INSECT PESTS INFESTATION, PRODUCTIVITY AND
QUALITY OF SUGAR BEET AS INFLUENCE BY
NITROGEN, POTASSIUM AND TRACE ELEMENTS
FERTILIZERS
Besheit, R.S. and E.H.S. El-Laboudy
Sugar Crops Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Centre, Giza, Egypt
ABSTRACT
Two field experiments were conducted at Sakha agricultural farm,
Kafer El-Sheikh Governorate Egypt, during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020
seasons, to study the impact of nitrogen in three rates 60, 80 and 100 kg
N fed-1, potassium with the rate of 24, 36 and 48 kg K2O fed-1 as soil
application and, a mixture of three trace nutrients i.e. Zinc (1g/L),
Manganese (1g/L) and Fe (2g/L) as a foliar application on insect
infestation, yield and quality of sugar beet. The obtained results revealed
that the infestation by beet fly, tortoise beetles and beet moth increased
gradually and significantly by increasing nitrogen rate from 60 to 100 kg
N fed-1. Further, increasing potassium fertilization caused significant
reduction in insect infestation. Moreover, foliar application of the used
mixture of trace elements significantly reduced infestation beet by P.
mixta. At the same time, insignificant reduction on the other two pests
has been detected. However, individual root specification, root yield,
sugar yield, sucrose and purity were maximized corresponding to 80 kg
N fed-1. More nitrogen application decreased all the studied traits except
top yield and TSS. On the other hand, increasing potassium fertilizer
from 24 up to 48 kg K2O fed-1 positively enhanced root diameter, root
length, root weight, root, top, sugar yields/fed. and TSS. Nevertheless,
sucrose and purity were maximized as potassium fertilized added at the
rate of 36 Kg K2O fed-1. Moreover, foliar application of trace elements
significantly improved all beet productivity characteristics and quality
traits.
To conclude that fertilizing beet plants with 80 kg N fed-1, 36 kg
K2O fed-1 with sprayed the mixture of trace elements maximizing yield
and quality of sugar beet and had negative impact on pests under study.
Key words: Sugar beet, nitrogen, potassium, microelements, insect pests
infestation
INTRODUCTION
Sugar beet growing for sugar in Egypt becomes a successful
industry since 1982 besides sugarcane cultivation. Sugar beet cultivation
began early in some northern governorates, but nowadays, it spread to all
northern (Delta) area and expanded to middle and Upper Egypt. The goal
in sugar beet production is the development of a crop yielding high
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (1) 2021 16-34
tonnage and sugar content that can economically be processed into sugar,
meantime, to cover the gap between sugar production and consumption
under Egyptian conditions.
Nitrogen is the most important fertilizer element to be added
because it is usually in short supply in different types of soils. Nitrogen
has a pronounced impact on the growth and physiological processes of
sugar beet, even to the extent of causing large changes in the
physiological and chemical features of the crop at harvest. Further, many
factors may affect the optimum rate of N fertilizer needed by sugar beet
to yield fully, meantime, shortage in nitrogen fertilizer sugar beet could
not produce profitable crop. Nevertheless, high nitrogen dressing slightly
enhanced root growth but decreased sucrose production due to the
increase in top growth at the expense of sugar storage (Mekdad, 2015
and Ismail et al., 2016).
Moreover, under Egyptian ecosystem, sugar beet plants are
subjected to be attacked by numerous insect pests during its different
growth stages. The key insect pests are sugar beet fly Pegomyia mixta
(Vill.); tortoise beetle Cassida vittata (Vill.) and beet moth Scrobipalpa
ocellatella (Boyd.) (El-Dessouki et al., 2014 and Abbas, 2018).
Nitrogen (N) is one of the main limiting factors for the optimal
growth of insects. Rashid et al. (2016) stated that excessive and/or
inappropriate use of inorganic fertilizers can cause nutrient imbalances
and lower pest resistance, via produce more broad, succulent and fresh
leaves which could serve as suitable surfaces for egg-laying, increase
herbivore’s feeding preference, food consumption, survival, growth,
reproduction, and population density and reflected for heavy crop
damage by insects (Mace and Mills, 2015). Shalaby et al. (2012)
showed that infestation by P. mixta Vill., S. ocellatella Boyd. and C.
vittata Vill. were significantly highest at 90 kg N/fed. as compared with
lower doses (60 or 75 kg N/fed.).
With regard to potassium fertilizer, sugar beet is classified as a
plant that has a high requirement for potassium and recognized as being
absolutely indispensable and that it is present in high concentration in
plants. Potassium plays an important role in activating the photosynthesis
process via activating the enzymes involved in this process. Further,
potassium in adequate quantity has a vital role in increase soluble
carbohydrates and its translocation to beet root (Enan, 2016). Meantime,
Amtmann et al. (2008) illustrated that K elements strongly impact plant
susceptibility and attractiveness to insects and diseases. Zörb et al.
(2014) and Bala et al. (2018) demonstrated that potassium provides high
resistance against insect–pests.
For optimal growth, alongside the macronutrients N, P and K the
sugar beet plant need in small quantities from other elements known trace
17 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (1) 2021
elements (micronutrients) such as B, Zn, Mn, Cl, Cu, and Mo.
Experimental result of Odeley and Animashaun (2007) showed that
foliar application of micronutrients increased plant resistance to pests and
diseases and drought stress. Therefore, the trace elements have many
contributions in cell wall formation and plant resistance to pests and
diseases and environmental stresses (Ghasemian et al., 2010).
