Effect of Red Beetroot Juice on Body Weight Status of Obese Anemic Rats

 

Hanan M. El-Ghandour, Eman M. Ragheb,

 

Agriculture Research Center, Regional Center for Food and Feed, Giza, Egypt.

 

Abstract

 

The aim of this work is to investigate the ability of ingestion two different doses (1ml and 2ml/kg/BW) of fresh red beetroot juice to improve anemia and its effect on final body weight of obese anemic rats. Forty two adult male Sprague- Dawley rats were fed on standard diet for one week for adaptation. Rats were then randomly divided into seven groups (6rats each) as follow: the first group was fed on basal diet only and served as control negative group, while groups (2:4) of rats (n=18) were fed on high fat diet for four weeks to induce obesity, then continuously fed on high fat diet, deficient in iron and supplemented with (10 g tannic acid/kg diet) for further 3 weeks to induce anemia. These rats were then divided into three groups, positive control group and two other groups given orally 1 ml and 2 ml juice /kg BW respectively. Groups (5:7) of rats (n=18) were fed on basal diet, deficient in iron and supplemented with (10 g tannic acid/kg diet) for 3 weeks to induce anemia, then were divided into three groups, one positive control group (anemic) and two other groups given orally 1 ml and 2 ml/kg BW fresh juice red beetroot respectively. The results showed that oral ingestion fresh beetroot juice (1ml and 2 ml/kg.BW) significantly (P <0.05) decreased the final body weight and body weight gain of anemic obese rats, and the weight reduction was 30.25, 39.00 %  respectively due to ingestion fresh red beet juice  that rich in (iron 15.34 mg/100 ml juice). Fresh beetroot juice supplementation decreased significantly (P<0.05) leptin concentrations, Moreover, hemoglobin, hematocrit and red blood cell concentration as well lipid profile and liver function were improved significantly compared to positive control group. The study recommends that obese patients suffering from anemia should drink fresh red beetroot juice.

 

Introduction

 

Overweight and obesity affected 1.6% of 2-6 years old, 4.9% of 6-10 years old, 14.7 % of 10-14 years old and13.4% of 14-18 years old of children in Egypt (Galal, 2002). In a report from the Egyptian National Nutrition Institute, (2004), there is increasing prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents reaching 5.8% among males and 9.7% among females. The global prevalence of obesity is increasing rapidly among adults as well as among children and adolescents in places where high dietary fat intake is a major risk factor for the development of obesity (Canbakan, et al., 2008). World Health Organization (WHO, 2014) reported that more than 1.9 billion adults (38% of men and 40% of women) 18 years and older were overweight, and over 600 million were obese. The WHO estimated by the end 2015, 2.3 billion adults would be overweight and more than700 million obese (McArdle, et al., 2013).The Global School-based Student Health Survey conducted in seven African countries (n = 23496, with 11-17 years old) indicated that, unadjusted rates being underweight varied from 12.6% (Egypt) to 31.9% (Djibouti), while being overweight ranged from 8.7% (Ghana) to 31.4% (Egypt). Obesity rates ranged from 0.6% (Benin) to 9.3% (Egypt) (Manyanga, et al., 2014).

 

Obesity has become a serious problem that increases health costs and reduces healthy life years (Aronne, 2001 and Carnethon, et al., 2004). In addition, there is a strong association between obesity and the development of co morbid conditions, including insulin resistance and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome (Wilson, et al., 2005).Hence, obesity has become a leading global public health problem, and termed, as the millennium disease with worldwide spread (WHO, 2012).

 

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency worldwide. It is a major public health problem with adverse consequences, and affects over 2 billion people mainly young women and children (McLean, et al., 2009).Furthermore, iron uptake from the duodenum is limited in obese compared to normal weight children (Sanad, et al., 2011).Elevated body mass index and insulin resistance are associated with lower iron (Fe) and Hb levels. These findings may be explained by the chronic inflammation of obesity and may contribute to obesity-related co-morbidities (Altunoğlu, et al., 2014).

