DETERIORATION AND CONSERVATION OF AN ASSYRIAN BRONZE KNEADING BOWL

References

1-   AL-Saad, Z. A new Method for the Stabilization of Archaeological Copper- Based Artifacts, Abhath Al- Yarmouk Journal, Yarmouk University, No, 5(2): (1996), 81-92.

2-   AL- Saad, Z. Technology and Provenance of a collection of Islamic Copper-Based objects as found in Jordan by Chemical and Lead Isotope Analysis, Archaeometry. 42(2): (2000), 385-397.

3-   Azaizeh, S.A., Determination of the Origin and Conservation of an Unprovenanced Metal Artifact from the Collection of the Museum of Jordanian Heritage, Master of Applied Sciences in Archaeology in the Department of Archaeology, Conservation and Management of Cultural Resources, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan, (2011).

4-   Bertholon, (R.), Archaeological Metal Artefacts and Conservation Issues: Long-term Corrosion Studies, In Corrosion of Metallic Heritage Artefacts: Investigation, Conservation and Prediction for Long-Term Behaviour, European Federation of Corrosion Publication 48, Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, (2007).

5-   Chang (T.), et al., The role of Sn on the long-term atmospheric corrosion of binary Cu-Sn bronze alloys in architecture. Corros Sci 149: (2019): 54–67.

6-   Cowell, (M.), The Composition of Egyptian Copper based metal- work in R.A. Dauid (edition) Science in Egyptology, Man-Work in R.A. David (edition), science in Egyptology Man-Chester university Press, Manchester, (1986): 33.

7-   Chiavari, (C.), Rahmouni K, Takenouti H, Joiret S, Vermaut P, Robbiola L Composition and electrochemical properties of natural patinas of outdoor bronze monuments. Electrochim Acta 52, (2007): 760–769.

8-   El- Morr, Z., et al, Copper quality and provenance in Middle Bronze Age I Byblos and Tell Arqa (Lebanon), Journal of Archaeological Science. 40: (2013), 4291- 4305.

9-   Ingo (G.M.), Surface studies of patinas and metallurgical features of uncommon high-tin bronze artefacts from the Italic necropolises of ancient Abruzzo (Central Italy), Applied Surface Science, 470, (2019): 74-83.

10-              Jones. I. W.; Levy. T. E.; Najjar. M.; Khirbat Nuqayb al-Asaymir and Middle Islamic Metallurgy in Faynan: Surveys of Wadi al-Ghuwayb and Wadi al-Jariya in Faynan, Southern Jordan, BASOR. 368: (2012), 67-102.

11-              Letardi (P.), et al, An in situ multi-analytical approach in the restoration of bronze artefacts. Microchem J. 125: (2016): 151–158

12-              Macleod, (I.), Bronze Disease: An Electrochemical Explanation, Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Material (INC), Volume VII (1), (1981): 16-26.

13-              Mezzi, A., et al, Investigation of the benzotriazole inhibition mechanism of bronze disease, Surf. Interface Anal.2012,44, 968–971

14-              Michalopoulou, A. V. et al, small bronze statue from the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki; exploring its authenticity, STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological Research Journal, VOL. 3, NO. 2, (2017), 303–313.

15-              Oudbashi, (O. A.), Inves­tigation on corrosion stratigraphy and morphology in some Iron Age bronze alloys vessels by OM, XRD and SEM–EDS methods, Applied Physics A, (2016): 122 - 262.

16-              Oudbashi, (O.), From Excavation to Preservation: Preventive Conservation Approaches in Archaeological Bronze Collections, Wallon, (2015): 29-36.

17-              O’chonaghue, (M), The Ecyhopaedia of Minerals and Gemstones, ores, London, (1985): 35.

18-              Odnevall (W.) Corrosion and runoff rates of Cu and three Cualloys in marine environments with increasing chloride deposition rate. Sci Total Environ 472, (2014): 681–694

19-              Papapelekanos, (A.), The Critical RH for the Appear­ance of “Bronze Disease” in Chloride Contaminated Copper and Copper Alloy Artefacts, E-Conservation Magazine 13, (2010): 43-52.

20-              Plenderlieth , The Conservation of Antiquities of Art , London,  (1962): 217.

21-              Pan (C.), et al., Atmospheric corrosion of copper exposed in a simulated coastal-industrial atmosphere. J Mater Sci Technol 33(6): (2016): 587–595.

22-              Petiti, (C.) et al, Effects of cleaning procedures on the long-term corrosion behavior of bronze artifacts of the cultural heritage in outdoor environment, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, (2020).

23-              Park, J., et al., The social implications of technological variability as observed in high tin bronze objects of the Unified Silla. Korean J Met Mater 55(10) (2017): 745–751.

24-              Park, J. et al, the technological and social implication of the discriminated use of tin and arsenic noted in EIA copper-based objects of Central Kazakhstan, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences (2020), 12: 81.

25-              Robbiola, (L.) et al., Morphology and Mechanisms of Formation of Natural Patinas on Archaeological Cu-Sn Alloys. Corrosion Science 40 (12), (1998): 2083-2111.

26-              Scott, (D. A.), Copper and bronze art: corrosion, colorants, conservation, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, CA. (2002).

27-              Schnbel ,(H.), Deterimental Effect of P.V.C. on Coins , ICCROM, (1984): 60.

28-              Scott (D.A.), Bronze disease: a review of some chemical problems and the role of relative humidity. J Am Inst Conserv. 29, (1990): 193–206

29-              Sik (P. J.), The technological and social implication of the discriminated use of tin and arsenic noted in EIA copper-based objects of Central Kazakhstan, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, (2020), 12: 81.

30-              Uminski, (M.) et al, The Removal of Chloride Ions from Artificially Corroded Bronze Plates, [IN:] Studies in Conservation, 40, (1995): 247-278.

31-              Walker, (R.), Benzotriazole as a Corrosion Inhibitor for Copper, Anti-corrosion Methods, and materials, 17, (1970):9-15.