Meantime, Shafeek et al. (2014) showed that hot pepper plants sprayed
by a mixture of Fe, Mn and Zn gained the lowest insect and mite
population besides the best plant growth.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This investigation is aimed to study the impact of nitrogen,
potassium and some trace nutrients on insect infestation, yield and
quality of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera, L.). Therefore, two
field experiments were conducted at Sakha agricultural farm (latitude of
31.10º N and longitude 30.93º E, and altitude of 14 m above sea level)
Kafer El-Sheikh Governorate during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons.
A split-split plot design with three replications was used, where,
nitrogen as urea (46 % N) in three rates 60, 80 and 100 kg N fed-1 had
occupied the main plots. Potassium in the form of potassium sulfate
(48% K2O) was adapted in sub plots with the rate of 24, 36 and 48 kg
K2O fed-1, while, the mixture of three trace nutrients i.e. Zinc (1g/L),
Manganese (1g/L) and Fe (2g/L) in the form of sulfate for the three
elements were performed in sub-sub plots. The plot area was 36 m2
consisted of 10 rows 6 m long and 60 apart, spacing within rows 20 cm
give target plant population of 35000 hill/ fed. Eighteen treatments were
distributed among plots randomly. Sugar beet seed of multi-germ
Kawemira cv. was used. The planting dates were precisely on Sept. 15th
and 10th 2018 and 2019 seasons, respectively.
Nitrogen fertilizer were applied in two equal split doses, the first
being at the full establishment of seedling (thinning for one plant each
hill) was after three weeks from sowing and the second was one month
later. Potassium fertilizer was applied in two doses at the same time with
nitrogen fertilizer. Super phosphate as a source of phosphorus elements
was applied in a single dose at land preparation with a rate of 200 kg
(15.5% P2O5) fed-1. The mixture of trace elements was sprayed after two
months from sowing and the other plot (control) was sprayed at the same
time using tap water. No chemicals were used for controlling sugar beet
insect pests throughout the whole period of the study.
The target insects under study are beet fly, Pegomia mixta larvae,
beet moth, Scrobipalpa ocellatella larvae and tortoise beetle, Cassida
vittata larvae and adults, when the sugar beet plants aged 120 days, 60
plants were taken from each treatment (as 20 plants x 3 replicate). Each
sampled, plant was completely introduced into a plastic bag. The
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (1) 2021 18
confined plants were transferred to the laboratory. To avoid the escape of
insects during inspection, a piece of cotton saturated with chloroform was
introduced into the bag for 15 minutes to anaesthetize the mobile insect
stages. The plants were visually examined and insect pests were counted
and recorded fortnight, and continued up to harvest on selected randomly
to determine the egg masses No., blotches No. and larvae No. of P.
mixta; No. of C. vittata larvae & adults and No. of S. ocellatella larvae
Harvest was carried out after 210 days from planting date, a
sample of ten guarded sugar beet plants were taken randomly from the
four middle rows of each plot to determine the following characteristics:
Root attributes and yield i.e. root diameter (cm), root length (cm) and
Root weight (kg). Roots and green tops were separated and each was
weighed in kg per each plot and used to calculate Root yield (t/fed.) and
Top yield (t/fed.).
Quality traits:
1. Total Soluble Solids percentage (TSS) was determined in fresh roots
by using hand refractometer.
2. Sucrose percentage was estimated polarimetrically on lead acetate
extract of fresh macerated root according to the methods of Le Docte
(1927).
3. Purity percentage was calculated by dividing Sucrose% X 100 /
TSS% according to the methods of Carruthers et al. (1962).
Sugar yield per Fadden was calculated according the following
equation:
Sugar yield (t/fed.) = Root yield (t/fed.) × Sucrose % × purity%
Statistical analysis: Percentage data were transformed to arc-sine before
statistical analysis. The proper statistical analysis of the recorded data
was carried out according to Steel and Torrie (1980) using “MSTAT”
computer software package. The differences between means of the
treatments were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) at
5% level of probability.
In all tables *, **, N.S. indicate significant, highly significant and not
significant, respectively.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Influence of nitrogen, potassium and mixture of microelements on
the infestation level with main insect pests:
1. Beet Fly, Pegomya mixta:
Average data Tables (1 and 2) revealed that increasing nitrogen
rates application from 60 up to 80 and 100 kg N fed-1 exhibited
significant and gradual increase in beet fly egg masses number, blotches
number and larvae number / 20 plants in the two seasons. Such effect
may be due to that nitrogen on the higher rates encourages greatly
19 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (1) 2021
vegetative growth which reflected on top yield as mentioned later. These
results are in harmony with those of Zafar et al. (2010), Shalaby et al.
(2012) and Bala et al. (2018).
Results in the same Tables indicated that increasing potassium
levels from 24 up to 36 and 48 kg K2O fed-1 significantly and gradually
decreased beet fly, P. mixta infestation measured as egg masses, blotches
and larvae numbers per 20 plants in both seasons. It is well known that
potassium has an effective role in regulating cell leaf thickness. The
findings are corroborated with those reviewed by Rashid et al. (2016)
and Singh and Sood (2017).
