Production and Design Yarn Polyolefin by Specifications Mechanical for Suitable End Use.

1- INTRODUCTION

Textile has swept over new fields the last three decades. It has been used indifferent fields, such as agriculture, industry and medicine, with the aim of improving the performance efficiency and reducing costs. This industry has recently achieved a tremendous success in medical fields thus, it has been used in designing and manufacturing  polyproplene suture.

Propylene (CH2=CH-CH3), the by- productoftheoilrefineries, isoneoftheconstituentsobtainedfromthermalor catalytic crackingofpetroleum . Undersuitable polymerising conditions. Propylene produces fiber-forming. Propylene.

Spinning : polypropylene isspunbymeltspinning .because itisacheapprocess.Further ,sincethepolymerhashighdegreeof polymerization, itisdifficulttodissolveinorganic  solvents.thefilaments, extruded at 100 0c abovethemeltingpoint, arecooledinairchamberortankofwaterandcollectedonbobbins.Rapid cooling orquenchingproducessmallcrystals . incontrasttolagercrystalsformedbyslow cooling. Thefilamentsarethe hot- drawnandtwistedinto yarns⁽¹⁾. 

 

 

Figure(1): Polyproplene Suture

   

Properties of poly propylene⁽²⁾ :

Tenacity                                  High.

Elongation                               Variable

Abrasion Resistance               Very Good

Absorbency                            Low

Thermal Retention                 Good

Resiliency                                Excellent

Elastic Recovery                      Excellent 

 

Physicians have used sutures for at least 4,000 years. Archaeological records from ancient Egypt show that Egyptians used linen and animal sinew to close wounds^(15),(16). In ancient India, physicians used the heads of beetles or ants to effectively staple wounds shut. The live creatures were affixed to the edges of the wound, which they clamped shut with their pincers. Then the physician cut the insects' bodies off, leaving the jaws in place. Other natural materials doctors used in ancient times were flax, hair, grass, cotton, silk, pig bristles, and animal gut. Though the use of sutures was widespread, sutured wounds or incisions often became infected. Nineteenth century surgeons preferred to cauterize wounds, an often ghastly process, rather than risk the patient's death from infected sutures. The great English physician Joseph Lister discovered disinfecting techniques in the 1860s, making surgery much safer. Lister soaked catgut suture material in phenol making it sterile, at least on the outside. Lister spent over 10 years experimenting with catgut, to find a material that was supple, strong, sterilizable, and absorbable in the body at an adequate rate. A German surgeon made advances in the processing of catgut early in the twentieth century, leading to a truly sterile material.

Catgut was the staple absorbable suture material through the 1930s, while physicians used silk and cotton where a non-absorbable material was needed. Suture technology advanced with the creation of nylon in 1938 and of polyester around the same time. As more man-made textiles were developed and patented for suture use, needle technology also advanced. Surgeons began using an atraumatic needle, which was pressed or crimped onto the suture. This saved the trouble of threading the needle in the operating room, and allowed the entire needle diameter to remain roughly the same size as the suture itself. In the 1960s, chemists developed new synthetic materials that could be absorbed by the body. These were polyglycolic acid and polylactic acid. Previously, absorbable sutures had to be made from the natural material catgut. Synthetic absorbable suture material is now far more prevalent than catgut in United States hospitals.

The FDA began requiring approval of new suture material in the 1970s. A Medical Device Amendment was added to the FDA in 1976, and suture manufacturers have been required to seek pre-market approval for new sutures since that time. Manufacturers must comply with specific Good Manufacturing Practices, and guarantee that their products are safe and effective. Patents for new suture materials are granted for 14 years.

Natural sutures are made of catgut or reconstituted collagen, or from cotton, silk, or linen. Synthetic absorbable sutures may be made of polyglycolic acid, a glycolide-lactide copolymer; or polydioxanone, a copolymer of glycolide and trimethylene carbonate. These different polymers are marketed under specific trade names. Synthetic nonabsorbable sutures may be made of polypropylene, polyester, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyamide, different proprietary nylons, or Goretex. Some sutures are also made of stainless steel.

Sutures are often coated, especially braided or twisted sutures. They may also be dyed to make them easy to see during surgery. Only FDA approved dyes and coatings may be used. Some allowable dyes are: logwood extract, chromium-cobalt-aluminum oxide, ferric ammonium citrate pyrogallol, D&C Blue No. 9, D&C Blue No. 6, D&C Green No. 5, and D&C Green No. 6. The coatings used depend on whether the suture is absorbable or nonabsorbable. Absorbable coatings include Poloxamer 188 and calcium stearate with a glycolide-lactide copolymer. Nonabsorbable sutures may be coated with wax, silicone, fluorocarbon, or polytetramethylene adipate.

