IMMUNOTOXICITY OF MONOCHROTOPHOS AND PHOXIM ON ALBINO RATS التسمم المناعي لمبيدي المونوکروتوفوس والفوکسيم في الفئران البيضاء | ||
| Assiut University Bulletin for Environmental Researches | ||
| Article 7, Volume 6.2, Issue 6.2, October 2003, Pages 99-116 PDF (1.02 M) | ||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/auber.2003.150970 | ||
| Abstract | ||
| ABSTRACT : Two organophosphorus pesticides monochrotophos and phoxim have been tested for their immunotoxicity in rats using organ weight, hematological and biochemical tests on blood as well as histopathological assessment. One hundred albino rats, three months age, obtained from Experimental Animal House of Assiut University were used in the experiment. The animals were divided into five groups. Each group consisted of twenty animals and subjected to the following treatment: first group was given daily 2 mg monochrotophos/kg b. w. (1/10 LD50), 2nd group was given daily 1 mg monochrotophos/kg b. w. (1/20 LD50), 3rd group was given daily 200 mg phoxim/kg b. w. (1/10 LD50), 4th group was given daily 100 mg phoxim/kg b. w. (1/20 LD50) orally by stomach tube, 5th group was kept as control. Exposure for one-month resulted in a significant decrease in total protein, albumin and globulin values of treated animals in comparison with controls. A significant decrease was also observed in IgG and IgM in animals treated with 1/10 LD50 of both pesticides. A significant increase was recorded in GST level of treated animals in comparison with control ones after exposure for one month except those received the low dose of monochrotophos. A highly significant decrease in total protein as well as globulin values was observed in both concentrations of both pesticides after exposure for two months. IgM levels showed a highly significant decrease in animals treated with 1/10 LD50 of both pesticides but it was significantly decreased in animals exposed to the low dose. IgG levels was significantly decreased in animals exposed to the high dose only. GST level of all treated animals showed a highly significant increase in comparison with control group after exposure for two months. The histopathological results revealed necrosis of the lymphocytic elements in both lymph node and spleen seen after one month of exposure and exaggerated at the end of the experiment. This was associated with decrease and even absence of B cell in transformation. The liver showed hydropic degeneration of the hepatocytes reached to focal area of necrosis at the end of the experiment. In conclusions: this study indicated that humoral immune responses were decreased in a dose-time dependent pattern as the immunosupresive effects of monochrotophos and phoxim were increased in animals exposed to the higher doses of these pesticides for the longer duration. تم استخدام مائة فأراً أبيضاً تبلغ من العمر ثلاثة أشهر، قسمت إلى خمس مجموعات متساوية . أعطيت المجموعة الأولى والثانية 1/20 و 1/10 من الجرعة نصف المميتة من مبيد المونوکروتوفوس والثالثة والرابعة 1/20 و 1/10 من الجرعة نصف المميتة من مبيد الفوکسيم على التوالي يومياً مذابة بماء الصنبور، بينما استخدمت المجموعة الخامسة کمجموعة ضابطة تعطى نفس الکمية من الماء بدون المبيد. وقد تم وزن الفئران قبل وفي نهاية التجربة، وبعد مضي شهراً من بداية التجربة تم ذبح عشر فئران من کل مجموعة وعند مضي شهرين تم ذبح باقي الفئران، وقد تم جمع عينات من الدم للفحص البيوکيميائي وکذلک الأعضاء مثل الطحال والغدد الليمفاوية والکبد للفحص الهستوباثولوجي . أوضحت النتائج حدوث انخفاض معنوي في مستويات البروتين الکلي، الألبيومين والجلوبين، في الفئران المتعرضة للمبيدين بدون اختلاف معنوي بينهما سواء بعد التعرض لمدة شهر أو شهرين مقارنة مع المجموعة الضابطة. کما ثبت من التجربة حدوث انخفاض معنوي في مستوى