EFFECTS OF TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (TCDD) ON BLOOD CONSTITUENTS AFTER SHORT AND LONG TERM ORAL APPLICATION IN ALBINO RATS تأثير الديوکسيـن على مکونات الدم فى الفئران البيضاء بعد التعرض عن طريق الفم لفترات قصيرة وطويلة

EFFECTS OF TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (TCDD) on blood constituents after short and long term oral application in albino rats

M. Abd El-Nasser; D.A.Salem; Eman E. El-Sharkawy and A. Shehata

Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University

INTRODUCTION:

                Ecotoxicology is considered as a sequence of interactions and effects. The adverse biological effects of TCDD in animals include carcinogenesis as well as teratogenesis, reproductive and immune dysfunction. They occur in very low concentrations in the environment but due to their very high toxicity and physiological activity, particularly of one member of this family, 2,3,7,8-TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin), this group of substances has attracted considerable attention. A wide variety of chemicals known to or likely results in the formation of dioxins have been identified. Pesticides have been identified as the most significant group, particularly the phenoxy acetic acid group (2,4-D: 2,4,5-T: silvex and erbon). During the commercial synthesis of these products, a reaction sequences indicating the formation of 2,3,7,8-TCDD has been present (Connell and Miller, 1984).

                There is a powerful influence of TCDD exposure on enzyme systems in many organisms. Induction of zoxazolamine hydroxylase enzyme indicates that TCDD has a high probability of being a carcinogen. The effects of TCDD act through receptor-mediated mechanisms as it has its own distinct receptor, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and there is considerable evidence that the biological activity of TCDD is mediated through the Ah receptor (Abbott et al., 1994). TCDD is found throughout the world in practically all media including air, soil, water, sediments and food especially dairy products, meat, fish and shell fish. Human exposure to TCDD may occur through diet food from animal origin as well as from the surrounding environment. Bioaccumulation, biomagnifications and bioconcentration of TCDD and related compounds through food chain play an evident role in its toxicity (Abd El-Nasser et al., 2005). TCDD administration has many adverse effects on hemobiotic system as anemia was the first symptom of its toxicity in various animal species. It induces apoptic cell death in the circulating erythrocytes (Skamoto et al., 1997). Wanda et al., (1998) and Allavain and Gosiewcz (1999) stated that the adverse effects of TCDD on both RBCs indices including their number, Hb content, PCV and WBCs count. They added that lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils numbers are also affected. The owed these effects to myelotoxic effects of TCDD on bone marrow which leads to bone marrow hypoplasia as well as apoptosis to its cellularity. Hans et al., (1999) stated that exposure to high doses of TCDD cases drastic decrease in the number and percentage of monocytes and granulocytes. Meanwhile, Chu et al., (2001) recorded many toxic effects of TCDD including significant decrease in Hb contents and PCV in rats exposed to a small dose of it. They also recorded bone marrow toxicity at low doses of TCDD in the form of hypoplasia and depression of colony formation of macrophages granulocytes progenitor cells and pleuripotent stem cells associated with altered lymphopoietic development. Yoon et al., (2001) recorded significant decrease in AhR-mRNA levels in bone marrow and suggested that the biological toxicity of TCDD on bone marrow could be attributed to it.

                The present investigation was carried out to through light on the effect of short and long term oral application of dioxins on the blood constituents in albino rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Chemical:

                TCDD (>98%Purity) was obtained from Grey Hound Company Laboratories, England. The compound was dissolved in corn oil as vehicle in a concentration of 10 ml/ kg to keep the dose volume constant.

Animals and experimental design:

                160 male albino rats, 150 g weight and 12 weeks age were obtained from the animal house, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University. Animals were classified into four groups, 40 rats each, the first group was used for the first experiment and the second for the long term experiment, while third and fourth groups were intubated corn oil and kept as parallel control. Drinking water and conventional diet were provided ad libitum. In the first experiment, animals were exposed once to 4.4 µg TCDD/kg body weight by gavages. The dosing volume was 10 ml/kg body weight. Blood with anticoagulant (heparin) and bone marrow samples were collected at 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 144 hours post exposure (n≥6). In the second experiment, animals received a dose of 0.44 µg TCDD/kg body weight day after day for twelve weeks. Samples were collected 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks post exposure as well as 2 and 4 weeks after the cessation of TCDD application (n≥5). Animals from the control groups were submitted to the same regimen of sampling for comparison. Erythrocytes and Leucocytic counts, Hb concentration and PCV percentage were determined. Erythrocytes and leucocytic counts, Hb concentration and PCV percentage were determined standard methods of hematology previously described by Coles (1986). Differential Leucocytic count was also taken into consideration as well. Moreover, MCV, MCH, and MCHC were calculated mathematically. Bone marrow films were prepared, stained and examined according to Winter, (1965).