It has been suggested that polyproplene  sutures are easier to tie than monofilament nylon and that the knots hold more securely ^{(13),(14),(5)} .

Used in over 1000 million surgical procedures , monofilament polyproplene suture has been proven important qualities and characteristics including:

1-pliability.

2-easy knot tying, with excellent knot security.

3-exceptional surface smoothness, resulting in easy passage through tissue.

4-biological inertness, eliciting only minimal tissue reaction.

5- monofilament construction, providing no harbour for bacteria.

6-considerably less than thrombogenicity  than many other suture materials.

7-non-biodegradable;providing prolonged  tensile strength retention in tissue after implantation, even the presence of infection.

8-non absorbable

9- monofilament polyproplene the standard for vascular surgery.⁽¹¹⁾

Production of polypropylene suture is circle figure:

 

 

Figure(2):Cross Section Of Polypropylene Suture

2-MAGNITUDE OF PROPLEM RESEARCH:

As result of  increasing number of  patients, hospitals, and number of operations rooms which needs medical equipments and  improvement of health care. we must  find local  industry for medical equipments to face international competition. our studies reveal that we must have our medical equipments especially suture, our studies also  reveal  that local  industry for medical equipment  not present especially polyproplene suture which leads to increase  import suture from out side and also decrease researches specialized for these reasons⁽¹⁷⁾.

3- IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH:

The use of Polyproplene monofilament has increased greatly during recent years . Polyproplene suture compare to monofilament nylon ,tie more secure knots and have a very low order of tissue reactivity. Because of the smoothness of polyproplene sutures, they slip through tissue easily and, because there is no tissue ingrowths, they may be removed easily when necessary⁽³⁾.

A surgical suture is used to close the edges of a wound or incision and to repair damaged tissue. There are many kinds of sutures, with different properties suitable for various uses. Sutures can be divided into two main groups: absorbable and non-absorbable. An absorbable suture decomposes in the body. It degrades as a wound or incision heals. A non-absorbable suture resists the body's attempt to dissolve it. Non-absorbable sutures may be removed by a surgeon after a surface incision has healed.

Sutures are made from both man-made and natural materials. Natural suture materials include silk, linen, and catgut, prepared submucous coat of the sheep's (and , more recently ,cow's) intestine , plain catgut is selected for fine suture and ligatures where rapid digestion is no disadvantage . Chromicized catgut has been treated to delay digestion in the tissues.⁽⁴⁾

Synthetic sutures are made from a variety of textiles such as nylon or polyester, formulated specifically for surgical use⁽¹⁰⁾.

Absorbable synthetic sutures are made from polyglycolic acid or other glycolide polymers. Most of the synthetic suture materials have proprietary names, such as Dexon and Vicryl.

The water-resistant material Goretex has been used for surgical sutures, and other sutures are made from thin metal wire Sutures are also classified according to their form. Some are monofilaments, that is, consisting of only one thread-like structure. Others consist of several filaments braided or twisted together. Surgeons choose which type of suture to use depending on the operation. A monofilament has what is called low tissue drag, meaning it passes smoothly through tissue. Braided or twisted sutures may have higher tissue drag, but are easier to knot and have greater knot strength. Braided sutures are usually coated to improve tissue drag. Other sutures may have a braided or twisted core within a smooth sleeve of extruded material. These are known as pseudo-monofilaments.

There is a multiplicity of techniques and materials for closing wounds. Any technique should avoid tension and there is no definite need to avoid dead space ,although haemostasis is important. The hypoxia at the wound edge is the stimulus, through released chemoattractants, to macrophage function which in turn directs fibroblastic activity and angiogenesis the healing wound ⁽⁶⁾.