 

Now, there is an increased demand for using plants in therapy "back to nature" instead of using synthetic drugs which may have adverse effects. Traditional medicinal plants are often cheaper, locally available, and easily consumable as raw or as simple medicinal preparations. These plants often mediate beneficial responses due to their active chemical constituents (Bogusz, et al., 2002 and Amin and Nagy, 2009).Red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) is a vegetable characteristic of the Eastern and Central European diet, and is also used as a popular folk remedy for liver and kidney diseases, for stimulation of the immune and hematopoietic systems, and as a special diet in the treatment of cancer (Kapadia, et al., 2003).Today, beetroot is grown in many countries worldwide, is regularly consumed as part of the normal diet, and commonly used in manufacturing as a food colouring agent known as E162 (Georgiev, et al.,2010).Kujala, et al., (2002) and Wootton-Beard and Ryan, (2011) reported that beetroot is a rich source of phytochemical compounds that includes ascorbic acid, carotenoids, phenolic acids and flavonoids.

 

The aim of the present work was to investigate the ability of ingestion two different doses (1ml and 2ml/kg/BW) of fresh red beetroot juice to improve anemia and its effect on body weight status of obese anemic rats.

 

Materials and Methods

 

Materials:-                                  

Casein, vitamins, minerals, cellulose, starch, tannic acid were purchased from local distributer of (Sigma Chemical Co) Cairo, Egypt. Red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) was purchased from a local market. Beef tallow was obtained from local market. Adult male albino rats (Sprague- Dawley strain) (n=42 rat) weighting approximately (190 ±5 g.) were purchased from Helwan Experimental Animals Farm. Kits for blood analysis was purchased from Gamma Trade Company, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.

 

 

Methods:-

1. Chemical composition: vitamin C, iron and total fibers in fresh red beetroot juice were determined according to the official methods (A.O.A.O., 2006).
2. Induction of obesity:  Rats were fed four weeks on basal diet according to (Reeves, et al., 1993) with some modification in fat content containing:  casein 14%, cellulose 5%, vitamin mixture 1%, mineral mixture 3.5%, sucrose 10%, (beef tallow 19% + soybean oil 1%), l-cystine 0.18, choline bitartrate0.25% and the remainder is starch to induce obesity in rats (Liu, et al., 2004).
3. Induction of anemia: Obese rats(n=18) were continuously fed on high fat diet supplemented with (10 g tannic acid/kg diet) for 3 weeks (Afsana  et al., 2004) at the same time, iron has been removed from the mineral mixture to induce anemia. Normal rats (n=18) were fed on basal diet supplemented with tannic acid for 3 weeks to induce anemia according to (Afsanaet al., 2004).Blood samples were obtained after 3 weeks from tail vein to determine hemoglobin (Hb) concentration. The hemoglobin concentration in normal rats was reported to be (13.53±0.58 g/dl) which was used as the reference range (Wolford, et al., 1986).
4. Preparation of fresh red beetroot juice: Red beetroots were washed thoroughly in tap water and homogenized with a household blender. The juice was collected using suction filtration through filter papers, then stored at -20ºC for chemical analyses and biological experiment.
5. Biological study: Forty two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on standard diet for one week for adaptation. Rats were then randomly divided into seven groups (6rats each) as follow: group one was fed on basal diet only and kept as control negative group, while groups (2, 3, 4) of rats (n=18) were fed on high fat diet for four weeks to induce obesity, then continuously fed on high fat diet, deficient in iron and supplemented with (10 g tannic acid/kg diet) for further 3 weeks to induce anemia. These rats were then divided into three groups, positive control group and two other groups given orally 1 ml and 2 ml juice /kg BW respectively. Groups (5, 6, 7) of rats (n=18) were fed on basal diet, deficient in iron and supplemented with (10 g tannic acid/kg diet) for 3 weeks to induce anemia, then were divided into three groups, one positive control group (anemic)and two other groups given orally 1 ml and 2 ml/kg BW fresh juice red beetroot respectively.