RESULTS:

                The obtained results are illustrated in the following tables; 1, 2, 3 (A and B), 4, 5 and 6 (A and B). These results indicated that both acute and long term toxicity of TCDD have adverse effects on hemogram and bone marrow cellularity. These effects could be summarized in a significant oligocythaemia represented as decrease in both RBCs and hemoglobin concentration in acute toxicity group of animals in comparison to the control animals. In long term treated group of animals, there was a significant polycythaemia of erythrocytes than the control ones.

                There was a significant decrease in WBCs count as well as lymphocytes, eosinophils and monocytes percentages in both acute and long-term toxicities. Bone marrow examination revealed significant increase in metamyeloblasts, promyeloblasts, segmented and band neutrophils series continue till the end of the administration. Restoration of normal values of bone marrow cellularity occurred after 4 weeks from the stoppage of administration in long term toxicated animals and did not occur at all in acutely affected animals as it compared to control groups.

Table (1): Shows the acute effects of TCDD on the hemogram of albino rats

* Means significance at P ≤ 0.05 to 0.01 in comparison to control animals.

Table (2): Shows the acute toxic effects of TCDD on total

and differential leucocytic counts of albino rats

Table (3 A): Shows the acute toxic effects of TCDD on Neutrophilic series cells percentages of bone marrow cells of albino rats

Table (3 B): Shows the acute toxic effects of TCDD on eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, RBCs and megakaryocytic series cells percentages of bone marrow of albino rats

* Means significance at P≤0.05 to 0.01 in comparison to control animals.

Table (4): Shows the long-term effects of TCDD on the hemogram of albino rats

Table (5): Shows the long-term toxic effects of TCDD on total and differential leucocytic counts of albino rats

Table (6 A): Shows the long-term toxic effects of TCDD on Neutrophilic series cells

of bone marrow of albino rats

* Means significance at P ≤ 0.05 to 0.01 in comparison to control animals.

Table (6 B): Shows the long-term toxic effects of TCDD on eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, RBCs and megakaryocytic series cells of  bone marrow of albino rats

* Means significance at P ≤ 0.05 to 0.01 in comparison to control animals.

DISCUSSION:

                Dioxins are a class of substances never intentionally released to the environment which are formed as a result of contamination of commercial chemical products. Dioxins can be formed as combustion product from burning vegetation treated with phenoxy acetic acid herbicides 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D. 2,3,7,8-Teterachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a wide spread environmental contaminant that produces adverse biological effects including haematotoxicity. Contamination of food and water by these compounds through bioaccumulation in the food chain may lead to harmful effects in both man and animal (Kreuzer et al., (1997). As detailed below, this study found that microcytic and macrocytic hypochromic anemia have been recorded following acute and long term TCDD oral exposure. Anemia could be attributed to apoptic cell death in circulating erythrocytes that induced by acute toxic effects of TCDD. Diminished life span of erythrocytes in acute toxicity as the bone marrow can not compensate the increased rate of destruction. This concept was based upon the myelotoxic effects on the bone marrow which resulted in a significant decrease and hypoplasia of erythrocytes series. Bone marrow examinations at the level of erythrocyte series confirm this concept. Similar results were recorded by Allavain and Gosiewcz (1999) who found that TCDD associated with dose-dependant cased decreases in total number of hematopoietic cells in bone marrow. This concept was explained by Wanda et al., (1998) who stated that TCDD mainly has Ah-receptor mediated myelotoxic effects. This action consists of DNA fragmentation and cell death by Ca²⁺ dependant protein synthesis pathway. Anemia could also be attributed to TCDD induced oxidative stress through its effect on AhR mediated pathway, which lead to hematotoxicity resulted in disruption of redox regulation (Yoon et al., 2001) or induction of α-aminolevulinic acid synthetase which is the initial and rate-limiting enzyme in heme synthesis (Conolly and Anderson 1991).