 

 

Figure(3):Components Of a Tied  Suture( Square Knot )

 

As with other synthetic suture , knot security requires the standard surgical technique of square   ties with additional throws as indicated by surgical circumstances and experience of the operator.⁽¹¹⁾

KNOT BREAKAGE

When enough force is applied to the tied suture to result in breakage, the site of disruption of the suture is almost always the knot. The force necessary to break a knotted suture is lower than that required to break an untied suture made of the same material. The forces exerted on a tied suture are converted into shear forces by the knot configuration that break the knot. The percentage loss of tensile strength, as a result of tying a secure knot, is least with monofilament and multifilament steel. This relationship between the tensile strength of unknotted and knotted suture, which is designated knot efficiency, is described in the following equation:

KNOT  EFFICIENCY(%)= Tensile strength of a knotted suture  ÷  Tensile strength of a knotted suture   

Regardless of the type of suture material, the efficiency of the knot is enhanced with an increasing number of throws, although only up to a certain limit. The type of knot configuration that results in a secure knot that fails by breaking varies considerably with different suture material. The magnitude of force necessary to produce knot breakage is influenced by the configuration of the knotted suture loop, type of suture material, and the diameter of the suture. The tissue in which the suture is implanted also has considerable influence on the knot strength of suture. In the case of absorbable sutures, a progressive decline in knot breaking strength is noted after tissue implantation. In addition, the magnitude of knot breakage force is significantly influenced by the rate of application of forces to the "ears" of the knot. When a constant force is applied slowly to the knot "ears," the knot breakage force is significantly greater than that for knots in which the same constant force is applied rapidly to the "ears." The latter knot loading rate is often referred to as "the jerk at the end of the knot," especially when the knotted suture breaks⁽¹²⁾.

4-: THE METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH:

Depends On The Experimental Analytical Approach.

5- OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH:

1-To studytheeffectOfTemperatureInMelt Spinning Of Polypropylene thataffect Properties of Suture .

2- To study the effect of Diameter Suture Polypropylene that affect Properties Suture .

MATERIALS OF SUTURE USED IN RESEARCH

6-1:SPECIFICATION OF  POLYPROPYLENE :

1-DENSITY   0.9 GRAM/CM3 

According To American Standard Specification D-1505

2-MFI   3   GRAM/10MIN

According To American Standard Specification D-1238

6-2:SPECIFICATION OF MASTER BATCH :

Specification  Of Master Batch  Is 0.5% And Colour Of Suture Polypropylene Is  Blue .According To Unit Stats Pharmacopoeia, European Pharmacopoeia And British  Pharmacopoeia ^{(7) ,(8 ), (9 )}.   

7-FACTORS EXAMINED THROUGH THE RESEARCH

7-1:UNCHANGEABLE SPECIFICATIONS:

7-1-1:Polypropylene Material.

7-1-2:Machine Row Of Melt Spinning

7-1-3:Speed Of Winding.

7-1-4:Material Master Batch.

7-1-5:Stretching 1:5.

7-2:CHANGEABLE SPECIFICATIONS:

7-2-1:TEMPERATURE.

A-Temperature Of Zone( 240-250-250-260-265 ^{0 C).}

B- Temperature Of Zone( 260-270-270-280-285 ^{0 C).}

C- Temperature Of Zone( 280-290-290-300-305 ^{0 C)}

7-2-2: DIAMETER:

A-1.5 Metric Size.

B-2  Metric Size.

C-2.5 Metric Size.

8-RESULTS & DISCUSSION

The tests of tensile strength and elongation by knot and  with knot on samples of poly propylene sutures which  made  in laboratory with the temperature of  20±1 and Relative Humidity of  65±2  for obtaining suture with special properties suitable for economic level and end use. The  results of these  measurements  in the following tables:

 

Figure(4): Shows  Suture with  Knot used for Tensile Strength And Elongation . 

 

 

Table(1):Results of Polypropylene Sutures At Temperature (240:265 ⁰c).

Table(2):Results of  Polypropylene Sutures At Temperature (260:285 ⁰c).

Table(3):Results of  Polypropylene Sutures At Temperature (280:305 ⁰c).

8-1: Tensile Strength With Knot And Without Knot

8-1-1: Relationship Between Temperature And Tensile  Strength With Knot And Without Knot At 2.5 Metric Size.

Table(4): RelationshipBetweenTemperatureAnd Tensile  StrengthWithKnotAndWithout  KnotAt 2.5 MetricSize.

 

Figure(5) showsRelationshipBetweenTemperatureAnd Tensile  StrengthWithout  KnotAt 2.5 MetricSize.Representedthestraightlineequationof samples(H28-E37-A46) ▲  Tensile strengthwithoutknot  y=2.97+0.02x      r=0.9

as the temperature increases. It's found that tensile strength without knot increases also.