 

At the end of the experimental period (6 weeks), rats were fasted over night before sacrificing, two blood samples were collected, the first sample was collected into a tube containing EDTA as anticoagulant and used for determination: red blood cell (RBC) count, Hb concentration and Hematocrit (Hct) percentage. These parameters were quantified by standard hematological assay analyzer. The second blood sample was collected into a centrifuge tube without any anticoagulant and centrifuged to obtain serum which was stored at- 20°C until used for subsequent analysis.

1. Chemical analysis: total red blood cell counts determined according to (Dacie and Lewis,1991). Hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration (Alexander and Grifiths, 1993) were determined. Serum total cholesterol (TC) (Richmond, 1973), triglycerides (TG) (Wahlefeld, 1974), high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) (Albers et al., 1983) were determined. Meanwhile, low density lipoprotein (LDL-c) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-c) were calculated according to (Fridewald et al., 1972).Serum Aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) (Bergmeyer et al., 1978)were determined. Serum albumin was measured according to (Weissman et al., 1950). Leptin hormone was determined using enzyme-linked immune sorbent (ELISA) assay (Xiong et al., 2005).
2. Statistical Analysis:-The obtained results were analyzed according to SPSS program. ANOVA test was used to compare results among groups and P<0.05 was considered to be significant(SPSS, 1989).

 

Results

 

The chemical composition of fresh red beetroot juice is shown in Table (1).  The results showed that iron content was 16.88 (mg), vitamin C content was 7.10 (mg) and total fiber content was 1.56 (mg).

 

The effect of  oral ingestion fresh beetroot juice at two levels on body weight and body weight gain% of obese anemic rats are recorded in Table (2). The statistical analysis showed that the mean values of body weight, body weight gain %, feed intake and feed efficiency ratio of positive anemic control group significantly (P<0.05) increased, compared to the negative control group . Obese anemic rats treated with (1ml and 2ml) of fresh beetroot juice had significant (P<0.05) decrease in final body weight, BWG%, FI, FER, compared to the positive group (obese anemic).The final body weight and BWG% of obese anemic rats treated with 2ml of fresh beetroot juice were significantly (P<0.05) lower, compared to obese anemic rats treated with 1ml of fresh beetroot juice. While, had significant increase in FER compared to obese anemic rats treated with 1ml of fresh beetroot juice. Anemic rats treated with (1ml, 2ml) of fresh beetroot juice had significant (P<0.05)decrease in final body weight, BWG% and FER, compared to the positive group (anemic rats).The statistical analysis showed that there were non-significant (p<0.05) changes in FER between anemic rats treated with 2mlof fresh beetroot juice and the positive group (anemic rats).Moreover, anemic rats treated with 2mlof fresh beetroot juice caused significant(P<0.05) increase in FER, compared to obese anemic rats treated with 1ml of fresh beetroot juice.  The highest decrease in the final body weight, BWG% and FER was recorded by administration 2ml of fresh beetroot juice.

 

The effect of oral ingestion fresh beetroot juice at two levels on serum leptin concentrations of obese anemic rats are recorded in Table (3). Results illustrated that positive control group (obese anemic) had significant increase (P<0.05) in leptin hormone concentrations, compared to the negative control group. While, obese anemic rats treated with different two levels of oral ingestion fresh beetroot juice significantly (P<0.05) reduced the level of leptin hormone concentrations, compared to the positive control group (obese anemic).Moreover, anemic rats treated with 2mlof fresh beetroot juice caused significant (P<0.05) reduction of leptin hormone concentrations compared to obese anemic rats treated with 1ml of juice. The greatest decrease in leptin hormone concentrations was obtained by 2ml of fresh beetroot juice. Also, results showed that positive control group (anemic rats) had significant increase (P<0.05) in leptin hormone, compared to the negative control group. While, anemic rats treated with different two levels of oral ingestion fresh beetroot juice significantly (P<0.05) reduced the level of leptin hormone, compared to the positive control group (anemic rats).Moreover, anemic rats treated with 2mlof fresh beetroot juice caused significant(P<0.05) decrease in leptin hormone, compared to anemic rats treated with 1ml of fresh beetroot juice. The greatest decrease in leptin hormone concentrations was obtained by 2ml of fresh beetroot juice.

