Extraction Nanoparticles from Chicory for Cooling Purposes of Photovoltaic Solar Cell with Nanofluid

Introduction

    Chicory or so-called in our country Egypt Al-serees, is found in a large number of agricultural clover and vegetable as shown in Fig.1. Although the plant is not in the cultivation of Alfalfa because it takes place from Alfalfa, and the farmer wants Alfalfa widely to fatten the cattle. The Chicory has medical benefits[1]. Large Serees is useful for patients with liver disease, diabetes mellitus and diarhea.  Also, Al-seris is useful for kidneys as it burns fat and is used for slimming and its fiber is beneficial for the colon [2]. It is most likely known by the Egyptians as a medicinal plant [3] and used as a vegetable crop by ancient Greeks and the Romans [4]. Chicory (C. intybus L.) belongs to the family Asteraceae, a very large family with approximately 23,000 species subdivided into 1,535 genera grouped into three subfamilies: Barnadesioideae, Cichorioideae, and Asteroideae [5]. Chicory root has a .levels. This activity is attributed to high amounts of the inulin-type fructans that slow down carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption in the gastrointestinal tract [6]. Chicory plants also produce a variety of other bioactive secondary metabolites, including caffeoylquinic acids and caffeic acid derivatives as major phenolic constituents [7]. Chicory is a perennial herb in the Asteraceae (Compositae) family edible as a vegetable crop and animal forage [8,9]. Contemporary applications for chicory leaves include salad, whereas root grounds are added to flavor coffee [8,10]. Inulin content has also made chicory root a common soluble fiber additive in the food industry [11,12]. The aim of the present study is to prepare a nanofluid using in Photovoltic solar cell cooling.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was conducted at Environmental Studies and Research Institute –University of Sadat City - Sadat City - Menoufia-Egypt

2.1 Nanofluid Extraction from Chicory

     This part includes chicory preparation to be used as diluted Nanofluid solution in the PV cooling system. Four methods were chosen for testing extracted ash properties. These four methods are chemical analyses carried out by Inductive Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectra (ICP-MS), That is a powerful tool for analyzing trace metals in environmental samples. A large range of elements can be detected using an ICP-MS. The benefits of using plasma compared to other ionization methods, such as flame ionization, are that ionization occurs in a chemically inert environment, preventing oxide formation, and ionization is more complete. Also, the temperature profile of the torch is relatively uniform, reducing self absorption effects. The process can be broken down to four stages; sample introduction, ICP-MS [13], the samples described below were tested in environmental and food biotechnology laboratory by using NIST traceable reference equipment and materials (Merck KgaA, ICP Multi-Elements Standard Solution IV, LOT # HC379062) in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025:2005 requirements and the methods referenced below meet ISO/IEC 17025:2005 and accreditation requirements, Sadat University, Egypt.

The mineralogical composition investigated by using X-Ray Difractometer (XRD) Bruker D2 Phaser 2^nd Gen, Generator Current (mA) 10 m, Wavelength Alpha 1.54060 A°, start angle 10 andend angle 70, crystal size is calculated by scherrer equation [14,15]. The samples described below were tested in environmental geology testing laboratory by using NIST traceable reference equipment and materials in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025:2017 requirements and the methods referenced below meet ISO/IEC 17025:2017 and accreditation requirements, Sadat University, Egypt Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis. The specimens were examined with a JEOL/EO-JSM-6510 LV scanning electron microscope (Jeol JEM-2100 Scanning Electron Microscope) at Electron Microscpe,Mansoura University, Egypt and Transmission Electron Microscpe (TEM) analysis, Perfusion or immersion fixation of the tissue using a modified solution [16]: 2.5 % buffered glutaraldehyde + 2 % paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.4, leave tissue overnight at 4°C , wash 3 x 15 minutes (min.) in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer + 0.1 M Sucrose , postfix 90 min. in 2 % sodium phosphate buffered osmium tetroxide pH 7.4 , wash 3 x 15 min in 0.1 M sodium p, after drying for ~15 min sections may be investigated using a transmission electron microscope . Ultrathin sections were observed at 160 kV using a JEOL JEM -2100 at Electron Microscpe Unit, Mansoura University, Egypt.

2.1.1 Collection of fresh chicory

     Fresh chicory plant used in the study was collected from Nile Delta Clay soil in Menouf, Menoufia, Egypt. Then dried according to the standard condition (under shade at low humidity at room temperature). Fresh chicory were identified and authenticated by Dr. Mohamed Azzazy, Environmental Studies and Researches Institute, University of Sadat City, Egypt.

2.1.2 Preparation of chicory extract

     To prepare the chicory extract, the plant was shade-dried completely, ground to powder

Figure 2.

