EFFECT OF REPLACEMENT DIETARY FISH MEAL
BY RICE PROTEIN CONCENTRATE ON
PERFORMANCE, BODY COMPOSITION AND
INTESTINAL HISTOLOGY IN NILE TILAPIA
(OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS)
Ahmed F. K. Assi ; Asmaa T.Y. Kishawy* ; Mohamed E. Badawi
and EL-Sayed I. Hassanein
Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, El-Sharkia, Egypt.
*Correspondence | Asmaa TY Kishawy; Email: No.dispair2000@gmail.com
Key Words: Oreochromis. niloticus, Rice protein concentrate, Growth,
amino acid, intestinal histology
ABSTRACT
The present study was designed to study the effect of the partial
or complete substitution of fish meal by rice protein concentrate (RPC) in
the diets of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) and their effect on the growth
performance parameters, body composition and intestinal histology. A
total of 320 O. niloticus with an average body weight of 40.50±0.250 g
were used. The fish were randomly divided into four equal replicate
groups (each replicate contains 20 fish). A basal control diet was
formulated with zero replacement of fish meal (G1) and the other
experimental groups (G2, G3 and G4) received a basal diet contained fish
meal substituted with 25%, 50%, and 100% of RPC, respectively. The
fish were fed isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets; three times daily at a
rate of 3% of the body weight for 90 days. Body weight was not affected
by substituting fish meal by 100% of RPC compared to control, while at
this level of replacement, feed intakes, and feed conversion ratios were
higher than in the control group. Protein efficiency ratio and the protein
retention efficiency were reduced by replacing fish meal with RPC at the
level of 25%, 50%, and 100% than control group. The results showed
that substitution of 50% and 100% of fish meal with RPC had recorded
significant lower protein, calcium and phosphorus and higher fat content
than control group. All experimental groups fed RPC -based diet had a
significant lowered cysteine, methionine, lysine, threonine and serine
than the control group. On the other hand, the experimental groups fed
RPC -based diet showed a significant higher intestinal villus height, crypt
depth and muscle thickness.
INTRODUCTION
In Egypt, there is an attention for the aquaculture industry to find
high nutritional and more economical protein sources to replace the
traditional protein ingredients such fish meal (FM). (Katya et al., 2014).
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (11) 2020 202-213
However, the very nice nutritive value of FM, its price was very
expensive as well as the unstable production and little availability in the
market. Consequently, to allow the sustainability of the aquaculture
industry, it is of great significance to explore other protein alternatives to
fish meal in the aqua diets. In this approach, vegetable protein meals are
very good candidates due to their rich abundance and relatively low cost
(Olsen and Hasan, 2012).
Rice protein concentrate (RPC) has been reported to be an
alternative protein raw materials of fish meal due to its high content of
protein and lipid profile (Cai et al., 2018). Unfortunately, lysine was the
first limiting indispensable amino acid in RPC, as limits its utilization in
the aqua diets (Gatlin et al., 2007). Accordingly, synthetic lysine could
be supplemented for balancing the amino acid profile of the aqua diet to
enhance the usage of RPC. Fish meals could be substituted by rice
protein concentrate tell 50% without deteriorative effect on the growth
performance parameters, hematological parameters, and the nutrient
digestibility up to 20% in the rainbow trout (Palmegiano et al., 2006).
Also RPC could replace fish meal tell 64% in the blackspot seabream
(Dapra et al., 2009) and up to 90% in the gilthead seabream (Sanchez-
Lozano et al., 2009). In shrimp RPC reached up to 50% fish meal
replacement without adverse effect on performance (Oujifard et al.,
2012), up to 25% in the European sea bass juveniles (Guroy et al.,
2013), up to 18% with microcapsule lysine addition in the Chinese softshelled
turtle (Sun et al., 2018) and up to 100% with lysine addition (Cai
et al., 2018).