 

The effect of oral ingestion fresh beetroot juice at two levels on RBC, HCT and Hb concentrations of obese anemic rats are recorded in Table (4). Results revealed that positive control group (obese anemic) had significant decrease (P<0.05) in RBC, HCT and Hb concentrations of obese anemic rats compared to the negative control group. Also, obese anemic rats treated with different two levels of oral ingestion fresh beetroot juice had significant increase (P<0.05) in RBC, HCT and Hb concentrations, compared to the positive control group (obese anemic). Moreover, obese anemic rats treated with 2mlof fresh beetroot juice caused significant (P<0.05) increase in red blood cell parameters concentrations compared to obese anemic rats treated with 1ml of fresh beetroot juice. Administration with 2ml of fresh beetroot juice provided greatest increase in the red blood cell parameters concentrations. The statistical analysis showed that positive control group (anemic rats) significantly reduced (P<0.05) red blood cell parameters concentrations, compared to the negative control group. While, anemic rats treated with different two levels of oral ingestion fresh beetroot juice had significant increase(P<0.05) in red blood cell parameters concentrations, compared to the positive control group (anemic rats).The greatest increase in the relative red blood cell parameters concentrations was obtained by ingestion 2ml of fresh beetroot juice.

 

Table (5) showed the effect of oral ingestion fresh beetroot juice at two levels on liver functions of anemic obese rats. Result indicated that the positive group (obese anemic) had a significant increase (P<0.05) in serum levels of AST and ALT but had a significant decrease in albumin compared to the negative group. Supplementation with different two levels of oral ingestion fresh beetroot juice caused significant decrease (P<0.05) in serum levels of AST and ALT, and significant increase in serum albumin, compared to the positive control group (obese anemic). The best results of liver functions were recorded for obese anemic rats treated with 2mlof fresh beetroot.

 

Results indicated that anemic rats treated with different two levels of oral ingestion fresh beetroot juice had significant decrease (P<0.05) in serum levels of AST and ALT as compared to the positive control group (anemic rats). While, serum level of albumin are significantly (P<0.05) increased. Moreover, anemic rats treated with 2mlof fresh beetroot juice caused significant(P<0.05) decrease in serum levels of AST and ALT and caused significant increase in serum level of albumin compared to anemic rats treated with 1ml of fresh beetroot juice. The best results of liver functions recorded for anemic rats treated with 2mlof fresh beetroot.

 

Results in Table (6) indicated that obese anemic rats treated with different two levels of oral ingestion fresh beetroot juice had significant decrease (P<0.05) in serum levels of TC, TG, VLDL-c, LDL-c and caused significant increase in serum HDL-c, as compared to the positive control group (obese anemic).Moreover, obese anemic rats treated with 2mlof fresh beetroot juice caused significant decrease in serum levels of TC, TG, VLDL-c and LDL-c caused but caused significant increase in serum level of HDL-c compared to obese anemic rats treated with 1ml of fresh beetroot juice. Results indicated that anemic rats treated with different two levels of oral ingestion fresh beetroot juice had significant decrease (P<0.05) in serum levels of lipid profile as compared to the positive control group (anemic rats). While, anemic rats treated with different two levels of oral ingestion fresh beetroot juice had significant increase (P<0.05) in serum level of HDL-c compared to the positive control group (anemic rats). Moreover, there were non-significant differences in serum levels of TC, TG, HDL-c, VLDL-c and LDL-c between two levels of fresh beetroot juice. The best results of lipid profile are recorded for anemic rats treated with 2mlof fresh beetroot.