Table (1): Effect of nitrogen, potassium fertilization and mixture
foliar spray on P. mixta infestation of sugar beet plants in
2018/2019 season
Nitrogen fertilization
level (kg/fed)
Potassium fertilization
level (kg/ fed)
Egg masses No./20 plant Blotches No./20 plant Larvae No./ 20 plant
Trace elements mixture
without
(control)
With Mean
without
(control)
With Mean
without
(control)
With Mean
60
24 79.00 70.33 74.67 102.33 87.67 95.00 203.67 181.00 192.34
36 71.67 64.00 67.84 99.67 85.00 92.34 201.00 178.67 189.84
48 65.33 57.67 61.50 97.00 83.33 90.17 197.00 174.33 185.67
Mean 72.00 64.00 68.00 99.67 85.33 92.50 200.56 178.00 189.28
80
24 124.00 110.00 117.00 110.67 94.00 102.34 216.00 191.67 203.84
36 109.00 97.67 103.34 107.33 91.67 99.50 211.67 187.00 199.34
48 96.33 85.00 90.67 105.00 89.33 97.17 209.00 185.33 197.17
Mean 109.78 97.56 103.67 107.67 91.67 99.67 212.22 188.00 200.11
100
24 127.00 113.67 120.34 126.67 109.33 118.00 232.00 206.33 219.17
36 119.67 106.33 113.00 123.00 104.67 113.84 226.67 201.00 213.84
48 114.33 102.00 108.17 114.33 97.67 106.00 221.33 196.67 209.00
Mean 120.33 107.33 113.83 121.33 103.89 112.61 226.67 201.33 214.00
Aver. of
K
24 110.00 98.00 104.00 113.22 97.00 105.11 217.22 193.00 205.11
36 100.11 89.33 94.72 110.00 93.78 101.89 213.11 188.89 201.00
48 92.00 81.56 86.78 105.44 90.11 97.78 209.11 185.44 197.28
Total Mean 100.70 89.63 95.17 109.55 93.63 101.59 213.15 189.11 201.13
L.S.D 5%:
N 0.87** 1.01** 0.91**
K 0.72** 0.90** 0.96**
T 1.20** 1.51** 1.61**
NK 0.97** 0.82** 0.83*
NT 1.63* 1.36* 1.38*
KT N.S. N.S. N.S.
NKT N.S. N.S. N.S.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (1) 2021 20
Table (2): Effect of nitrogen, potassium fertilization and mixture
foliar spray on P. mixta infestation of sugar beet plants
in 2019/2020 season
Nitrogen
fertilization
level (kg/fed)
Potassium
fertilization
level (kg/ fed)
Egg masses No./20 plant Blotches No./20 plant Larvae No./ 20 plant
Trace elements mixture
without
(control)
With Mean
without
(control)
with Mean
without
(control)
with Mean
60
24 73.33 64.67 69.00 90.67 83.33 87.00 197.00 183.67 190.34
36 66.00 58.33 62.17 87.33 80.67 84.00 191.67 178.33 185.00
48 60.67 51.00 55.84 84.67 78.00 81.34 187.67 174.00 180.84
Mean 66.67 58.00 62.34 87.56 80.67 84.11 192.11 178.67 185.39
80
24 118.33 103.33 110.83 97.00 89.33 93.17 208.33 193.33 200.83
36 103.67 91.33 97.50 95.67 87.33 91.50 203.33 189.67 196.50
48 90.00 78.67 84.34 93.33 85.67 89.50 201.00 186.33 193.67
Mean 104.00 91.11 97.56 95.33 87.44 91.39 204.22 189.78 197.00
100
24 125.67 109.00 117.34 108.33 99.00 103.67 224.00 208.67 216.34
36 113.33 99.67 106.50 104.00 96.33 100.17 217.33 203.33 210.33
48 108.00 94.33 101.17 100.33 92.67 96.50 212.67 198.00 205.34
Mean 115.67 101.00 108.34 104.22 96.00 100.11 218.00 203.33 210.67
Mean
of K
24 105.78 92.33 99.06 98.67 90.55 94.61 209.78 195.22 202.50
36 94.33 83.11 88.72 95.67 88.11 91.89 204.11 190.44 197.28
48 86.22 74.67 80.45 92.78 85.45 89.12 200.45 186.11 193.28
Total Mean 95.44 83.37 89.41 95.71 88.04 91.87 204.78 190.59 197.69
L.S.D 5%:
N 0.57** 0.63** 0.40**
K 0.93** 1.06** 0.86**
T 1.56** 1.76** 1.44**
NK 1.11** N.S. 0.91*
NT 1.85** N.S. N.S.
KT N.S. N.S. N.S.
NKT N.S. N.S. N.S.
Dealing with the effect of foliar application mixture of trace
element (Zn, Mn and Fe), average data in Tables (1 and 2) showed that
spraying use of some trace elements significantly reduced the three
noticeable sign of beet fly infestation (egg masses, blotches and larvae
number /20 plants) measured at harvest time in both first and second
seasons. The mixture of foliar application gave the lowest values of egg
masses number (89.63 and 83.37 egg masses), blotches number (93.63
and 88.04 blotches) and larvae number (189.11 and 190.59 larvae) / 20
plants as compared with control (without foliar application). These
results as similar to those obtained by Odeley and Animashaun (2007)
and Ghasemian et al. (2010).
Interactions effect:
Average data Tables (1 and 2) illustrated that various interaction
degrees among the three studied factors have a significant effect on the
three noticeable sign of beet fly infestation on beet foliage at harvest time
in both seasons except the interaction between potassium + trace
21 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (1) 2021
elements and among the three factors together in the two seasons.
Further, in the second seasons only, insignificant effect of the interaction
between nitrogen + potassium on blotches No. and between nitrogen +
trace elements mixture on blotches No. and larvae No. In general, the
lowest egg masses No. (57.67 and 51.00 egg masses), blotches No.