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the partial or
total replacement dietary fish meal protein with rice protein concentrate
on O. niloticus’s growth performance parameters, body and amino acids
composition and intestinal histology.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ethical Statement
The ethics of the experimental protocol were performed following
the recommendations of the local experimental fish care committee of the
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University (ZU-IACUC) with
Approval No. ZU-IACUC/2/F/116/2020)
Experimental Fish
A total number of 320 healthy live O. niloticus with an average
body weight of 40.50 ±0.250 g were obtained from a private fish farm,
Abbassa village, Abu-Hammad district, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Fish
203 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (11) 2020
were stocked in a clean concrete ponds (3 x 1 x 1 meter) and filled with
de-chlorinated freshwater and aerator. The water temperature (oC), the
dissolved oxygen (DO, mg/L), pH, ammonium (NH4, mg/l), and nitrite
(NO2, mg/L) were measured by using bag of water aquarium analysis
and found to be 27 ± . mg l . . mg l nd . mg l
respectively. Fish were divided into four equal replicate groups (each
replicate contain 20 fish). The fish were adapted to the experimental
conditions for two weeks before starting of the experiment.
Fish diets and feeding
The control group received a basal diet without rice protein
concentrate (G1) and other experimental groups (G2-4) received a basal
diet contained fish meal substituted with 25%, 50%, and 100% RPC,
respectively. All fish were fed their respective diet at a level of 3% of the
body weight three times daily for 90 days. Feedstuffs used in diets
formulation were analyzed for moisture, dry matter (DM), crude protein
(CP), Ether extract (EE), and crude fiber (CF) according to the standard
procedures of the International guidelines (Feldsine et al., 2002). The
results of the chemical analysis, as well as, the nutritive value in the diets
were listed in Table 1. Isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were prepared
at Fish Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Zagazig
University, Egypt. It contained (3007 kcal/kg metabolizable energy and
32 % crude protein) in the form of dry pellets and were formulated to
match the nutrient requirements of O. niloticus set by National Research
Council (1993) as shown in Table 1.
Growth performance traits
The all-experimental fish (80) of each group were weighed at the
start and the end of the experiment. The average body weight was
calculated by dividing the total weight of fish by the number of the fish
in each group. Body weight gains, feed conversion ratios (Siddiqui et al.,
1988), body gains percent (Jauncay and Ross, 1982) and specific
growth rates % (Nathanailides et al., 2019) were detected. The
following growth performance parameters indicators were calculated as a
protein efficiency ratio (Stuart and Hung, 1989), and Protein retention
efficiencies (Castell and Tiews, 1980). The mortalities were recorded
and the relative survival percentage calculated by subtraction of the
mortality from the total number of fish.
Chemical, amino acids analysis of whole-body composition: -
a- Chemical analysis of fish body
For calculation of the whole-body composition, 5 fish from each
treatment group at the end of the experiment were minced then dried at
˚ for hours in hot ir oven and used for determination of moisture,
crude protein, ether extract, and ash according to (AOAC, 2012).
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (11) 2020 204
Table 1. Chemical composition of the experimental diets.
Ingredients Experimental diets
Control Rice protein concentrate
25% 50% 100%
Fish meal, 66% 20 15 10 0
Rice protein
concentrate
0 5 10 20
Soybean meal, 44% 20 20 20 20
DDGS, 28% 10 10 10 10
Yellow corn 15 15 15 15
Corn gluten, 62% 4.55 5.20 6.25 8
Rice bran 26.45 25.80 25.30 24.15
Vegetable oil 3.50 3.50 2.85 2.20
L-Lysine HCL, 78% - - - -
DL-Methionine, 98% - - 0.10 0.15
Calcium carbonat e - - - -
Vitamin mineral
premix*
0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Total, % 100 100 100 100
Calculated composition
DM, % 86.47 86.48 86.20 85.79
CP, % 32.01 32.04 32.01 32.05
EE, % 11.47 11.11 10.93 10.51
CF, % 4.27 4.30 4.24 4.18
Ash, % 7.60 6.76 5.82 4.01
NFE, % 34.06 35.21 35.79 37.26
Ca, % 0.89 0.71 0.79 0.77
P, % 1.19 1.07 0.94 0.68
Lysine, % 1.85 1.69 1.63 1.60
Methionine, % 0.71 0.76 0.81 0.90
DE, Kcal/ kg** 3007.46 3008.87 3006.77 3008.69
* Vitamin and mineral mixture sourced from Trouw nutrition, Netherlands (5kg/
diet) {Vit. A 6000 I.U, D3 2.000 I.U, E 300 mg, k3 7.5 mg, C 500 mg. B1 12 mg,
B2 24 mg, B6 24 mg, B12 0.036 mg, Biotin 0.21 mg, Folic acid 4.5 mg, choline
1500 mg inositol, 150 mg, pantothemic acid 72 mg, Nicotinic acid 90 mg, iron
3mg, copper 5 mg, zinc 150 mg, Sodium selenite 0.2 mg and, potassium iodide 2
mg}.