 

Discussion

 

Obesity and related complications as well as IDA are 2 major issues that affect significant proportions of the global population (Cheng et al., 2012).This is of considerable concern for the wellbeing of the population given that overweight and obese people are at increased risk for co-morbidities, functional decline, impaired quality of life, increased use of health care resources, and increased mortality. They are global epidemics affecting billions with regional disparities (Low, et al., 2009).The link between obesity and iron might be related to the increased expression of hepcidin from adipose tissue which could act as a negative regulator of intestinal iron absorption (Bekri, et al., 2006).Hepcidin production in obesity has been shown to be over expressed and correlated with low iron status (Yanoff, et al., 2007). Some investigators (Keaney et al., 2003) found an increase in oxidants and a decrease in the activities of the body’s protective antioxidants in obese individuals.

 

The most common form of iron supplement is ferrous sulfate, but it is known to produce intestinal side effects such as constipation, nausea, and bloating in many users (Hansen, 1994).Therefore, nowadays there is an increased demand for using plants in therapy instead of using synthetic drugs. These plants often mediate beneficial responses due to their active chemical constituents (Bogusz, et al., 2002 and Amin and Nagy, 2009). Beetroot as a source of iron is grown in many countries worldwide, and can regularly be consumed as part of the normal diet(Zielińska-Przyjemska, et al., 2009 and Georgiev, et al., 2010).

 

The results from the current work revealed that feeding rats with high fat and free iron diet with tannic acid supplementation for six weeks significantly increased the final body weight, compared to control negative group (table 2).These results are agreement with Winzell and Ahrén, (2004) who reported that, body weight was higher in mice fed the high-fat diet already after the first week, due to higher dietary intake in combination with lower metabolic efficiency.

 

The reduction in body weight of obese anemic rats might be related to higher concentrations of serum hemoglobin as seen in (table 4),this result was confirmed with thatMenzie, et al., (2008) who found significantly lower levels of serum iron and transferrin saturation in obese people when compared to non-obese adult volunteers. Iron deficiency (ID) and anemia may lead to fatigue and thereby to an additional decrease in physical activity, further aggravating weight gain (Munoz, et al., 2009). Iron depletion might result from the increased iron requirement of obese people because of their larger blood volume and/or their consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods (Pinhas-Hamiel, et al., 2003). Hypoferremia may be the chronic inflammation seen in obesity (Yanoff, et al., 2007). Additionally, ID may impair mitochondrial respiratory chain activity, thereby limiting exercise capacity and augmenting insulin resistance (Manios, et al., 2013).

 

Another explanation about the relationship between anemia and obesity, severe iron deficiency may lower thyroid peroxidase activity and interfere with the synthesis of thyroid hormones (Hess, et al., 2002). Soliman, et al. (2010)found that tT3 and tT4 levels of anemic rats were significantly lower than normal control and tT3/tT4 ratio was significantly higher in group treated with (40 mg ferrous sulphate /kg diet) than normal control group. It is well known that hypothyroidism (characterized by low thyroid hormones) causes a weight increase together with a decrease in basal metabolic rate and thermo genesis (Rotondi,et al., 2009).

 

The oral ingestion of fresh beetroot juice significantly improved the hematological parameters of anemic obese rats. The weight reduction may result from the constituents in red beetroot juice such as vitamin C (5.22 mg), iron (15.34 mg) and low dietary fiber content(1.98 mg/100 ml juice) as seen on table (1).  Beetroot is a rich source of phytochemical compounds that includes ascorbic acid, carotenoids, phenolic acids and flavonoids (Georgiev, et al. 2010). It has been reported by Khoshnevisan, et al., (2004) that citrus fruits and fruits rich in vitamin C improved iron status in iron depleted preschool children. In a study carried out by Siegenberg, et al., (1991), it was noted that ascorbic acid prevents the dose dependent inhibitory effect of tannic acid on non -heme iron absorption in man.