It's also found that the correlation factor is r=0.9 which indicates that there is a strong proportional relation between temperature and tensile strength without  knot.

And also Figure(5) shows Relationship Between Temperature And Tensile  Strength With Knot At 2.5 Metric Size.

Represented the straight line equation of samples    (H28-E37-A46) ▀        

Tensile strength with  knot    y=2.31+0.01x     r=0.9    

as the temperature increases. It's found that tensile strength with  knot  increases also. It's also found that the correlation factor is r=0.9 which indicates that there is a strong proportional relation between temperature and tensile strength with  knot. As a result from increase temperature leads to increase flexibility fibers leads to increase in the tensile strength of  poly propylene suture  with  knot.

8-1-2: Relationship Between Temperature And Tensile  Strength With Knot And Without Knot At 2 Metric Size.

Table(5): Relationship Between Temperature And Tensile  Strength With Knot And Without  Knot At 2 Metric Size.

 

Figure(6): showsRelationshipBetweenTemperatureAnd Tensile  StrengthWithout  KnotAt 2 MetricSize.

Represented the straight line equation of samples   (H29-E38-A47) ▲ 

Tensile strength without knot  y=- 4.03+0.02x      r=0.8

as the temperature increases. It's found that tensile strength without knot increases also. It's also found that the correlation factor is r=0.8 which indicates that there is a strong proportional relation between temperature and tensile strength without  knot.

Andalso Figure(6) showsRelationshipBetweenTemperatureAnd Tensile  StrengthWithKnotAt 2 MetricSize.

Representedthestraightlineequationofsamples    (H29-E38-A47) ▀        

Tensile strengthwith  knot    y=-2.87+0.01x     r=0.8    

asthetemperatureincreases.It'sfoundthat tensile strengthwith  knot  increasesalso.It'salsofoundthatthecorrelationfactoris r= 0.8  whichindicatesthatthereisastrongproportionalrelationbetweentemperatureand tensile strengthwith  knot.Asaresultfromincreasetemperatureleadstoincreaseflexibilityfibersleadstoincreaseinthe tensile strengthwith  knot.

8-1-3: Relationship Between Temperature And Tensile  Strength With Knot And Without Knot  At 1.5 Metric Size.

Table(6): Relationship Between Temperature And Tensile  Strength With Knot And Without  Knot At 1.5 Metric Size.

Figure(7) showsRelationshipBetweenTemperatureAnd Tensile  StrengthWithout  KnotAt 1.5 MetricSize.

Represented thestraightlineequationofsamples   (H30-E39-A48) ▲ 

Tensile strengthwithoutknot  y=-4.16+0.02x      r=0.8

asthetemperatureincreases.It'sfoundthat tensile strengthwithoutknotincreasesalso.It'salsofoundthatthecorrelationfactoris r=0.8 whichindicatesthatthereisastrongproportionalrelationbetweentemperatureand tensile strengthwithout  knot.

Andalso Figure(7) showsRelationshipBetweenTemperatureAnd Tensile  StrengthWithKnotAt 1.5 MetricSize.

Representedthestraightlineequationofsamples    (H30-E39-A48) ▀      

Tensile strengthwith  knot    y=-3.16+0.02x     r=0.8        

as the temperature increases. It's found that tensile strength with  knot  increases also. It's also found that the correlation factor is r=0.8  which indicates that there is a strong proportional relation between temperature and tensile strength with  knot. As a result from increase temperature leads to increase flexibility fibers leads to increase in the tensile strength of  poly propylene suture  with  knot.

8-1-4: Relationship Between Diameter  And Tensile  Strength With Knot And Without Knot  At Temperature (240:265 0C).

Table(7): Relationship Between Diameter  And Tensile  Strength With Knot And Without  Knot At Temperature (240:265 ⁰C).

 

Figure(8) shows Relationship Between Diameter  And Tensile  Strength Without  Knot At Temperature (240:265 ⁰C).

Represented the straight line equation of samples   (H28- H29- H30) ▲ 

Tensile strengthwithoutknot y=0.63+0.22x         r=0.9

as the Diameter increases. It's found that tensile strength without knot increases also.

It'salsofoundthatthecorrelationfactoris r=0.9 whichindicatesthatthereisastrongproportionalrelationbetweenDiameterand tensile strengthwithoutknot.

And also Figure(8) shows Relationship Between Diameter And Tensile  Strength With Knot At Temperature (240:265 ⁰C).