** Digestible energy calculation based on values of protein 3.5 kcal/gm, fat 8.1
kcal/gm, NFE 2.5 kcal/gm according to (Santiago et al., 1982).
b- Amino acids analysis of fish body by HPLC amino acids analyzer
Analysis of amino acids by HPLC amino acids analyzer
Before HPLC analysis of amino acids, the fish samples were
subjected to a process of sample preparation. Samples of fish body were
205 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (11) 2020
homogenized using an Ultra Turrax grind mixer (IKA, Staufen,
Germany) at high speed (11.93 m/s for 1 min). The amino acids analysis
was done by the method described by (Garde-Cerdán et al. 2014). Free
amino acids were analyzed by HPLC (Agilent, Palo Alto, USA). Each
sample (5 ml of supernatant) was mixed with 100 μl of norvaline and 100
μl of sarcosine (internal standards). The mixture was submitted to an
automatic precolumn derivatisation with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA
Reagent, Agilent) and with 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate (FMOC
Reagent, Agilent). The injected amount from the derived sample was 10
μl, and a constant temperature of 40 ºC was maintained. All separations
were performed on a Hypersil ODS (250 × 4.0 mm, I.D. 5 μm) column
(Agilent). Two eluents were used as mobile phases: eluent A: 75 mM
sodium acetate + 0.018% triethylamine (pH 6.9) + 0.3% tetrahydrofuran;
eluent B: water, methanol, and acetonitrile (10:45:45, v/v/v). Detection
was performed by fluorescence detector FLD, and DAD detector.
Identification of compounds was performed by comparison of their
retention times with those of pure reference standards. The pure reference
compounds and internal standards were from Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid,
Spain).
c- Calcium and phosphorus analysis
Atomic absorption measurements were made with a Perkin-Elmer
4000 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Flame photometry
measurements were made with an Instrumentation Laboratory (IL)
Model 343 Digital Flame Photometer. The method described by
(Dipietro, et al., 1988). 2 ml of hydrochloric and 3ml of nitric acids were
used for each sample. Atomic absorption standard solutions (1000 mg)
were certified accurate within 1% by the manufacturer. The samples
homogenate were mixed with 2ml hydrochloric and 3ml nitric acids
incubated for 24hr then filtrated, the filtrate used for minerals
measurement using the flame atomic absorption spectroscopy according
to (Bayse, et al., 1981).
Intestinal histological examination
The intestine (from the middle part) was collected for histometric
evaluation. The samples were immediately fixed in a paraformaldehyde
solution, followed by slide processing that included washing, dehydration
using different grades of alcohol, clearing by xylene, and embedding in
paraffin wax. The wax blocks were sectioned into five-micron thick
sections; the sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (11) 2020 206
to prepare histological slides according to the method by (Roberts 2001).