                However, the increased number of RBCs and their cell volume in long term toxicity of TCDD is attributed to the compensatory mechanism of bone marrow to regenerate the destructed cells in peripheral blood and converse the toxic effect on the erythrocytes series. Jubb and Kennedy (1995) attributed the increase in the number of circulating erythrocytes to the hypoxia of the tissues which stimulates the physiological compensation of bone marrow to produce new circulating erythrocytes. Macrocytosis was attributed to the release of immature erythrocytes into the blood stream with low hemoglobin contents, these cells were larger than the mature ones and accompanied with intense and increase in erythrocytes series of bone marrow. These effects seem to be time and dose dependent as restoration to normal values was occurred 96 to 144 hours in acute toxicity and 4 weeks after the stoppage of TCDD administration in long-term toxicity.

                Total white blood cells counts showed significant decrease in all exposed animals as a result of TCDD administration. Lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils percentages revealed significant decrease as well, while neutrophils percentage showed significant increase in long-term treated group of mice. Hochstein et al., (1998) reported that TCDD was responsible for a significant decrease in WBCs counts. Hans et al., (1999) reported that exposure to high doses of TCDD induced a decrease in both monocytes and granulocytes percentages. The toxic effects of TCDD on total and differential leucocytic count are attributed to its effects on bone marrow as it has a myelotoxic effects. Marrow hypoplasia and apoptosis of bone marrow cells are the major toxic effects as mentioned by Allavain and Gosiewcz (1999). Bone marrow examination revealed significant decrease in lymphocytic, eosinophillic, and megakaryocytic series while neutrophillic series including myeloblast, metamyeloblast, promyloblast, segmented and band cell series showed significant increase. These effects on the bone marrow could be attributed to the direct effect of TCDD on AhR as Allavain and Gosiewcz (1999) proved that bone marrow stromal cells express functional AhR which plays an important role in the support and direction of lymphopoiesis. They added that TCDD treatment could alter lymphopoietic development, resulting in decrease of the total number of hematopoietic cells and lymphocytes. Restoration of normal values of total Leucocytic count, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes percentages has not been achieved till the 96 hours after acute toxicity; while it was achieved four weeks after the stoppage of long term toxicity. Bone marrow cells retrain its normal vales also after the stoppage of toxicity.

                Severe lymphopenia recorded in this study indicates the immunotoxic effects of TCDD as immunosuppression in exposed animals and increased liability to infection. Neutrophilia, recorded only in long-term exposure was not related to direct effect rather than as a compensatory response to the recoded lymphopenia. Anemia occurs in combination with leucopenia is an indication of the depression of the bone marrow following the application of TCDD. Bone marrow is the tissue composed of rapidly dividing cells and TCDD by its toxic action interferes with nucleic acid metabolism and inhibits nucleic acid synthesis and cell division or maturation. Marrow or hematopoiesis depression seems to be temporary even after the very small doses of TCDD as it returns to its normal values after the stoppage of application. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that albino rats exposed to TCDD in acute and long-term toxicities developed variable degrees of anemia and hypoplasia of the bone marrow compartments.

REFERENCES:

Abbott, B. D.; Perdew, G. H.; Buckalew, A. R. and Birnbaum, L. S. (1994): Interactive regulation of Ah and Glucocorticoid receptors in the synergistic induction of cleft palate by 2,3,7,8-Teterachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and hydrocortisone. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 128, 138-150.

Abd El-Nasser, M.; Shehata, A.; Eman, E. El-Sharkawy and Salem, D. A. (2005): Wasting syndrome as a result of the exposure of albino rats to 2,3,7,8-Teterachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Ass. Univ. Bull. Environ. Res. Assiut, Egypt, 1 (8):31-39.

Allavain, S. W. and Gosiewcz, T. A. (1999): TCDD-dependent alterations in B cells lymphopoiesis are mediated at the lymphocytes level directly. SOT Annual Meeting, 1010-1031.