Represented the straight line equation of samples    (H28- H29- H30) ▀        

Tensile strengthwithknot    y=2.31+0.01x     r=0.9      

astheDiameter  increases.It'sfoundthat tensile strengthwithknotincreasesalso.It'salsofoundthatthecorrelationfactoris r=0.9 whichindicatesthatthereisastrongproportionalrelationbetweentemperatureand tensile strengthwithknot.Asaresultfrominthesampleof suture 2.5 metricsizegivesgreatest tensile strengthwithoutknotanddiameterof 1.5 metricsizegivestheleast tensile strengthwithoutknotandtheseresultfromincreaseof polypropylene suture crosssection.

8-1-5: Relationship Between Diameter  And Tensile  Strength With Knot And Without Knot  At Temperature (260:285 0C).

Table(8): Relationship Between Diameter  And Tensile  Strength With Knot And Without  Knot At Temperature (260:2850C).

 

Figure(9) shows Relationship Between Diameter  And Tensile  Strength Without  Knot At Temperature (260:285 ⁰C).

Represented the straight line equation of samples   (E37- E38- E39) ▲ 

Tensile strength without knot  y=0.38+0.33x         r=0.9

as the Diameter increases. It's found that tensile strength without knot increases also.

It's also found that the correlation factor is r=0.9 which indicates that there is a strong proportional relation between Diameter  and tensile strength without  knot.

And also Figure(9) shows Relationship Between Diameter And Tensile  Strength With Knot At Temperature (260:285 ⁰C). 

Represented the straight line equation of samples    (E37- E38- E39) ▀        

Tensile strength with  knot    y=0.31+0.54x     r=0.9        

as the Diameter  increases. It's found that tensile strength with  knot  increases also.

It's also found that the correlation factor is r=0.9  which indicates that there is a strong proportional relation between temperature and tensile strength with  knot.

As a result from in the sample of suture 2.5 metric size gives greatest tensile strength without knot and diameter of 1.5 metric size gives the least tensile strength without knot and these result from increase cross section.

8-1-6: Relationship Between Diameter  And Tensile Strength With Knot And Without Knot  At Temperature (280:305 0C).

Table(9): Relationship Between Diameter  And Tensile  Strength With Knot And Without  Knot  At Temperature (280:305 ⁰C).

Figure(10) shows Relationship Between Diameter  And Tensile  Strength Without  Knot At Temperature (280:305 ⁰C).

Represented the straight line equation of samples   (A46- A47- A48)  ▲ 

Tensile strength without knot  y=1.66-0.08x         r=0.7

as the Diameter increases. It's found that tensile strength without knot increases also.

It's also found that the correlation factor is r=0.7 which indicates that there is a strong proportional relation between Diameter  and tensile strength without  knot. Represented the straight line equation of samples    (A46- A47- A48) ▀        

Tensile strength with  knot    y=1.45-0.05x     r=0.9        

as the Diameter  increases. It's found that tensile strength with  knot  increases also.

It's also found that the correlation factor is r=0.9  which indicates that there is a strong proportional relation between temperature and tensile strength with  knot.

As a result from in the sample of suture 2.5 metric size gives greatest tensile strength without knot and diameter of 1.5 metric size gives the least tensile strength without knot and these result from increase cross section.

8-1-7: Comparison  Between Diameter And Tensile  Strength With Knot And Without Knot .

Table(10): ComparisonBetweenDiameterAnd Tensile  StrengthWithKnotandWithout  Knot .

            Figure(11) shows Comparison  Between Diameter  And Tensile  Strength Without Knot . The results  show that greatest level of tensile strength without  knot achieved at A-47 which measured  1.86  kg at temperature (260-270-270-280-285⁰C) and Diameter 2 metric size.

          The second sample of tensile strength without  knot achieved atA-46 which measured 1.83 kg at temperature (240-250-250-260-265⁰C) and diameter 2.5 metric size.

          The third sample of tensile strength without  knot achieved at A-48 which measured 1.76 kg at temperature (280-290-290-300-305⁰C) and diameter 1.5 metric size.

          And also Figure(11) shows Relationship Between Diameter And Tensile  Strength With Knot.

 

 

          The results  show that greatest level of tensile strength with  knot achieved at A-46 which measured  1.57  kg at temperature (240-250-250-260-265⁰C) and Diameter 2.5 metric size.

          The second sample of tensile strength with  knot achieved at A-47 which measured  1.54 kg at temperature (260-270-270-280-285⁰C) and diameter 2 metric size.