The villi length, crypt depth and muscle thickness were measured.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Growth performance
Effect of the replacement fish meal with RPC in O. niloticus diets
on overall growth performance was shown in (Table 2). The final body
weight of the control group had slight non-significant increase with the
other three groups of RPC levels 25%, 50%, and 100%. In addition, final
body weight gain and gain percentage of the control group significantly
increased (P ≤ . ) in group fed RPC 50% but no significant differences
were observed among the control group and the other groups (25% and
100%). Regarding to the total feed intake, the control group had marked
decrease in total feed intake (P ≤ .05) when compared with the group
fed 100% of RPC but there were no significant differences with the other
experimental groups. The feed conversion ratio of the control group was
significantly decreased (P≤ . ) when compared with both 50% and
100% RPC fed groups, respectively, but no significant differences with
the group of RPC 25% was detected. Regarding to the specific growth
rates, the control group had marked increase (P ≤ . ) specific growth
rate than the both of the experimental groups of 25%, and 50% RPC but
no significant changes were marked with the group of RPC 100%. On the
other hand, protein efficiency ratios and protein efficiencies were
decreased with substitution of the fish meal by RPC 25%, 50%, and
100% than control group. The relative survival percentage was not
significant between all experimental groups. The survival rate was
96.67% in G1, 95% in G2, 93.33% in G3 while 93.33% in G4. In the
same line, RPC could be used without adverse effect on the growth
performance reductions, within the inclusion rate of up to 20% in the
rainbow trout diets (Palmegiano et al., 2006). At the same time, these
results were agreed with the finding of Sanchez-Lozano et al. (2009)
who discovered that there were no differences in the growth performance
parameters of growing the gilthead seabream when fish meal substituted
with RPC. Our results were confirmed by published data which
concluded that up to 50% FM could be replaced RPC as an alternative
protein raw material in the commercial shrimp diets without any effect on
the growth (Oujifard et al., 2012). More interestingly, the RPC had
potentials as sustainable feed raw materials for uses in the European sea
bass juvenile’s diets. Dietary substitution at levels up to 25% replacement
of fish meal (14%) could be used without effects on the growth traits
(Guroy et al., 2013). In addition, it had been concluded that RPC with
microcapsule lysine supplementation could be replaced by a dietary 18%
FM without growth changes in the Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Sun et al.,
2018).
207 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (11) 2020
Table 2. Effect of the replacement fish meal with rice protein
concentrates in the diet of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) on
overall performance during 0- 12 week (means ±SE).
Parameters
Experimental groups
Control
Rice protein concentrates (RPC)
25% 50% 100%
Initial body weight, g 40.33 ± 0.22 40.97 ± 0.26 41.05 ± 0.15 40.53 ± 0.27
Final body weight, g 74.69 ± 0.16 74.17 ± 0.09 74.17 ± 0.18 74.02 ± 0.08
Total gain, g 34.35 ± 0.36 a 33.20 ± 0.32 ab 33.12 ± 0.05 b 33.49 ± 0.35 a
Gain, % 85.19 ±1.35 a 81.06 ± 1.28 ab 80.68 ± 0.28 b 82.64 ± 1.44 a
Total feed intake, g 69.78 ±0.84 b 71.51 ±1.28 b 73.37 ±0.32 b 74.12 ± 1.02 a
Feed conversion ratio 2.03 ± 0.03 b 2.15 ± 0.02 ab 2.22 ± 0.01 a 2.15 ± 0.01 a
Specific growth rate 0.68 ± 0.01 a 0.66 ± 0.01 b 0.66 ± 0.002 b 0.67 ± 0.01 ab
Protein efficiency ratio 3.81 ± 0.06 a 3.54 ± 0.01b 3.44 ± 0.02 b 3.48 ± 0.02 b
Protein retention
efficiency
27.30 ± 0.33a 25.72 ± 0.30 b 25.24 ± 0.07 b 24.70 ± 0.19 b
Relative survival, % 96.67 ± 1.67 a 95.00 ± 2.89 b 93.33 ± 1.67 c 93.33 ± 1.67 c
a, b Means with different superscripts in the same column are significantly different
(p < .05).
Chemical, amino acids analysis of whole-body composition: -
Effect of the replacement fish meal with RPC on Nile tilapia (O.