(83.33 and 78.00 blotches) and larvae No. (174.33 and 174.00 larvae)
have been detected in the case of using (60 kg N+ 48 kg K +foliar
application of Zn+Mn+Fe).
2. Tortoise beetles, Cassida vittata:
Appreciated data (Tables 3 and 4) manifested that nitrogen
fertilization application at the rates of 60, 80 and 100 kg N fed-1
significantly and gradually increased the population density of C. vittata
in both seasons. However, application of 100 kg N fed-1 gave the highest
values of tortoise beetles infestation recording 299.72 and 295.67 larvae
and adults / 20 plants, otherwise, the lowest population density of tortoise
beetles (274.72 and 267.67 larvae and adults / 20 plants) was
corresponding to the lowest nitrogen rate (60 kg N fed-1). Such effect
may be due to that excess nitrogen promotes leaf number and area which
provides a favorable environment for pest infestation. Similar findings
are reviewed by Shalaby et al. (2012) and Singh and Sood (2017).
Increasing potassium rates from 24 up to 36 and 48 kg K2O fed-1
led to a clear gradual decrease in tortoise beetles C. vittata density with
291.61, 287.61 and 283.22 larvae and adults / 20 plants in first season,
respectively, while, the second one, recorded 286.11, 282.33 and 277.39
larvae and adults / 20 plants, respectively. This result may be due to high
levels of potassium enhance secondary compound metabolism, which
adversely affects the biology and behavior of insects (Bala et al., 2018).
These results are in agreement with those of Amtmann et al. (2008) and
Sarwar (2012).
As for the effect of microelements results (Tables 3 and 4)
indicated that foliar application of mixture of trace elements i.e. Zn, Mn
and Fe had insignificant effect on population density of C. vittata in both
seasons as compared with control (untreated plants). Such effect may be
due to that trace element applied early at 60 days from sowing, while, the
insect population was counted at the end of the seasons or at harvest time
after 210 days from planting. In this connection Odeley and
Animashaun (2007) and Chávez – Dulanto et al. (2018) showed that
mix of micronutrients increased plant resistance to pests and diseases.
Interactions effect:
The first and second interaction degrees among the three studies
factors insignificantly affected the population density of C. vittata in both
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (1) 2021 22
seasons (Tables 3 and 4) except the interaction between nitrogen +
potassium in the second season. These findings give evidence that each
factor perform independently under this work.
3. The beet moth, Scrobipalpa ocellatella:
Data in Tables (3 and 4) indicated that No. of larvae / 20 plants at
harvest time of S. ocellatella significantly and gradually increased as
nitrogen levels increased from 60 up to 80 and 100 kg N fed-1 in 2018/19
and 2019/20 seasons. Further, nitrogen at the higher rate (100 kg N fed-1)
exhibited the highest population density of beet moth recording 73.84
and 65.34 larvae / 20 plants in both seasons, respectively. These results
are a reflection of the positive effect of excess nitrogen on vegetative
growth, mentioned before. The obtained results are in harmony with
those of Shalaby et al. (2012), Singh and Sood (2017) and Bala et al.
(2018).
Average data Tables (3 and 4) showed that the lowest dose of
potassium fertilizers 24 kg K2O fed-1 gave highest number of beet moth
larvae / 20 plants recording 68.00 and 60.45 larvae in both seasons,
respectively. Meantime, a gradual and apparent reduction in the
population density of beet moth, S. ocellatella when K fertilizer increase
to 36 and 48 kg K2O fed-1. Adequate K increases phenol concentrations,
which play a critical role in plant resistance (Prasad et al., 2010).
Furthermore, Sarwar (2012) explained that less pest damage in higher K
plants can be attributed to a lack of pest preference under sufficient
nutrient concentrations, as well as the synthesis of defensive compounds
leading to higher pest mortality.
Data given in Tables (3 and 4) revealed that foliar application of
some trace elements in a mixture (Zn, Mn and Fe) was not significantly
affected beet moth infestation in the first and the second seasons. These
results are the same as discussed before with C. vittata.
Interactions Effect:
The first and second interaction degrees among the three study
factors showed insignificant effect on population density of beet moth, S.
ocellatella in both seasons (Tables 3 and 4). These findings give
evidence that each factors perform independently under this work with
regard to beet moth insect. In general, the lowest population density of
beet moth, S. ocellatella recording 52.33 and 44.67 larvae was
corresponding to nitrogen at 60 Kg N+ 48 Kg K2O fed-1 +mixture of
trace elements.
23 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (1) 2021
Table (3): Effect of nitrogen, potassium fertilization and mixture
foliar spray on C. vittata and S. ocellatella infestations of
sugar beet plants in 2018/2019 season
Nitrogen
fertilization
level (kg/fed)
potassium
fertilization
level (kg/fed)
Cassida vittata
(Larvae+Adult No./20 plant)
Scrobipalpa ocellatella (Larvae
No./20 plant)
Trace elements mixture
without
(control)
With Mean
without
(control)
With Mean
60
24 279.00 278.33 278.67 59.67 59.00 59.34
36 275.00 274.67 274.83 57.00 56.33 56.67
48 270.67 270.67 270.67 53.00 52.33 52.67
Mean 274.89 274.56 274.72 56.56 55.89 56.23
80
24 292.00 291.67 291.83 68.67 67.33 68.00
36 288.67 288.00 288.33 67.00 66.67 66.84
48 284.33 283.33 283.83 65.67 64.00 64.84
Mean 288.33 287.67 288.00 67.11 66.00 66.56
100
24 304.67 304.00 304.33 77.00 76.33 76.67
36 300.00 299.33 299.67 75.00 74.67 74.84
48 295.33 294.00 295.17 70.33 69.67 70.00
Mean 300.00 299.44 299.72 74.11 73.56 73.84
Aver.
of K
24 291.89 291.33 291.61 68.45 67.55 68.00
36 287.89 287.33 287.61 66.33 65.89 66.11
48 283.44 283.00 283.22 63.00 62.00 62.50
Total Mean 287.74 287.22 287.48 65.93 65.15 65.54
L.S.D 5%:
N 1.02** 0.91**
K 0.93** 1.25**
T N.S. N.S.