Chu, I.; Lecavalier, P.; Hakansson, H.; Yagminas, A.; Valli, V. E.; Poon,P. and Feeley, A. (2001): Mixture effects of 2,3,7,8-Teterachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in rats. J. Chemosphere, May-June; 43 (4-7):807-814.

Coles H.E. (1986): Veterinary Clinical Pathology. Fourth Edition. W.B. Sounder Company, Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp 191-205.

Connell, D. W. and Miller, G. J. (1984): Chemistry and ecotoxicology of pollution. Environmental science and technology, John wiley and Sons, NY, USA, First Edition, Pp. 263-287.

Conolly, R. B. and Anderson, M. E. (1991): Biologically based pharmacodynamic models; tools for toxicological research and risk assessment. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 31:503-523.

Hans, M.; Siegfried, G.; Roger, M. and Frank, W. (1999): Toxicology. First Edition, Academic Press, pp 699-711.

Hochstein, J. R.; Bursian, S. J. and Aulerich, R. J. (1998): Effect of dietary exposure to TCDD in adult female mink. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol; September; 16(5): 599-605.

Jubb, K. V. and Kennedy, P. C. (1995): Pathology of domestic animals. Third Edition; Academic Press, New York; USA; pp. 321-335.

Kreuzer, P. E.; Csanady, G. Y.; Baur, A.C.; Kessler, W. S.; Papke, O. R.; Greim, H. and Filser, J. G. (1997): 2,3,7,8- Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and congeners in infants. Arch. Toxicol. 71, 383-400.

Skamoto, M. K.; Mima, S.; Takahashi, K. P. and Tanimura, T. C. (1997): Apoptotic cells death of erythrocytes in xenopus larval exposed to TCDD. J. Toxicol. Pathol. July-Aug.; 25(4):398-402.

Wanda, M. H.; Colin, G. D. and Baum, S. J. (1998): Fundamentals of toxicological pathology. Third Edition, Academic Press, pp 215-249.

Winter, H. (1965): The bone marrow cells of sheep. University of Queensland papers, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Vol. 1, No. 3, University and St. Lucia Press.

Yoon, B. I.; Hirabayashi, Y.; Kaneko, T.; Kodama, Y.; Kanno, J.; Yodio, J.; Kily, D. Y. and Inoue, T. (2001): Trans gene expression of thioredoxin protects against TCDD-induced hematotoxicity. J. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.; Aug. 41: 232-236.

EFFECTS OF TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (TCDD) on blood constituents after short and long term oral application in albino rats

M. Abd El-Nasser; D.A.Salem; Eman E. El-Sharkawy and A. Shehata

Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University

INTRODUCTION:

                Ecotoxicology is considered as a sequence of interactions and effects. The adverse biological effects of TCDD in animals include carcinogenesis as well as teratogenesis, reproductive and immune dysfunction. They occur in very low concentrations in the environment but due to their very high toxicity and physiological activity, particularly of one member of this family, 2,3,7,8-TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin), this group of substances has attracted considerable attention. A wide variety of chemicals known to or likely results in the formation of dioxins have been identified. Pesticides have been identified as the most significant group, particularly the phenoxy acetic acid group (2,4-D: 2,4,5-T: silvex and erbon). During the commercial synthesis of these products, a reaction sequences indicating the formation of 2,3,7,8-TCDD has been present (Connell and Miller, 1984).

                There is a powerful influence of TCDD exposure on enzyme systems in many organisms. Induction of zoxazolamine hydroxylase enzyme indicates that TCDD has a high probability of being a carcinogen. The effects of TCDD act through receptor-mediated mechanisms as it has its own distinct receptor, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and there is considerable evidence that the biological activity of TCDD is mediated through the Ah receptor (Abbott et al., 1994). TCDD is found throughout the world in practically all media including air, soil, water, sediments and food especially dairy products, meat, fish and shell fish. Human exposure to TCDD may occur through diet food from animal origin as well as from the surrounding environment. Bioaccumulation, biomagnifications and bioconcentration of TCDD and related compounds through food chain play an evident role in its toxicity (Abd El-Nasser et al., 2005). TCDD administration has many adverse effects on hemobiotic system as anemia was the first symptom of its toxicity in various animal species. It induces apoptic cell death in the circulating erythrocytes (Skamoto et al., 1997). Wanda et al., (1998) and Allavain and Gosiewcz (1999) stated that the adverse effects of TCDD on both RBCs indices including their number, Hb content, PCV and WBCs count. They added that lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils numbers are also affected. The owed these effects to myelotoxic effects of TCDD on bone marrow which leads to bone marrow hypoplasia as well as apoptosis to its cellularity. Hans et al., (1999) stated that exposure to high doses of TCDD cases drastic decrease in the number and percentage of monocytes and granulocytes. Meanwhile, Chu et al., (2001) recorded many toxic effects of TCDD including significant decrease in Hb contents and PCV in rats exposed to a small dose of it. They also recorded bone marrow toxicity at low doses of TCDD in the form of hypoplasia and depression of colony formation of macrophages granulocytes progenitor cells and pleuripotent stem cells associated with altered lymphopoietic development. Yoon et al., (2001) recorded significant decrease in AhR-mRNA levels in bone marrow and suggested that the biological toxicity of TCDD on bone marrow could be attributed to it.