niloticus) body composition at the end of experiment is shown in Table (3). The
results showed that replacement of the 50% and 100% of fish meal with RPC
recorded signific nt (P ≤ . ) lower protein content th n the control group,
while group fed 25% RPC as replacement for fish meal not significantly differ
than control group. On the other hand, fish meal replacement with 50% and
100% RPC recorded a signific nt (P ≤ . ) higher f t content th n control
group while the group with 25% fish meal replacement with RPC not
significant differ than the control group. While the all-experimental group
which fed RPC-based diet recorded a signific nt (P ≤ . ) lower Ash, calcium,
and phosphorous contents than the control group. Meanwhile, the results
showed th t there w s no signific nt (P ≤ . ) difference in some of the mino
acids like arginine, histidine, isoleucine, and valine among all experimental
groups and the control group. While the all-experimental group which fed RPCbased
diet showed a signific nt (P ≤ . ) lower cysteine lysine methionine
serine, and threonine than the control group. In convenience with our results
(Oujifard et al., 2012) reported that replacement fish meal by RPC by 25, 50,
75 and 100% not affect shrimp tail-muscle chemical composition (moisture,
protein, lipid, and ash), while the dispensable and indispensable amino acids of
the tail muscle of shrimp fed with 25, 50, and 75% RPC were significantly
higher than the FM (0%) and 100% RPC diets. Moreover (Cai et al., 2018)
reported that RPC supplemented with micro-lysine or crystalline lysine could
replace fish meal with higher muscle fiber frequency in the to μm cl ss but
lower μm cl ss nd higher cooking loss th n th t of the other groups.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (11) 2020 208
Furthermore, no significant difference was found in whole-body proximate
compositions of blunt snout bream.
Table 3. Effect of the replacement fish meal with rice protein
concentrates in the diet of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) on
body composition at the end of experiment (means ±SE).
Parameters
Experimental groups
Control
Rice protein concentrates (RPC)
25% 50% 100%
DM, % 23.12 ± 0.07 23.00 ± 0.14 23.21 ± 0.11 23.18 ± 0.05
CP, % 61.68 ± 0.17 a 60.99 ± 0.14 ab 61.37 ± 0.21 a 60.85 ± 0.23 b
EE, % 6.17 ± 0.04 b 6.20 ± 0.05 b 6.28 ± 0.06 ab 6.49 ± 0.12 a
Ash, % 28.40 ± 0.22 a 26.90 ± 0.21 b 26.55 ± 0.09 b 24.46 ± 0.17 c
Calcium, % 7.12 ± 0.17 a 6.16 ± 0.04 b 6.14 ± 0.02 b 5.83 ± 0.02 c
Phosphorus, % 4.07 ± 0.02 a 3.99 ± 0.06 a 3.40 ± 0.13 b 3.11 ± 0.04 c
Amino acids percent of crude protein
Arginine, % 3.46 ± 0.12 3.41 ± 0.03 3.45 ± 0.10 3.43 ± 0.07
Cystine, % 0.48 ± 0.01 a 0.44 ± 0.02 ab 0.45 ± 0.02 ab 0.42 ± 0.01 b
Histidine, % 0.98 ± 0.01 0.98 ± 0.01 0.98 ± 0.02 0.95 ± 0.01
Isoleucine, % 2.07 ± 0.05 2.11 ± 0.09 2.02 ± 0.01 2.02 ± 0.04
Lysine, % 3.87 ± 0.03 a 3.45 ± 0.03b 3.44 ± 0.02b 3.42 ± 0.01b
Methionine, % 1.69 ± 0.02 a 1.59 ± 0.03b 1.56 ± 0.02 b 1.53 ± 0.05b
Serine, % 2.36 ± 0.01 a 2.28 ± 0.02b 2.25 ± 0.003b 2.25 ± 0.01b
Threonine, % 2.51 ± 0.01a 2.44 ± 0.01ab 2.42 ± 0.01 b 2.38 ± 0.04b
Valine, % 2.46 ± 0.02 2.68 ± 0.32 2.68 ± 0.34 2.33 ± 0.01
a, b, c Means with different superscripts in the same column are significantly
different (p < .05).
Intestinal histology:
Effect of the replacement fish meal with RPC on Nile tilapia (O.
niloticus) intestinal histology at the end of experiment is shown in Table
(4) and figure (1). The intestinal histology revealed that villus height,
crypt depth and muscle layer thickness were increased respectively with
increasing the percent of RPC in the rations. This result was in agreement
with finding of (Shi et al., 2019) as reported that replacing fish meal with
plant protein source had improved intestinal histology of rice field eel.
Table 4. Effect of the replacement fish meal with rice protein
concentrates on tilapia nilotica intestinal histomorphology
(means ±SE).