NK N.S. N.S.
NT N.S. N.S.
KT N.S. N.S.
NKT N.S. N.S.
Table (4): Effect of nitrogen, potassium fertilization and mixture
foliar spray on C. vittata and S. ocellatella infestations of
sugar beet plants in 2019/2020 season
Nitrogen
fertilization
level (kg/fed)
potassium
fertilization
level (kg/fed)
Cassida vittata (Larvae+Adult No./20
plant)
Scrobipalpa ocellatella (Larvae
No./20 plant)
Trace elements mixture
Without
(control)
With Mean
without
(control)
with Mean
60
24 272.67 272.00 272.33 53.67 52.33 53.00
36 267.67 267.33 267.50 50.00 49.67 49.84
48 263.33 263.00 263.17 45.33 44.67 45.00
Mean 267.89 267.44 267.67 49.67 48.89 49.28
80
24 287.67 287.00 287.33 60.33 59.67 60.00
36 283.00 282.33 283.17 57.33 57.00 57.17
48 277.33 276.67 277.00 56.00 55.33 55.67
Mean 282.67 282.33 282.50 57.89 57.33 57.61
100
24 299.00 298.33 298.67 68.67 68.00 68.34
36 296.67 296.00 296.33 66.33 65.67 66.00
48 292.33 291.67 292.00 62.00 61.33 61.67
Mean 296.00 295.33 295.67 65.67 65.00 65.34
Aver.
of K
24 286.44 285.78 286.11 60.89 60.00 60.45
36 282.44 282.22 282.33 57.89 57.45 57.67
48 277.67 277.11 277.39 54.44 53.78 54.11
Total Mean 282.19 281.70 281.95 57.74 57.08 57.41
L.S.D 5%:
N 0.79** 0.75**
K 0.78** 1.06**
T N.S. N.S.
NK 1.34** N.S.
NT N.S. N.S.
KT N.S. N.S.
NKT N.S. N.S.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (1) 2021 24
Effect of nitrogen, potassium and mixture of microelements on yield
and quality:
1. Yield and Yield attributes:
Nitrogen addition at the rate of 80 kg N fed-1 was improved root yield
(ton/fed.) in both seasons compared with the rate of 60 kg N fed-1 (Table 5).
Such effect may be due to an enhancement in the specifications of the
individual root in terms of average root weight and its dimensions (Table 5),
and also may be due to less insect infestation as mentioned before.
Otherwise, an increase in nitrogen application rate to 100 kg N fed-1 slightly
dimensioned root yield statistically insignificant in both seasons. These
findings may be due to the positive effect of excess nitrogen on vegetative
growth and the higher insect infestation. These results are in line with those
reported by Neameat Alla et al., (2014); Snyder (2017) and Paul et al.
(2018).
Data Table (6) also indicated a gradual and significant increase in
top yield (ton/fed.) in both seasons as nitrogen rate increased up to 100 kg N
fed-1. The increase in top yield accompanied by the high nitrogen dressing
may be due to that large nitrogen stimulates the initiation of new leaves, leaf
area and dry matter accumulation (Stevens et al., 2011 and Neameat Alla
et al., 2014).
Potassium is taken up rapidly by sugar beet and responded greatly to
increasing rate of potassium. This element was needed for maximum yield.
Whereas, a gradual increase in root yield and top yield (ton/fed.) have been
detected with the increase in potassium fertilizer level from 24, 36 to 48 kg
K2O fed-1 in both seasons (Table 6), at the same time, the increase in root
yield may be corresponded to the same effect of K fertilizer on individual
root weight and root dimension and less insect infestation accompanied K
fertilizer (Table 5). Similar results were obtained by several workers among
them Awad et al. (2013) and Hamad et al. (2015).
Potassium plays an important role in activating the photosynthesis
process through its activating the enzymes involved in this process,
moreover, potassium plays a vital role in synthesis of sugars (Lakudzala,
2013).
Regarding the effect of a mixture of trace elements i.e. Zinc,
Manganese and Iron together as foliar application on beet foliage indicated a
significant increase on root width, root length and individual root weight as
compared to not spraying one (control) with mentioned elements (Table 5).
This positive impact was reflected obviously on root yield (ton/fed.), where
a significant increase in root yield has been detected in both seasons (Table
6). Moreover, the foliar application of the three trace elements in mixture
improved significantly top yield in both seasons (Table 6). Similar trends
were observed by Masri and Hamza (2015) and Zewail et al. (2020).
