 1982. Snedecor, G.W. and W. G. Cochran; (1980). Statistical methods, 7th IowaUniv., Press, Amer., Iowa, U.S.A. | ||
|
Statistics Article View: 209 PDF Download: 250 |
||