                The present investigation was carried out to through light on the effect of short and long term oral application of dioxins on the blood constituents in albino rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Chemical:

                TCDD (>98%Purity) was obtained from Grey Hound Company Laboratories, England. The compound was dissolved in corn oil as vehicle in a concentration of 10 ml/ kg to keep the dose volume constant.

Animals and experimental design:

                160 male albino rats, 150 g weight and 12 weeks age were obtained from the animal house, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University. Animals were classified into four groups, 40 rats each, the first group was used for the first experiment and the second for the long term experiment, while third and fourth groups were intubated corn oil and kept as parallel control. Drinking water and conventional diet were provided ad libitum. In the first experiment, animals were exposed once to 4.4 µg TCDD/kg body weight by gavages. The dosing volume was 10 ml/kg body weight. Blood with anticoagulant (heparin) and bone marrow samples were collected at 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 144 hours post exposure (n≥6). In the second experiment, animals received a dose of 0.44 µg TCDD/kg body weight day after day for twelve weeks. Samples were collected 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks post exposure as well as 2 and 4 weeks after the cessation of TCDD application (n≥5). Animals from the control groups were submitted to the same regimen of sampling for comparison. Erythrocytes and Leucocytic counts, Hb concentration and PCV percentage were determined. Erythrocytes and leucocytic counts, Hb concentration and PCV percentage were determined standard methods of hematology previously described by Coles (1986). Differential Leucocytic count was also taken into consideration as well. Moreover, MCV, MCH, and MCHC were calculated mathematically. Bone marrow films were prepared, stained and examined according to Winter, (1965).

RESULTS:

                The obtained results are illustrated in the following tables; 1, 2, 3 (A and B), 4, 5 and 6 (A and B). These results indicated that both acute and long term toxicity of TCDD have adverse effects on hemogram and bone marrow cellularity. These effects could be summarized in a significant oligocythaemia represented as decrease in both RBCs and hemoglobin concentration in acute toxicity group of animals in comparison to the control animals. In long term treated group of animals, there was a significant polycythaemia of erythrocytes than the control ones.

                There was a significant decrease in WBCs count as well as lymphocytes, eosinophils and monocytes percentages in both acute and long-term toxicities. Bone marrow examination revealed significant increase in metamyeloblasts, promyeloblasts, segmented and band neutrophils series continue till the end of the administration. Restoration of normal values of bone marrow cellularity occurred after 4 weeks from the stoppage of administration in long term toxicated animals and did not occur at all in acutely affected animals as it compared to control groups.

Table (1): Shows the acute effects of TCDD on the hemogram of albino rats

* Means significance at P ≤ 0.05 to 0.01 in comparison to control animals.

Table (2): Shows the acute toxic effects of TCDD on total

and differential leucocytic counts of albino rats

Table (3 A): Shows the acute toxic effects of TCDD on Neutrophilic series cells percentages of bone marrow cells of albino rats

Table (3 B): Shows the acute toxic effects of TCDD on eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, RBCs and megakaryocytic series cells percentages of bone marrow of albino rats

* Means significance at P≤0.05 to 0.01 in comparison to control animals.