25 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (1) 2021
Table (5): Effect of nitrogen, potassium fertilization and mixture foliar spray on root width, root length
and root weight of sugar beet plants in two seasons
Nitrogen
fertilization
level (kg/fed)
Potassium
fertilization level
(kg/fed)
2018/2019 2019/2020
Root diameter (cm) Root Length (cm)
Aver. Root Weight
(kg)
Root diameter (cm) Root Length (cm)
Aver. Root Weight
(kg)
Trace elements mixture Trace elements mixture
Without
(control)
With Mean
Without
(control)
With Mean
Without
(control)
With Mean
Without
(control)
with Mean
Without
(control)
With Mean
Without
(control)
With Mean
60
24 9.2 9.9 9.55 16.7 17.1 16.90 0.800 0.906 0.853 11.3 11.5 11.40 17.1 17.9 17.50 1.005 1.123 1.064
36 10.2 11.5 10.85 18.1 17.9 18.00 0.930 1.192 1.061 11.7 13.1 12.40 18.3 19.6 18.95 1.161 1.305 1.233
48 11.7 12.6 12.15 17.8 18.3 18.05 1.203 1.280 1.242 13.4 13.6 13.50 20.1 19.9 20.00 1.367 1.419 1.393
Mean 10.37 11.33 10.85 17.53 17.77 17.65 0.978 1.126 1.052 12.13 12.73 12.43 18.50 19.13 18.82 1.178 1.282 1.230
80
24 12.2 12.6 12.40 19.8 20.5 20.15 1.299 1.404 1.352 13.4 13.8 13.60 20.5 20.7 20.60 1.328 1.351 1.340
36 12.8 13.1 12.95 20.8 21.6 21.20 1.447 1.526 1.487 14.1 14.6 14.35 21.6 22.8 22.2 1.497 1.593 1.545
48 13.4 14.2 13.80 21.8 22.3 22.05 1.554 1.616 1.585 14.5 14.9 14.70 22.9 23.3 23.10 1.578 1.625 1.602
Mean 12.80 13.30 13.05 20.80 21.47 21.13 1.433 1.515 1.474 14.00 14.43 14.22 21.67 22.27 21.97 1.468 1.523 1.496
100
24 11.7 12.3 12.00 19.9 20.3 20.10 1.072 1.169 1.121 12.8 13.4 13.10 20.9 21.6 21.25 1.281 1.305 1.293
36 12.6 12.8 12.70 20.8 20.5 20.65 1.265 1.328 1.297 13.3 13.8 13.55 21.9 22.3 22.10 1.316 1.458 1.387
48 13.3 13.6 13.45 21.6 22.9 22.25 1.398 1.415 1.407 14.1 14.3 14.20 22.7 22.8 22.75 1.449 1.529 1.489
Mean 12.53 12.90 12.72 20.77 21.23 21.00 1.245 1.304 1.275 13.40 13.83 13.62 21.83 22.23 22.03 1.349 1.431 1.390
Mean of K
24 11.03 11.60 11.32 18.80 19.30 19.05 1.057 1.160 1.109 12.50 12.90 12.70 19.50 20.07 19.79 1.205 1.260 1.233
36 11.87 12.47 12.17 19.90 20.00 19.95 1.214 1.349 1.282 13.03 13.80 13.42 20.60 21.60 21.05 1.325 1.452 1.389
48 12.80 13.47 13.13 20.40 21.17 20.79 1.385 1.437 1.411 14.00 14.27 14.14 21.70 22.00 21.85 1.465 1.524 1.495
Total Mean 11.90 12.51 12.22 19.70 20.16 19.93 1.219 1.315 1.267 13.18 13.66 13.42 20.60 21.22 20.90 1.332 1.412 1.372
L.S.D 5%:
N 0.08** 0.05** 0.008** 0.20** 0.18** 0.013**
K 0.08** 0.07** 0.007** 0.19** 0.11** 0.018**
T 0.13** 0.12** 0.012** 0.31** 0.19** 0.031**
NK 0.11** 0.12** 0.015** 0.20** 0.14** 0.014**
NT 0.18** 0.20** 0.024** N.S. N.S. 0.024**
KT N.S. 0.20** 0.024** N.S. 0.24** 0.024**
NKT 0.30** 0.34** 0.042** N.S. 0.41** N.S.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (1) 2021 26
Table (6): Effect of nitrogen, potassium fertilization and mixture foliar spray on root yield, top yield and
sugar yield of sugar beet plants in two seasons
Nitrogen
fertilization
level (kg/fed)
Potassium
fertilization
level kg/fed)
2018/2019 2019/2020
Root Yield (t/fed) Top Yield (t/fed) Sugar Yield (t/fed) Root Yield (t/fed) Top Yield (t/fed) Sugar Yield (t/fed)
Trace elements mixture Trace elements mixture
without With Mean Without With Mean without With Mean without with Mean without With Mean Without with Mean
60
24 20.99 21.11 21.05 6.06 6.17 6.12 2.47 2.87 2.67 23.32 23.67 23.50 7.49 7.60 7.55 2.90 3.12 3.01
36 23.58 24.83 24.21 6.39 6.60 6.50 2.99 3.56 3.27 25.03 25.36 25.20 7.75 7.91 7.83 3.42 3.38 3.40
48 24.06 26.59 25.33 6.81 6.86 6.84 3.43 3.77 3.60 26.23 26.19 26.21 8.08 8.24 8.16 3.64 3.61 3.63
Mean 22.88 24.18 23.53 6.42 6.54 6.49 2.96 3.40 3.18 24.86 25.07 24.97 7.77 7.92 7.85 3.32 3.37 3.35
80
24 28.57 30.88 29.73 7.19 7.65 7.42 4.25 4.59 4.42 30.76 31.22 30.99 8.06 8.25 8.16 4.62 4.50 4.56
36 31.83 33.58 32.71 7.76 7.90 7.83 5.37 5.67 5.51 32.00 32.71 32.36 8.75 8.95 8.85 5.32 5.59 5.46
48 34.18 35.55 34.87 8.03 8.25 8.14 5.21 5.45 5.33 34.52 35.42 34.97 9.17 9.34 9.26 5.34 5.53 5.44
Mean 31.53 33.34 32.44 7.66 7.93 7.80 4.94 5.24 5.09 32.43 33.12 32.78 8.66 8.85 8.76 5.09 5.21 5.15
100
24 27.31 29.22 28.27 8.81 9.02 8.92 3.49 3.83 3.66 29.85 30.94 30.40 9.62 9.82 9.72 4.62 4.83 4.73
36 31.37 32.68 32.03 9.25 9.68 9.47 4.44 5.05 4.75 31.60 31.82 31.71 10.20 10.42 10.31 3.99 4.56 4.28