الأجسام المناعية (IgG & IgM) بعد التعرض للجرعة الأعلى فقط من هذه المبيدات بعد شهر من بداية التجربة ، وکان الانخفاض أکثر معنوية بعد التعرض لمدة شهرين وبخاصة IgM في الجرعة الأعلى. وتبين من النتائج حدوث زيادة معنوية متفاوتة في نشاط خميرة الجلوتاثايون إس ترانسفيريز بعد التعرض لمدة شهر، إلا أن هذه الزيادة کانت في أعلى درجاتها بعد التعرض للمبيدين لمدة شهرين سواء في الجرعة الأقل أو الأعلى . وکانت نسبة الفقد في وزن الجسم واضحة نتيجة للتعرض للجرعة الأعلى سواء بعد شهر أو شهرين من بداية التجربة مقارنة مع المجموعة الضابطة، وأحدثت الجرعة الأقل من هذه المبيدات انخفاضاً في معدل زيادة وزن الجسم عند التعرض لمدة شهر أو شهرين مقارنة مع المجموعة الضابطة، کما حدث انخفاض في وزن الطحال في جميع الحيوانات وإن بدا أشد في الجرعة الأعلى، وسلک العدد الکلي لکرات الدم البيضاء نفس الإتجاه في الانخفاض والشدة . أظهر الفحص الهستوباثولوجي وجود تنکرز في الغدد الليمفاوية بعد شهر من بداية التجربة وبعد شهرين لوحظ وجود تليف في الغدد الليمفاوية، کما أظهر الفحص المناعي قلة في عدد الخلايا الليمفاوية واختفائها تماماً في نهاية التجربة، وکذا في الطحال لوحظ تنکرز في الخلايا الليمفاوية في الکريات البيضاء والحمراء، أما في الکبد فقد لوحظت استحالات في خلايا الکبد مع زيادة في الخلايا المحببة الحمراء ووحيدة النواة بعد شهر من بداية التجربة ووجدت مناطق تنکرزية مصحوبة بنزيف دموي ووجود خلايا التهابية في نهاية التجربة . ودلت النتائج علي التأثير المثبط الواضح لهذه المبيدات على الجهاز المناعي وإن بدا أشد مع طول فترة التعرض ومع زيادة الجرعة المتعرض لها، الأمر الذي يزيد من خطورة هذه المبيدات في إحداث نقص المناعة وضعف المقاومة للأمراض المختلفة . | ||
| References | ||
REFERENCES:1-Abd Elghaffar, S. Kh. (1995): Immunohisto-chemical and ultrastructural studies of skin neoplasia induced experimentally by 7,12-dimethylbenz-anthracane. Ph. D. Thesis. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University.
2-Ahmed, R. S.; Seth, V.; Pasha, S. T. and Banerjee, B. D. (2000): Influence of dietary ginger (Zingiber officinales Rosc) on oxidative stress induced by malathion in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 38(5):443-450.
3-Bancroft, J. D. and Stevens, A. S. (1982): Theory and practice of histologic techniques. Churchill Livingstone. Edinburg, Newyork. pp. 222.
4-Banerjee, B. D.; Pasha, S. T.; Hussain, Q. Z.; Koner, B.C. and Ray, A. (1998): A compara-tive evaluation of immunotoxicity of malathion after cubchronic exposure in experimental animals. Indian J Exp Biol. 36(3):273-282.
5-Banerjee, B.D.; Seth, V.; Bhattacharya, A.; Pasha, S.T. and Chakraborty, A. K. (1999): Biochemical effects of some pesticides on lipid peroxidation and free-radical scavengers. Toxicol Lett. June 30; 107(1-3):33-47.
6-Barnett, J. B. and Rodgers, K. E. (1994): Pesticides. In J. H. Dean, M. I. Luster, A. E. Munson and I. Kimber (eds) Immunotoxicology and Immunopharmacology, pp. 191-226. New York : Raven Press.
7-Barnett, J. B.; Spyker-Cranmer, J. M.; Avery, D. L. and Hobermann, A. M. (1980): Immunocompetence over lifespan of mice exposed in utero to carbofuran or diazinon:1. Changes in serum immunoglogulin concentrations. J Environ Pathol. 4:53-63.
8-Becker, E.I. and Hansen, P.M. (1973): In vitro studies of immunologically induced secretion of mediators from cells and related phenomena. In F. J. Dixon and H. G. Kunkel (eds) Advances in immunology, pp. 93-193. London: Academic Press.
9-Blakley, B. R.; Yole, M. J.; Brousseau, P.; Boermans, H. and Foutrnier, M. (1999): Effect of chlorpyrifos on immune function in rats. Vet Hum Toxicol.. 41:140-144.
10-Burns-Nass, L. A.; Jean-Meade, B. and Munson, A. E. (2001): Toxic responses of the immune system. In C. D. Klaasen, (ed.) Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology, the basic science of poisons. 6th ed. pp 419-470. New York.