Figure 1: Fresh chicory                       Figure 2: Chicory powder                Figure 3: Soaked chicory

The Chicory powder was drenched in ethanol with concentration of 70% [17]. The Chicory alcohol mixture was left for 7 days in a glass jar before its filtration using. Figure 3 shows the soaked chicory. Then the solvent was passed through a Whatman paper filter to a flask.  After that the solvent was vaporized slowly, and the high-density liquid extract was put in the Petri dish and dried at room temperature. Figure 4 shows the chicory extract in Petri dish. We put high-density chicory extract liquid in a muffle furnace at 450^o C to convert it to ash. Figure 5 shows the chicory extract ash.

Figure 4: Chicory extract                                            Figure 5: Chicory extract ash

2.1.3 Nanofluid

     The used nanofluid also was made with the desired specs. To prepare the Nanofluid, water was mixed with the required mass grinded solid material, i.e. nanoparticles, to attain the required concentration (i.e. 0.01%  or above by weight). The main advantages of Nanofluids are greater thermal conductivity and somewhat greater heat capacity [18]. Nanofluids have intensified thermophysical properties, such as thermal conductivity, viscosity and convective heat transfer coefficients, compared with conventional fluids [19].

3- RESULTS AND DISSCUTION

3.1 Elemental Composition Analysis Inductive Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectra (ICP-MS) of Chicory Extract (ppm)

     Elemental composition analysis revealed  presence of 23 elements, the major elements are Na 159.59 ppm, K 19.29 ppm, Ca 8.68 ppm, Mg 6.88 ppm and Al 3.11ppm. Table.1 shows the result obtained from the elements’ analysis that was carried out on the chicory extract.

 Table.1: Elements composition of chicory extract

3.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis

     The crystalline nature of nanoparticles was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The XRD pattern of the chicory extract ash is shown in Figure 6. The XRD pattern indicates that the only mineral in its composition is KCL (sylvite) , the result crystal size shown had cubic structure. The XRD analysis of chicory extract ash contains KCL nanoparticles which has five peaks. The average crystallite size for sylvite calculated from XRD pattern is 20 nm.

Figure 6: XRD analysis of chicory extract ash.                  

3.3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Analysis

SEM technique was employed to visualize the size and shape of chicory extract , Figure 7  show the 5μm and 10μm SEM photographs of the chicory extract ash respectively.

(a)                                                      (b)                                                   (c)

              (d)                                                  (e)                                                      (f)

Figure 7: SEM micrograph of chicory extract ash at 5μm and 10μm. a,b,c,d,e and f represents different shaps at 5 μm and 10μm micrography. 

3.4  Transmission Electron Microscpe (TEM) analysis

     TEM analysis shapes clearly show that the chicory extract ash has an appropriate diameter in the range of the nano scale, Figure 8 a,b and c  represents the 50 nm of TEM micrograph of chicory extract ash, which explains nanoparticles with an average grain size of about (3.15 – 20.73) nm. Figure 8 d,e and f represents the 100 nm of TEM micrograph of chicory extract ash, which explains nanoparticles with an average grain size of about (5.12 – 22.18) nm. Figure 8 represents the 200 nm of TEM micrograph of chicory extract ash.

              (a)                                                   (b)                                                      (c)

              (d)                                               (e)                                                      (f)

                         (g)                                                                           (h)

Figure 8 : 50 nm, 100 nm and 200 nm  TEM micrograph of chicory extract ash

4- conclusion:

     Chicory is a natural growing plant rich in minerals and vitamins. According to analyses conducted we found many elements in nanoparticle size such as Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn and other elements . Data obtained revealed that the crystalline nature of nanoparticles was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The XRD pattern indicates that the only mineral in its composition is KCL (sylvite) with average crystallite size 20 nm, the result crystal size shown had cubic structure . The TEM  analysis shows that the chicory extract ash has an appropriate diameter in the range of the nano scale.The 50 nm of TEM micrograph of chicory extract ash,which explains nanoparticles with an average grain size of about (3.15 – 20.73) nm, the 100 nm of TEM micrograph of chicory extract ash, which explains nanoparticles with an average grain size of about (5.12 – 22.18) nm. So we expect that the  nanofluid that we prepared for cooling purposes of Photovoltaic solar cell and improving it’s performance.

Nomenclature

Ag                       Silver                          Al                         Aluminium

B                          Boron                         Ba                         Barium

Bi                          Bismuth                    Ca                       Calcium

Cd                      Cadmium                     Co                       Cobalt

Cr                         Chromium                 Cu                        Copper

Fe                          iron                           Ga                       gallium

In                          Indium                       K                         potassium

Li                         Lithium                       Mg                       Magnesium

Mn                         Manganese                N                          Nitrogen

Na                       Sodium                         Pb                         plumbum

Sr                          Strontium                  Ti                          Thallium

Zn                         Zinke