48 34.15 36.17 35.16 10.03 10.31 10.17 4.38 4.85 4.62 32.46 33.44 32.95 10.61 10.86 10.74 4.15 4.46 4.32
Mean 30.94 32.69 31.82 9.36 9.67 9.52 4.10 4.58 4.34 31.30 32.07 31.69 10.14 10.37 10.26 4.26 4.62 4.44
Mean of
K
24 25.62 27.07 26.35 7.35 7.61 7.48 3.40 3.76 3.58 27.98 28.61 28.30 8.39 8.56 8.48 4.05 4.15 4.10
36 28.93 30.36 29.65 7.80 8.06 7.93 4.27 4.76 4.51 29.54 29.96 29.75 8.90 9.09 9.00 4.24 4.51 4.38
48 30.80 32.77 31.79 8.29 8.47 8.38 4.34 4.69 4.52 31.04 31.68 31.35 9.29 9.48 9.39 4.39 4.53 4.46
Total Mean 28.45 30.07 29.26 7.81 8.05 7.93 4.00 4.40 4.20 29.42 29.97 29.80 8.86 9.04 8.95 4.23 4.37 4.31
L.S.D. 5%:
N 0.21** 0.09** 0.11** 0.11** 0.11** 0.04**
K 0.20** 0.10** 0.07** 0.09** 0.09** 0.03**
T 0.33** 0.17** 0.12** 0.15** 0.15** 0.03**
NK 0.24** 0.11** 0.10** 0.19** 0.17** 0.10**
NT N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S.
KT N.S. N.S. N.S. 0.32** N.S. N.S.
NKT N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S.
27 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (1) 2021
The main function of those trace elements in the plant may be due to
its action as a metal component in series of enzymes, activate certain
enzymes, synthesis of protein and carbohydrates and photosynthesis and
building up chlorophyll. The available literature showed that foliar
application of micronutrients increased plant resistance to pests and diseases
(Ghasemian et al., 2010). These findings are in harmony with those
reviewed by Shafeek et al. (2014) and Chávez-Dulanto et al. (2018)
showed that plants sprayed by the mixture of Fe, Mn and Zn gained the
lowest insect and mite population besides the best plant growth and quality.
Interactions effect:
Concerning the interaction effect, data Tables (5 and 6) demonstrated
that most first and second interaction degrees among the used factor had a
significant effect on root yield and individual root specifications in both
seasons.
Meantime, the interaction between nitrogen and potassium only
significantly influences top yield, while, the other interaction degrees had
insignificant effect (Table 6).
2. Root Quality:
Total Soluble Solids (TSS), sucrose and purity are considered as the
main quality attributes which affected greatly together with root yield the
produced sugar yield per unit area.
Average data Table (7) showed that TSS linearly and significantly
increased as nitrogen fertilizers increased from 60, 80 and 100 Kg K2O fed-1
during 2018/19 and 2019/20 seasons. On the other hand, sucrose and purity
were maximized in exchangefor 80 kg N fed-1 nitrogen fertilizer, thereafter;
excess nitrogen 100 kg N fed-1 reduced those traits significantly in both
seasons. Such effect may be due to that the excess nitrogen encourage
vegetative growth than sucrose accumulated in roots as already mentioned
before, where, an increase in top weight was detected corresponding to 100
kg N fed-1 (Masri and Hamza, 2015).
Potassium application on the rate of 24, 36 and 48 Kg K2O fed-1
increased gradually and significantly TSS values in both seasons to reach
their maximum value with48 Kg K2O fed-1(Table 7). Nevertheless, sucrose
and purity were maximized as potassium fertilized added on the rate of 36
Kg K2O fed-1. Suppling 48 Kg K2O fed-1 decreased purity significantly,
while, sucrose in the first season insignificantly decreased (Awad et al. 2013
and Hamad et al. 2015). It’s well known that potassium had an important
rate in carbohydrates synthesis through its activation of photosynthesis in
addition to its primary role in transporting and accumulating sugar in roots.
Regarding trace elements effect, data Table (7) illustrated that all
quality attributes i.e. total soluble solid, sucrose and purity were increased
significantly as a foliar application with a mixture of Zn, Mn and Fe after
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (1) 2021 28
two months from sowing in comparison with control (Table 7). Masri and
Hamza (2015) and Zewail et al. (2020) reviewed similar findings.
Interactions effect:
Data Table (7) showed that all interaction among the three factors
significantly affected sucrose and purity in both seasons. Where, the use
of 80 Kg nitrogen + 36 Kg potassium and a mixture of Zn + Mn + Fe
achieved sufficient root sucrose and purity percentages, meantime, TSS
trait insignificantly affected by various interaction degrees.