Parameters
Experimental groups
Control
Rice protein
concentrate
25%
Rice protein
concentrate
50%
Rice protein
concentrate
100%
Villi height (μm) 222.35 ± 0.86 d 273.50 ± 1.02 c 335.75 ± 1.45 b 452.60 ± 1.29 a
Crypt depth(μm) 88.35 ± 1.02 d 98.10 ± 0.98 c 101.66 ± 1.02 b 131.70 ± 1.04 a
Muscle thickness
(μm)
36.94 ± 0.42 b 44.60 ±0.68 a 44.60 ± 0.81 a 48.46 ± 0.81 a
a, b, c, d Means with different superscripts in the same column are significantly
different (p < .05).
209 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (11) 2020
Figure 1: Effect of the replacement fish meal with rice protein
concentrates on tilapia nilotica intestinal histomorphology
CONCLUSION
RPC could replace fish meal in Nile tilapia feed till 100% without
adverse effect on fish performance while lowered cp, calcium,
phosphorus and higher fat content of muscles as well as improved
intestinal histomorphology.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig
University, Egypt.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest
AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION
All authors contributed equally to this work
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تأثير استبدال مسحوق السمک بمرکز بروتين الارز عمي الاداء و مکونات الجسم
و الاحماض الامينية و الصفات الهستولوجية للأمعاء في اسماک البمطي النيمي
احمد فتحي خميل عاصي ، اسماء طه ياسين القيشاوي ،
محمد السيد بدوي ، السيد اسماعيل حسانين
قسم التغذية و التغذية الاکمينيکية – کمية الطب البيطري – جامعة الزقازيق
هدفت الد ا رسة الحالية لد ا رسة تأثير الاستبدال الجزئي أو الکمي لمسحوق السمک بمرک ا زت
وتأثيرها عمى معدلات النمو )O. niloticus( في علائق البمطي النيمي )RPC( بروتين الأرز
ومکونات الجسم ود ا رسة الصفات الهستولوجية للأمعاء. تم استخدام 023 سمکة من اسماک البمطي
03 جم. قسمت الأسماک عشوائياً إلى 0 مجموعات ..3 ± النيمي بمتوسط وزن جسم 3.2.3
متساوية وکل مجموعة تحتوي عمي 0 مکر ا رت )کل مکرر يحتوي عمى 23 سمکة(. تم تکوين عميقة
تم استبدال (G2- اما المجموعات التج ريبية الأخرى ( 4 (G ضابطة احتوت عمي مسحوق السمک ( 1
مسجوق السمک ب . 2٪ و 3.٪ و 033 ٪ مرک ا زت بروتين الأرز عمى التوالي. غذيت اسماک
البمطي النيمي مرتين يوميا بمعدل 0٪ من وزن الجسم لمدة 03 يوما.
لم يتأثر وزن الجسم باستبدال مسحوق السمک بمرک ا زت بروتين الأرز بنسبة 033 ٪ مقارنة
بالمجموعة الضابطة، بينما في هذا المستوى من الاستبدال، کانت استهلاک ومعدلات تحويل العمف
أعمى مما کانت عميه في المجموعة الضابطة. انخفضت نسب کفاءة البروتين وکفاءة الاحتفاظ
٪ بالبروتين عن طريق استبدال مسحوق السمک بمرک ا زت بروتين الأرز بنسبة . 2٪ و 3.٪ و 033
مقارنة بالمجموعة الضابطة
أظهرت النتائج أن استبدال 3.٪ و 033 ٪ من مسحوق السمک بمرک ا زت بروتين الارز
سجل انخفاضًا معنويًا في البروتين والکالسيوم والفوسفور ومحتوى الدهون أعمى من المجموعة
الضابطة. جميع المجموعات التجريبية التي تم تغذيتها عمى النظام الغذائي المعتمد عمى مرک ا زت
بروتين الارز کان لها انخفاض معنوي في السيستين ، الميثيونين ، اللايسين ، الثريونين والسيرين
من المجموعة الضابطة. من ناحية أخرى ، أظهرت المجموعات التجريبية التي تغذت عمى النظام
الغذائي المعتمد عمى مرک ا زت بروتين الارز ارتفاعًا ممحوظًا في طول وعمق خملات الامعاء و
سماکة العضلات.
213 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (11) 2020