Table (4): Shows the long-term effects of TCDD on the hemogram of albino rats

Table (5): Shows the long-term toxic effects of TCDD on total and differential leucocytic counts of albino rats

Table (6 A): Shows the long-term toxic effects of TCDD on Neutrophilic series cells

of bone marrow of albino rats

* Means significance at P ≤ 0.05 to 0.01 in comparison to control animals.

Table (6 B): Shows the long-term toxic effects of TCDD on eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, RBCs and megakaryocytic series cells of  bone marrow of albino rats

* Means significance at P ≤ 0.05 to 0.01 in comparison to control animals.

DISCUSSION:

                Dioxins are a class of substances never intentionally released to the environment which are formed as a result of contamination of commercial chemical products. Dioxins can be formed as combustion product from burning vegetation treated with phenoxy acetic acid herbicides 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D. 2,3,7,8-Teterachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a wide spread environmental contaminant that produces adverse biological effects including haematotoxicity. Contamination of food and water by these compounds through bioaccumulation in the food chain may lead to harmful effects in both man and animal (Kreuzer et al., (1997). As detailed below, this study found that microcytic and macrocytic hypochromic anemia have been recorded following acute and long term TCDD oral exposure. Anemia could be attributed to apoptic cell death in circulating erythrocytes that induced by acute toxic effects of TCDD. Diminished life span of erythrocytes in acute toxicity as the bone marrow can not compensate the increased rate of destruction. This concept was based upon the myelotoxic effects on the bone marrow which resulted in a significant decrease and hypoplasia of erythrocytes series. Bone marrow examinations at the level of erythrocyte series confirm this concept. Similar results were recorded by Allavain and Gosiewcz (1999) who found that TCDD associated with dose-dependant cased decreases in total number of hematopoietic cells in bone marrow. This concept was explained by Wanda et al., (1998) who stated that TCDD mainly has Ah-receptor mediated myelotoxic effects. This action consists of DNA fragmentation and cell death by Ca²⁺ dependant protein synthesis pathway. Anemia could also be attributed to TCDD induced oxidative stress through its effect on AhR mediated pathway, which lead to hematotoxicity resulted in disruption of redox regulation (Yoon et al., 2001) or induction of α-aminolevulinic acid synthetase which is the initial and rate-limiting enzyme in heme synthesis (Conolly and Anderson 1991).

                However, the increased number of RBCs and their cell volume in long term toxicity of TCDD is attributed to the compensatory mechanism of bone marrow to regenerate the destructed cells in peripheral blood and converse the toxic effect on the erythrocytes series. Jubb and Kennedy (1995) attributed the increase in the number of circulating erythrocytes to the hypoxia of the tissues which stimulates the physiological compensation of bone marrow to produce new circulating erythrocytes. Macrocytosis was attributed to the release of immature erythrocytes into the blood stream with low hemoglobin contents, these cells were larger than the mature ones and accompanied with intense and increase in erythrocytes series of bone marrow. These effects seem to be time and dose dependent as restoration to normal values was occurred 96 to 144 hours in acute toxicity and 4 weeks after the stoppage of TCDD administration in long-term toxicity.

                Total white blood cells counts showed significant decrease in all exposed animals as a result of TCDD administration. Lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils percentages revealed significant decrease as well, while neutrophils percentage showed significant increase in long-term treated group of mice. Hochstein et al., (1998) reported that TCDD was responsible for a significant decrease in WBCs counts. Hans et al., (1999) reported that exposure to high doses of TCDD induced a decrease in both monocytes and granulocytes percentages. The toxic effects of TCDD on total and differential leucocytic count are attributed to its effects on bone marrow as it has a myelotoxic effects. Marrow hypoplasia and apoptosis of bone marrow cells are the major toxic effects as mentioned by Allavain and Gosiewcz (1999). Bone marrow examination revealed significant decrease in lymphocytic, eosinophillic, and megakaryocytic series while neutrophillic series including myeloblast, metamyeloblast, promyloblast, segmented and band cell series showed significant increase. These effects on the bone marrow could be attributed to the direct effect of TCDD on AhR as Allavain and Gosiewcz (1999) proved that bone marrow stromal cells express functional AhR which plays an important role in the support and direction of lymphopoiesis. They added that TCDD treatment could alter lymphopoietic development, resulting in decrease of the total number of hematopoietic cells and lymphocytes. Restoration of normal values of total Leucocytic count, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes percentages has not been achieved till the 96 hours after acute toxicity; while it was achieved four weeks after the stoppage of long term toxicity. Bone marrow cells retrain its normal vales also after the stoppage of toxicity.