 

A higher risk of low concentrations of iron and vitamin C has been observed in obese children and adolescents compared to children and adolescents with normal weight (Aeberli, et al., 2009).The same results were reported by (García, et al., and 2013), vitamin C and vitamin E were negatively associated with BMI, waist-to-weight ratio and body abdominal fat.

 

Moretti, et al.,(2006) reported that, when considering the responsiveness to iron fortification, there was an inverse relationship between BMI Z-score and change in body iron.

 

Leptin is a hormone produced mainly by adipocytes, and is involved in controlling body weight by increasing both satiety and energy expenditure (Vigueras-Villaseñor et al., 2011).Leptin levels are excessively high in obese people as a result of leptin resistance, which is associated with weight gain. The results in the present study revealed that, the anemic obese rats showed significant increase (P<0.05) in leptin concentration.

 

Moreover, the current results illustrated that ingestion fresh juice of beetroot at different levels significantly reduced the level of leptin hormone concentration (table 3). Leptin concentration is related to the amount and distribution of body fat therefore, the higher the body weights, the higher the leptin concentration in human and rodents (Aizawa-Abe, et al., 2000). The reduction of leptin level might be related to vitamin C content in juice of beetroot(5.22 mg/100ml). Feeding rats with vitamin C reduced the circulating levels of leptin and decreased body weight and adiposity in a rat model (Garcia-Diaz, et al., 2007). It has been observed that vitamin C intake is negatively associated with the occurrence of several conditions such asobesity, by modulate adipocyte lipolysis and inhibit leptin secretion on isolated adipocytes (Garcia-Diaz, et al., 2014).

 

The obtained results as seen in tables (4 and 5) illustrated that, obesity and anemia induced to rats caused a significant decrease (P<0.05) in hematological parameters (RBC, Hb, Hct and total iron) as compared to normal rats. Dambal, et al., (2011) found that the mean iron levels were significantly decreased in overweight and obese individuals than those in the control group (P<0.001).Insufficient body stores of iron lead to a depleted RBC mass which, in turn, leads to a decreased hemoglobin concentration (hypochromia) and decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood (Campos, et al., 1998). Both serum iron concentrations and iron stores, as indicated by serum ferritin concentrations, show a negative correlation with BMI (Pinhas-Hamiel, et al., 2003).

 

Anemia may be caused by a decrease in RBC production, or reduction in Hb content of the blood, or combination of these Priya, et al., (2013), these results were in the line with our results, in which tannic acid supplementation 10g/kg diet for 3 wks and diet deficient in iron significantly decreased the hematological parameters. A further study found a strong link between ID and BMI across all races, ages and amounts of dietary intake (Tussing-Humphreys, et al., 2009).Obesity-associated inflammation is tightly linked to iron deficiency and involves impaired duodenal iron absorption associated with low expression of duodenal ferroportin along with elevated hepcidin concentrations(Aigner, et al., 2014).

           

As mentioned previously, oral ingestion fresh beetroot juice to anemic obese rats significantly increases (P<0.05) the hematological parameters as compared with the positive control group. These results were in agreement with the finding of Priya, et al., (2013) who found that 60 adolescent girls of age 15-17 years showed a highly significant improvement in hemoglobin level following the ingestion of (100 ml) beetroot juice for 20 day (P<0.001).Moreover, the dietary intake of Vitamin C along with iron rich sources enhances the absorption of iron significantly (Fishman, 2000).

 

The elevation of enzyme activities (ALT, AST and ALP) and altered levels of bilirubin and protein are due to increased production of free radicals, which initiate lipid peroxidation that leads to cellular damage (Pal, et al ., 2010).Lipid-rich diets are capable of generating ROS because they can alter oxygen metabolism. Upon the increase of adipose tissue, the activity of antioxidant enzymes was found to be significantly diminished. High ROS production and the decrease in antioxidant capacity lead to various abnormalities (Fernández-Sánchez, et al., 2011).Investigations of red beetroot constituents focus on the betalains (red-violet betacyanins and yellow betaxanthins) (Kujala, et al., 2002). The most abundant betalain pigments in red beet juice were betanin, vulgaxanthin,  is obetanin  (Slavov, et al., 2013). A number of investigations have reported betalains to have high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities in vitro and a variety of in vivo animal models (Vulić, et al., 2014).