          The third sample of tensile strength with  knot achieved at A-48 which measured  1.52 kg at temperature (280-290-290-300-305⁰C) and diameter 1.5 metric size.

8-2:  Elongation With Knot And Without Knot.

8-2-1: Relationship Between Temperature And Elongation With Knot And Without Knot  At 2.5 Metric Size.

Table (11): Relationship Between Temperature And Elongation With Knot And Without  Knot  At 2.5 Metric Size.

 

 

Figure(12) shows Relationship Between Temperature And Elongation Without  Knot At 2.5 Metric Size.

Represented the straight line equation of samples (H28-E37-A46) ▲ 

Elongation without knot  y=89.77-0.14x      r=- 0.5

          as the temperature decreases. It's found that Elongation without knot increases.

          It's also found that the correlation factor is r=- 0.5  which indicates that there is a an inverse relation between temperature and Elongation without  knot.

          And also Figure(12) shows Relationship Between Temperature And Elongation With Knot At 2.5 Metric Size.

Represented the straight line equation of samples    (H28-E37-A46) ▀        

Elongation with  knot    y=47.42-0.05x     r=-0.5     

          as the temperature increases. It's found that Elongation with  knot  increases also. It's also found that the correlation factor is r=-0.5  which indicates that there is an inverse relation between temperature and Elongation with  knot.

          As a result from increase temperature leads to decrease elongation of poly propylene suture with  knot.

          When temperature of poly propylene suture increase leads to decrease elongation without knot as a result of change in passage of  polypropylene material  in screw melt spinning. of

          When temperature decrease with increase passage of poly propylene material  in screw at  2.5 METRIC SIZE diameter leads to that poly propylene suture not reached to the demanding temperature so leads to decrease elongation without knot .

          When passage of poly propylene material in screw decrease at 1.5 METRIC SIZE   

          Leads to reached to the demanding temperature so leads to decrease elongation without knot .

8-2-2: Relationship Between Temperature And Elongation With Knot And Without Knot  At 2 Metric Size.

Table(12): Relationship Between Temperature And Elongation With Knot And Without  Knot At 2 Metric Size.

Figure(13) shows Relationship Between Temperature And Elongation Without  Knot At 2 Metric Size.

Represented the straight line equation of samples(H29-E38-A47)  ▲ 

Elongation without knot  y=89.35 - 0.12x      r=- 0.1

          as the temperature decreases. It's found that Elongation without knot increases. The results  show that greatest level of Elongation without  knot achieved at E-38 which measured  76.68  mm at the temperature(260:285 ⁰C). The Least level of Elongation without  knot achieved at A-47  measured 43.82  at the temperature(280:305 ⁰C).

          It's also found that the correlation factor is r=- 0.1 which indicates that there is a an inverse relation between temperature and Elongation without  knot.

          And also Figure(13) shows Relationship Between Temperature And Elongation With Knot At 2 Metric Size.

Represented the straight line equation of samples    (H29-E38-A47)  ▀        

Elongation with  knot    y=50.58 - 0.06x     r=-0.2      

          as the temperature increases. It's found that Elongation with  knot  increases also.

          It's also found that the correlation factor is r=-0.2  which indicates that there is an inverse relation between temperature and Elongation with  knot.

          As a result from increase temperature leads to decrease elongation of poly propylene suture with  knot.

          When temperature of poly propylene suture increase leads to decrease elongation without knot as a result of change in passage of  polypropylene material  in screw melt spinning. of

          When temperature decrease with increase passage of poly propylene material  in screw at  2.5 METRIC SIZE diameter leads to that poly propylene suture not reached to the demanding temperature so leads to decrease elongation without knot .

          When passage of poly propylene material in screw decrease at 1.5 METRIC SIZE   

          Leads to reached to the demanding temperature so leads to decrease elongation without knot .

8-2-3: Relationship Between Temperature And Elongation   With Knot And Without Knot  At 1.5 Metric Size.

Table(13): Relationship Between Temperature And Elongation With Knot And Without  Knot At 1.5 Metric Size.

 

Figure (14) showsRelationshipBetweenTemperatureAndElongationWithout  KnotAt 1.5 MetricSize.

Represented the straight line equation of samples  (H30-E39-A48)  ▲ 

Elongation without knot  y=59.52 - 0.04x      r=- 0.2

          as the temperature decreases. It's found that Elongation without knot increases.