                Severe lymphopenia recorded in this study indicates the immunotoxic effects of TCDD as immunosuppression in exposed animals and increased liability to infection. Neutrophilia, recorded only in long-term exposure was not related to direct effect rather than as a compensatory response to the recoded lymphopenia. Anemia occurs in combination with leucopenia is an indication of the depression of the bone marrow following the application of TCDD. Bone marrow is the tissue composed of rapidly dividing cells and TCDD by its toxic action interferes with nucleic acid metabolism and inhibits nucleic acid synthesis and cell division or maturation. Marrow or hematopoiesis depression seems to be temporary even after the very small doses of TCDD as it returns to its normal values after the stoppage of application. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that albino rats exposed to TCDD in acute and long-term toxicities developed variable degrees of anemia and hypoplasia of the bone marrow compartments.

REFERENCES:

Abbott, B. D.; Perdew, G. H.; Buckalew, A. R. and Birnbaum, L. S. (1994): Interactive regulation of Ah and Glucocorticoid receptors in the synergistic induction of cleft palate by 2,3,7,8-Teterachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and hydrocortisone. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 128, 138-150.

Abd El-Nasser, M.; Shehata, A.; Eman, E. El-Sharkawy and Salem, D. A. (2005): Wasting syndrome as a result of the exposure of albino rats to 2,3,7,8-Teterachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Ass. Univ. Bull. Environ. Res. Assiut, Egypt, 1 (8):31-39.

Allavain, S. W. and Gosiewcz, T. A. (1999): TCDD-dependent alterations in B cells lymphopoiesis are mediated at the lymphocytes level directly. SOT Annual Meeting, 1010-1031.

Chu, I.; Lecavalier, P.; Hakansson, H.; Yagminas, A.; Valli, V. E.; Poon,P. and Feeley, A. (2001): Mixture effects of 2,3,7,8-Teterachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in rats. J. Chemosphere, May-June; 43 (4-7):807-814.

Coles H.E. (1986): Veterinary Clinical Pathology. Fourth Edition. W.B. Sounder Company, Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp 191-205.

Connell, D. W. and Miller, G. J. (1984): Chemistry and ecotoxicology of pollution. Environmental science and technology, John wiley and Sons, NY, USA, First Edition, Pp. 263-287.

Conolly, R. B. and Anderson, M. E. (1991): Biologically based pharmacodynamic models; tools for toxicological research and risk assessment. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 31:503-523.

Hans, M.; Siegfried, G.; Roger, M. and Frank, W. (1999): Toxicology. First Edition, Academic Press, pp 699-711.

Hochstein, J. R.; Bursian, S. J. and Aulerich, R. J. (1998): Effect of dietary exposure to TCDD in adult female mink. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol; September; 16(5): 599-605.

Jubb, K. V. and Kennedy, P. C. (1995): Pathology of domestic animals. Third Edition; Academic Press, New York; USA; pp. 321-335.

Kreuzer, P. E.; Csanady, G. Y.; Baur, A.C.; Kessler, W. S.; Papke, O. R.; Greim, H. and Filser, J. G. (1997): 2,3,7,8- Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and congeners in infants. Arch. Toxicol. 71, 383-400.

Skamoto, M. K.; Mima, S.; Takahashi, K. P. and Tanimura, T. C. (1997): Apoptotic cells death of erythrocytes in xenopus larval exposed to TCDD. J. Toxicol. Pathol. July-Aug.; 25(4):398-402.

Wanda, M. H.; Colin, G. D. and Baum, S. J. (1998): Fundamentals of toxicological pathology. Third Edition, Academic Press, pp 215-249.

Winter, H. (1965): The bone marrow cells of sheep. University of Queensland papers, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Vol. 1, No. 3, University and St. Lucia Press.

Yoon, B. I.; Hirabayashi, Y.; Kaneko, T.; Kodama, Y.; Kanno, J.; Yodio, J.; Kily, D. Y. and Inoue, T. (2001): Trans gene expression of thioredoxin protects against TCDD-induced hematotoxicity. J. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.; Aug. 41: 232-236.