 

Overweight and obesity significantly affects liver function and may lead to further complications of the liver. Serum ALT best indicates liver dysfunction (Qureshi, et al., 2006), these results are in agreement with our study. The present results (table5) indicated that oral ingestion of fresh beetroot juice significantly improved liver functions. These results are in agreement with Sadeek, (2011) who reported that beetroot juice significantly (P<0.05) restored the enzyme activities of the liver AST, ALT and ALP to normal level in the tested rats. Agarwal et al., (2006) and Pal, et al., (2010)reported a hepatoprotective activity of beetroot ethanolic extract against CCl4-induced liver injury in rats.  Other reports indicate that Beta vulgaris extracts (root) possess anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities (Kanner, et al., 2001),antihypertensive, hypoglycemic and antioxidant (Ninfali and Angelino, 2013).

 

Obese anemic rats had a significant increase (P<0.05) in lipid profile as compared to control normal group (table 6). These results are in agreement with Novelli , et al., (2007)who reported that , the level of TG, CT and LDL-C were higher in rats receiving the control chow and drinking 30% sucrose and  fed a high-carbohydrate diet than in control negative group. But HDL-C decreased in rats fed a high-carbohydrate diet.Germanand Dillard, (2004) reported that, consumption of fat-rich diet directly affects the serum lipid profile and the fatty acids composition, which is an important factor in the modulation of lipid metabolism. The high saturated fatty acids intake increases LDL-c and reduces HDL-c in the bloodstream.

 

The results of current study demonstrated also that ingestion with fresh juice of beetroot at different levels significantly decreased (P<0.05) the elevated lipid profile and significantly increased (P<.005) the level of HDL-C, compared to control negative group. These results were in agreement with the finding of (Sadeek, 2011) who mentioned that, oral ingestion of fresh red beetroot juice (8ml/Kg/day) significantly decreased (P <0.05) serum TC, TG, VLDL-C and LDL-C and also a significant elevation (P<0.05) occurred in the level of HDL-C. The intense red color of beetroots derives from high concentrations of betalains (Gandia-Herrero et al., 2010 )that are widely used as antioxidant.Apart from betalains, small amounts of hydroxyl cinnamic acids such as gallic, syringic, and caffeic acids and flavonoids have been identified (Kazimierczak, et al., 2014).The benefits of betalains include the inhibition of lipid peroxidation (Reddy, et al., 2005), increased resistance to the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (Tesoriere, et al., 2003).

 

Conclusion: it could be concluded that administration fresh red beetroot juice at two levels (1 ml or 2 ml/kg/BW) to obese anemic rats has been treated anemia and decreased the final body weight of the obese anemic rats as well leptin concentrations was decreased with improving lipid profile and liver functions. So that, fresh red beetroot juice might be recommended for obese patients suffering from anemia.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table (1): Chemical composition of fresh red beetroot juice.

 

 

Table (2): Effect of oral ingestion fresh beetroot juice at two levels on body weight, BWG% and FER of obese anemic rats.

Values were expressed as Means ± SE.

Values at the same column with different letters are significant at P<0.05

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table (3): Effect of oralingestion fresh beetroot juice at two levels on serum leptin concentrations of obese anemic rats.

Values were expressed as Means ± SE.

Values at the same column with different letters are significant at P<0.05.

 

Table (4): Effect of oral ingestion fresh beetroot juice at two levels on red blood cell parameters concentrations of obese anemic rats.

Values were expressed as Means ± SE.

Values at the same column with different letters are significant at P<0.05.

 

 

 

 

 

Table (5): Effect of oral ingestion fresh beetroot juice at two levels on liver functions of anemic obese rats.

Values were expressed as Means ± SE.