11-Casale, G.P.; Cohen, S. D. and Dicapua, R. A. (1983): The effects of organophosphate-induced stimulation on the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes in inbred mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 68:198-205.
12-Casale, G. P.; Cohen, S. D. and Dicapua, R. A. (1984): Parathion-induced suppression of humoral immunity in inbred mice. Toxicol Lett. 23(2):239-247.
13-Ceron, J. J.; Sancho, E.; Ferrando, M. D.; Guitierrez, C. and Andreu, E. (1996): Metabolic effects of diazinon on the European eel Anguilla anguilla. J Environ Sci Health B. 31:1029-1040.
14-Clement, J.G. (1985): Hormonal consequ-ences of organophosphate poisoning. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 5:561-577.
15-Coles, B. and Ketterer, B. (1990): The role of glutathione and glutathione transferases in chemical carcinogenesis. CRC Crit Rev Bioch Mol Biol. 25:47.
16-Daniel, V. (1993): Glutathione S-transferase: Gene structure and regulation of expression. Crit Rev Bioch Mol Biol. 28(3):173-207.
17-Day, B.L.; Walser, M. M.; Sharma, J. M. and Andersen, D.E. (1995): Immunop-athology of 8 week old ring necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) exposed to malathion. Environ Toxicol Chem. 14:1719-1726.
18-El-Mouelhi, M. and Kauffman, F. C. (1986): Sublobular distribution of transferases and hydrolases associated with glucuronide sulfate and glutathione conjugation in human liver. Hepatology. 6(3):450-456.
19-El-Sherry, M. I.; Mousa, A. A.; Bayomi, A. H. and Afifi, S.H. (1994): Immunohisto-chemical and pathological study of experi-mental food and mouth disease in calves. Proc. Of Buiatr Congress, Xviii (1):785-788.
20-Fairbrother, A.; Landis, W. G.; Dominiquez, S.; Shiroyama, T.; Buchholz, P.; Roze, M. J. and Matthews, G.B. (1998): A novel multiv-ariable approach to the evaluation of biomarkers in terrestrial field studies. Ecotoxicology. 7:1-10.
21-Galloway, T. and Handy, R. (2003): Immunotoxicity of organophosphorus pesti-cides. Ecotoxicology. 12:345-363.
22-Gomori, G. (1952): In theory and practice of histologic techniques (1982) by Brancroft, J. D. and Stevens, A. S. Churchill Livingstone. Newyork. Pp.290.
23-Gotoh, M.; Saito, I.; Huang, J.; Fukaya, Y.; Matsumoto, T.; Hisanaga, N.; Shibata, E.; Ichihara, G.; kamajima, M. and Takeuchi, Y. (2001): Changes in cholinesterase activity, nerve conductance velocity and clinical signs and symptoms in termite control operators exposed to chlorpyrifos. J Occupat Health. 43:157-164.
24-Habig, W. H., Pabst, M. J. and Jekoby, W. B. (1974): Glutathione s-transferases, the first enzymic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol. Chem. 249:7130.
25-Handy, R. D.; Abd-el Samei, H. A.; Bayomy, M.F.F.; Mahran, A. M.; Abdeen, A. M. and El-Elaimy, E.A. (2002): Chronic diazinon exposure: pathologies of spleen, thymus, blood cells and lymph nodes are modulated by dietary protein or lipid in the mouse. Toxicology. 172:13-34.
26-Hazarika, A. and Sarkar, S.N. (2001): Subacute toxicity of anilofos, a new organophosphorus herbicide, in male rats: effect on some physical attributes and acetylcholinestrase activity. Indian J Exp Biol. 39(11):1107-1112.
27-Hazarika, A. and Sarkar, S. N.; Hajare, S; Kataria, M. and Malik, J. K. (2003): Influence of malathion pretreatment on the toxicity of anilofos on male rats: a biochemical interac-tion study. Toxicology. 14; 185 (1-2):1-8.
28-Hendrich, S.; Campbell, H. A. and Pitot, H. C. (1987): Quantitative stereological evalua-tion of four histochemical markers of altered foci in multistage carcinogenesis in the rat. Carcinogenesis. 8:1245-1250.
29-Jeong, T. C.; Jordan, S. D.; Matulka, R. A.; Stanulis, E. D.; Kaminski, E. J. and Holsapple, M. P. (1995): Role of metabolism by esterase and cytochrome P450 in cocaine induced suppression of the antibody response. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 272:407-416.