          It's also found that the correlation factor is r=- 0.2 which indicates that there is a an inverse relation between temperature and Elongation without  knot.

          And also Figure(14) shows Relationship Between Temperature And Elongation With Knot At 1.5 Metric Size.

Represented the straight line equation of samples    (H30-E39-A48)   ▀        

Elongation with  knot    y=67.10 - 0.13x     r=-0.6          

          as the temperature increases. It's found that Elongation with  knot  increases also.

          It's also found that the correlation factor is r=-0.6  which indicates that there is an inverse relation between temperature and Elongation with  knot.

          As a result from increase temperature leads to decrease elongation of poly propylene suture with  knot.

          When temperature of poly propylene suture increase leads to decrease elongation without knot as a result of change in passage of  polypropylene material  in screw melt spinning. of

          When temperature decrease with increase passage of poly propylene material  in screw at  2.5 METRIC SIZE diameter leads to that poly propylene suture not reached to the demanding temperature so leads to decrease elongation without knot .

          When passage of poly propylene material in screw decrease at 1.5 METRIC SIZE   

          Leads to reached to the demanding temperature so leads to decrease elongation without knot.

8-2-4: Relationship Between Diameter  And Elongation With Knot And Without Knot  At Temperature (240:265 0C).

Table(14): Relationship Between Diameter  And Elongation With Knot And Without  Knot At Temperature (240:265 ⁰C).

 

Figure(15) shows Relationship Between Diameter  And Elongation Without  Knot At Temperature (240:265 ⁰C).

Represented the straight line equation of samples   (H28- H29- H30) ▲ 

Elongation without knot  y=37.16 +5.9x      r=0.9

          as the Diameter increases. It's found that Elongation without knot increases also.

          It's also found that the correlation factor is r=0.9 which indicates that there is a strong proportional relation between Diameter  and Elongation without  knot.

          These resultindicatethehighestelongationwithoutknot  atDiameter 2.5 metricsize  andleastelongationwithoutknotDiameter 1.5 metricsize  andtheseresultfromwhen  Diameter  increasethe  elongation  without  knot  increasebecause  increasecrosssection.Andalso Figure(15) showsRelationshipBetweenDiameterAndElongationWithKnotAtTemperature (240:265 ⁰C).

Representedthestraightlineequationofsamples    (H28- H29- H30) ▀        

Elongationwith  knot    y=34.16 - 0.16x     r=-0.2 

          as theDiameter  increases.It'sfoundthatElongationwith  knot  increasesalso.

          It's alsofoundthatthecorrelationfactoris r=-0.2  whichindicatesthatthereisaninverserelationbetweentemperatureandElongationwith  knot.

 

8-2-5: Relationship Between Diameter  And Elongation With Knot And Without Knot  At Temperature (260:285 0C).

Table(15): Relationship Between Diameter  And Elongation With Knot And Without  Knot At Temperature (260:285 ⁰C).

 

Figure(16) showsRelationshipBetweenDiameter  AndElongationWithout  KnotAtTemperature (260:285 ⁰C).

Represented the straight line equation of samples   (E37- E38- E39)  ▲ 

Elongation without knot  y=55.40 +3.83x      r=0.2

          as the Diameter increases. It's found that Elongation without knot increases also.

          It's also found that the correlation factor is r=0.2 which indicates that there is a  proportional relation between Diameter  and Elongation without  knot.

          These result indicate the highest elongation without knot  at Diameter 2.5 metric size  and least elongation without knot Diameter 1.5 metric size  and these result from when  Diameter  increase the  elongation  without  knot  increase because  increase cross section.

          And also Figure(16) shows Relationship Between Diameter And Elongation With Knot At Temperature (260:285 ⁰C).

Represented the straight line equation of samples    (E37- E38- E39)  ▀        

Elongation with  knot    y=40.31 - 1.03x     r=-0.2  

as the Diameter  increases. It's found that Elongation with  knot  increases also. It's also found that the correlation factor is r=-0.2  which indicates that there is an inverse relation between temperature and Elongation with  knot.

          As a result from increase temperature leads to decrease  elongation of poly propylene suture with  knot. as a result of change in passage of  polypropylene material  in screw in melt spinning. of

8-2-6: Relationship Between Diameter  And Elongation With Knot And Without Knot  At Temperature (280:305 0C).

Table(16): Relationship Between Diameter  And Elongation With Knot And Without  Knot At Temperature (280:305 ⁰C).