Values at the same column with different letters are significant at P<0.05.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table (6): Effect of oral ingestion fresh beetroot juice at two levels on lipid profile of anemic obese rats.

Values were expressed as Means ± SE.

Values at the same column with different letters are significant at P<0.05.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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تأثير عصير البنجر الطازج علي حالة وزن الجسم في الفئران البدينة والمصابة بالأنيميا

حنان محمد الغندور – إيمان محمود راغب

مرکز البحوث الزراعيه – المرکز الإقليمي للأغذيه والأعلاف

 

الملخص العربي

 

تهدف هذه الدراسة الي معرفة تأثير (1مللي ، 2 مللي/کجم من وزن الجسم)  من عصير البنجر الاحمر الطازج في تحسين فقر الدم وتأثيره على وزن الجسم النهائى في الفئران البدينة والمصابة بالانيميا. تم تغذية 42 من ذکور الفئران على الغذاء الأساسى لمدة أسبوع واحد للتکيف . تم تقسيم  الفئران عشوائيا الي سبعة مجموعات (6فئران في کل مجموعة) کالتالي : المجموعة الاولي تتغذي علي الغذاء الاساسي فقط (مجموعة ضابطة سالبة)، بينما تم تغذية 18 من الفئران فى المجموعات (2 إلى 4) علي وجبة عالية في محتواها من الدهون لمدة اربع اسابيع لاحداث السمنة، ثم استمروا علي تلک الوجبة مع نزع الحديد من خليط الاملاح واضافة (10 جرام من حامض التانک/کجم من الوجبة) لمدة ثلاثة اسابيع اخري لاحداث الانيميا للفئران. تم تقسيم تلک الفئران الي ثلاث مجموعات ، الضابطة الموجبة ، ومجموعتان تتغذي عن طريق الفم علي(1مللي ، 2 مللي /کجم من وزن الجسم)عصير البنجر الاحمر الطازج علي التوالي ، تم تغذية 18 من الفئران فى المجموعات ( 5 إلى7) علي الوجبة الأساسية مع نزع الحديد من خليط الاملاح واضافة (10 جرام من حامض التانک/کجم من الوجبة) لمدة ثلاثة اسابيع اخري لاحداث الانيميا للفئران ، تم تقسيم تلک الفئران الي ثلاث مجموعات ، الضابطة الموجبة ، ومجموعتان تتغذي عن طريق الفم علي (1مللي ، 2 مللي /کجم من وزن الجسم)عصير البنجر الاحمر الطازج علي التوالي . تشير النتائج الي ان تناول عصير البنجر الاحمر الطازج بنسبة (1مللي ، 2 مللي/کجم من وزن الجسم) أدي الي انقاص الوزن النهائي ، ومؤشر کتلة الجسم بدرجة معنوية (P<0.05) لدي الفئران البدينة والمصابة بالانيميا ، وکانت نسبة الانخفاض هي 30.25، 39.00 % علي التوالي مقارنة بالوزن في البداية . وقد يرجع هذا الانخفاض الي علاج الانيميا لدي الفئران عن طريق تناول عصير البنجر الاحمر الطازج (الغني بالحديد15.34 ملجم/100 مللي عصير) حيث ارتفع عدد کرات الدم الحمراء ونسبة الهيموجلوبين وترکيز الهيماتوکريت ونسبة الحديد الکلي بدرجة معنوية (P<0.05) ، کما تم تحسين صورة الدهون وتحسين وظائف الکلي والکبد مقارنة بالمجموعة الضابطة الموجبة . علاوة علي ذلک فقد انخفض مستوي هرمون اللبتن بدرجة معنوية(P<0.05)  لدي الفئران التي تناولت الجرعات المختلفة من العصير مقارنة بالمجموعة الضابطة الموجبة مما أدي الي تقليل الشهية لدي الفئران وانخفاض الوزن. وتوصي الدراسة مرضي السمنة  والذين يعانون من الانيميا  وارتفاع مستوي الدهون الي تناول عصير البنجر الاحمر الطازج

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