30-Khalaf-Allah, S. S. (1999): Effect of water pollution on some haematological, biochemical and immunological parameters in Tilapia nilotica fish. Deutche Tierarzt Wochenschrift. 106:67-71.
31-Koller, L. D.; Exon, J. H. and Roan, J. G. (1976): Immunological surveillance and toxicity in mice exposed to the organo-phosphate pesticide, leptophos. Environ Res. 12(3): 238-242.
32-Marinovich, M.; Guizzetti, M. and Galli, C. L. (1994): Mixtures of benomyl, pirimiphos-methyl, dimethoate, diazinon and azinphos-methyl affect protein synthesis in HL-60 cells differently. Toxicology. 94:173-185.
33-Mennear, J.H. (1998): Dichlorvos, a regulatory conundrum. Reg Toxicol Pharma-col. 27:265-272.
34-Murphy, S.D. (1986): Toxic effects of pesticides. In C.D. Klaassen, M.O. Amdur and J. Doull (eds) Toxicology, the basic Science of Poisons, 3rd edn, pp.519-581. New York.
35-Parentmassin, D. and Thouvenot, D. (1993): In vitro study of pesticide hematoxicity in human and rat prognitores. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth. 30:203-207.
36-Peakall, D. B.; Miller, D. S. and Kinter, W. B.(1975): Blood calcium levels and mechanism of DDE-induced eggshell thinning. Environ Pollut. 9:289-294.
37-Penninks, A. H.; Rea, W. J.; Johnson, A. R. and Fenyves, E. J. (1990): Formaldehyde sensitivity. Clin Ecol. 6(3):79-84.
38-Roberta, P.; Settimi, L.; Forastiere, F.; Faustini, A. and Zuccaro, P. (2000): Immunological effects of pesticides exposure. Haematologica. 5:35-42.
39-Rodgers, K.E.; Leung, N.; Ware, C. F.; Devens, B.H. and Imamura, T. (1986): Lack of immunosuppressive effects of acute and subacute administration of malathion on murine cellular and humoral immune responses. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 25:358-365.
40-Shishido, T.; Usui, K. and Fukami, J. (1972): Oxidative metabolism of diazinon by microsomes from rat liver and cockroach fat body. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2:27-38.
41-Stepanovic, R.M.; Jokanovic, M. and Maksimovic, M.(1998): Toxicological impor-tance of lymphocyte neuropathy target esterase. Arch Pharmacol. 358(2):5413.
42-Stiller-Winkler, R.; Hadnag, W.; Leng, G.; Straube, E. and Idel, H. (1999): Immun-ological parameters in human exposed to pesticides in the agricultural environment. Toxicol Lett. 107:219-224.
43-Thrasher, J. D.; Madison, R. and Broghton, A. (1993): Immunological abnormalities in human exposed to chlorpyrifos: preliminary observations. Arch Environ Health. 48:89-93.
44-Vial, T.; Nicolas, B. and Descotes, J. (1996): Clinical immunotoxicity of pesticides. J. Toxicol Environ Health. 48:215-229.
45-Videira, R.A.; Antunes-maseira, M.C.; Lopes, V. and Madeira, V. (2001): Changes induced by malathion, methylparathion and parathion on membrane lipid physiolchemical properties correlate with their toxicity. Biochem Biophys Acta-Biomembranes. 1511: 360-368.
46-Voccia, I.; Blakley, B.; Brousseau, P. and Fournier, M. (1999): Immunotoxicity of pesticides: a review. Toxicol Indust Health. 15: 119-132.
47-WHO/FAO, (2000): Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. FAO food and nutrition paper 41/12, WHO/FAO, Rome, 2000.
48-Wiltrout, R.W.; Ercegovich, C.D. and Ceglowski, W.S. (1978): Humoral immunity in mice following oral administration of selected pesticides. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 20(3):423-443.
49-Wong, S.; Fournier, M.; Coderre, D.; Banska, W. and Krzystyniak, K. (1992): Environmental immunotoxicology. In D. Peakal (ed.) Animal Biomarkers as Pollution Indicators pp. 167-189. London: Chapman and Hall.
50-Woodwell, G. M.; Wurster, C. F. Jr and Isaacson, P. A. (1967): DDT residues in an east coast estuary: a case of biological concent-ration of a persistent insecticide. Science. 156:821-824.
51-Worthing, C. R. and Hance, R. J. (1991): The pesticide Manual, A world compendium, 9th edition British Crop Protection Council. | ||
|
Statistics Article View: 191 PDF Download: 252 |
||