 

Figure(17) shows Relationship Between Diameter  And Elongation Without  Knot At Temperature (280 :305 ⁰C).  

Represented the straight line equation of samples   (A46- A47- A48)   ▲ 

Elongation without knot  y=41.24 +2.002x      r=0.6

          as the Diameter increases. It's found that Elongation without knot increases also.

          It's also found that the correlation factor is r=0.6 which indicates that there is a  proportional relation between Diameter  and Elongation without  knot.

          These result indicate the highest elongation without knot  at Diameter 2.5 metric size  and least elongation without knot Diameter 1.5 metric size  and these result from when  Diameter  increase the  elongation  without  knot  increase because  increase cross section.

          And also Figure(17) shows Relationship Between Diameter And Elongation With Knot At Temperature (280 :305 ⁰C).  

Represented the straight line equation of samples    (A46- A47- A48)   ▀        

Elongation with  knot    y=25.09 - 2.84x     r=0.9      

          as the Diameter  increases. It's found that Elongation with  knot  increases also. It's also found that the correlation factor is r=0.9  which indicates that there is a strong proportional relation between temperature and Elongation with  knot.

          These result indicate the highest elongation with knot  at Diameter 2.5 metric size  and least elongation with  knot Diameter 1.5 metric size  and these result from when  Diameter  increase the  elongation  with  knot  increase because  increase cross section.

8-2-7: Comparison Between Diameter  And Elongation With Knot And Without Knot .

Table(17): Comparison Between Diameter  And Elongation With Knot And Without  Knot.

 

Figure(18) shows Comparison  Between Diameter And Elongation Without Knot. The results  show that least level of Elongation  without  knot achieved at A-47 which measured  43.82 mm at temperature (260-270-270-280-285⁰C) and Diameter 2 metric size.

          The second sample of Elongation  without   knot achieved at A-48 which measured 44.95mm at temperature (280-290-290-300-305⁰C) and diameter 1.5 metric size.

          The third sample of Elongation without  knot achieved at  H-30  which measured 46.57mm at temperature (280-290-290-300-305⁰C) and diameter 1.5 metric size.

          And also Figure(18) shows Relationship Between Diameter And Elongation With Knot.

          The results  show that least level of Elongation  with  knot achieved at  A-48 which measured 29.20 mm at temperature (280-290-290-300-305⁰C) and diameter 1.5 metric size.

          The second sample of Elongation  with  knot achieved A-47 which measured  31.08 mm at temperature (260-270-270-280-285⁰C) and Diameter 2 metric size.

          The third sample of Elongation  with  knot achieved at A-46 which measured  32.04 mm at temperature (240-250-250-260-265⁰C) and diameter 1.5 metric size.

 

SUMMARY

Textile has swept over new filed in the last three decades. It has been used indifferent fields, Such as agriculture, Industry and medicine, with the aim of improving the performance efficiency and reducing costs. This industry has recently achieved a tremendous success in medical fields thus, it has been used in designing and manufacturing  polyproplene suture.

our studies reveal that we must have our medical equipments especially suture, our studies also  reveal  that local  industry for medical equipment  not present especially polyproplene suture which leads to increase  import suture from out side and also decrease researches specialized for these reasons.

This research covering the theoretical, practical and experimental aspects of the subject. These research depend on analytical approach of the practical aspects of sutures.

The methodology of the research depends on the experimental analytical approach.

The Objectives Of Research to:

1-Study the effect Of Temperature In Melt Spinning Of Polypropylene that affect Properties of  Suture .

2- Study the effect of Diameter Suture Polypropylene that affect Properties Suture .

The Following Results Were Identified:

1- There is a direct relationship between tensile Strength without knot and temperature of melt spinning of polypropylene  suture.

2- There is a direct relationship between tensile Strength with knot and temperature of melt spinning of polypropylene  suture.

3-There is a direct relationship between tensile Strength without knot and diameter of polypropylene suture.

4-There is a direct relationship between tensile Strength with knot and diameter of polypropylene suture.

5-There is an inverse relationship between elongation without knot and temperature of melt spinning of polypropylene  suture.

6-There is an inverse relationship between elongation with  knot and temperature of melt spinning of polypropylene  suture.

7-There is a direct relationship between elongation without knot and  diameter of polypropylene  suture.

7-There is no  relationship between elongation with knot and  diameter of polypropylene  suture.

 

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