Sugar Yield (ton/ fed.):
Data Table (6) stated the use of 80 kg N fed-1 maximized sugar
yield (T/fed) in both seasons, thereafter, excess nitrogen rate (100 kg N
fed-1) led to a significant decreased sugar yield in both seasons (Table 6).
Such effect may be due to that excess nitrogen fertilizer encourage
vegetative growth (top yield) and reduce sucrose synthesis than
accumulating process of sugar to storage roots (Neameat Alla et al.,
2014).
Looking to the effect of potassium application, data Table (6)
showed that sugar yield increased significantly and gradually with the
increase of K rate from 24, 36 and 48 Kg K2O fed-1. Such effect may be
due to the positive impact of K fertilizer on root yield and sucrose
synthesis which previously recorded. Similar observation was found by
Awad et al. (2013).
Data Table (6) also cleared that foliar application of a mixture of some
trace elements i.e. Zn, Mn and Fe on beet foliage increased substantially
sugar yield (Ton/Fed.) as compared with check treatments in both seasons.
Such effect may be due to the positive effect on the enzyme system and may
be reflected greatly on root yield and quality traits discussed before (Tables
6 and 7). The obtained results are in harmony with those reviewed by
Bar ł ó g et al . (2016) and Zewail et al. (2020).
Interactions Effect:
With respect to the interaction among the three studied factors,
data Table (6) demonstrated that the interaction between nitrogen +
potassium only had a significant effect on this trait, where, the highest
sugar yield (5.51 and 5.46 ton/fed.) as obtained from nitrogen on the rate
of 80 Kg N fed-1 and potassium at the rate of 36 Kg K2O fed-1.
Otherwise, all the other interaction degrees have insignificantly
effect on sugar yield, but in general, the highest sugar yield in both
seasons 5.67 and 5.59 ton/fed. achieved using N (80 Kg N fed-1), K (36
Kg K2O fed-1) and foliar spraying of Zn + Mn + Fe.
To conclude, this study mentioned to the importance of using
nitrogen, potassium and some trace element at the optimum rate to
maximize the productivity and quality of sugar beet, in addition to reducing
insect pests infestation.
29 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (1) 2021
Table (7): Effect of nitrogen, potassium fertilization and mixture foliar spray on TSS%, Sucrose% and
Purity% of sugar beet plants in two seasons
Nitrogen
fertilization level
(kg/fed)
Potassium
fertilization
level (kg/fed)
2018/2019 2019/2020
TSS% Sucrose % Purity% TSS% Sucrose % Purity%
Trace elements Trace elements
Without
(control)
With Mean
Without
(control)
With Mean
Without
(control)
With Mean
Without
(control)
with Mean
Without
(control)
With Mean
Without
(control)
with Mean
60
24 17.83 18.00 17.92 14.48 15.64 15.06 81.21 86.89 84.05 18.33 18.50 18.42 15.10 15.56 15.33 82.38 84.11 83.25
36 18.50 19.17 18.84 15.32 16.58 15.95 82.81 86.49 84.65 18.67 19.67 19.17 15.88 16.19 16.04 85.06 82.19 83.63
48 20.00 20.17 20.09 16.82 16.94 16.88 84.10 83.99 84.05 20.00 20.67 20.34 16.65 16.89 16.77 83.25 81.71 82.48
Mean 18.78 19.11 18.95 15.54 16.39 15.96 82.71 85.79 84.25 19.00 19.61 19.31 15.88 16.21 16.05 83.56 82.67 83.12
80
24 18.33 19.00 18.67 16.52 16.80 16.66 90.13 88.42 89.28 18.00 19.17 18.59 16.44 16.62 16.53 91.33 86.70 89.02
36 19.07 19.50 19.29 18.23 18.11 18.17 92.53 92.87 92.70 19.33 20.00 19.67 17.93 18.48 18.21 92.76 92.40 92.58
48 19.67 21.00 20.34 17.31 17.94 17.63 88.00 85.43 86.72 21.00 21.33 21.17 17.62 18.11 17.87 83.91 84.90 84.41
Mean 19.02 19.83 19.43 17.35 17.62 17.49 90.22 88.91 89.57 19.44 20.17 19.81 17.33 17.74 17.54 89.33 88.00 88.67
100
24 19.00 19.83 19.42 15.58 16.13 15.86 82.00 81.34 81.67 19.17 19.67 19.42 14.12 15.52 14.82 73.66 78.90 76.28
36 20.17 20.17 20.17 16.89 17.67 17.28 83.74 87.61 85.68 20.67 21.00 20.84 16.16 17.34 16.75 78.18 82.57 80.38
48 20.50 21.00 20.75 16.22 16.78 16.50 79.12 79.91 79.52 21.00 21.20 21.10 16.45 16.82 16.64 78.33 79.34 78.84
Mean 19.89 20.33 20.11 16.23 16.86 16.55 81.62 82.95 82.29 20.28 20.62 20.45 15.58 16.56 16.07 76.72 80.27 78.50
Mean
of K
24 18.39 18.94 18.67 15.53 16.19 15.86 84.45 85.55 85.00 18.50 19.11 18.81 15.22 15.90 15.56 82.46 83.24 85.85
36 19.25 19.61 19.43 16.77 17.45 17.11 86.36 88.99 87.68 19.56 20.22 19.89 16.66 17.34 17.00 85.33 85.72 85.53
48 20.06 20.72 20.39 16.78 17.22 17.00 83.74 83.11 83.43 20.67 20.96 20.82 16.91 17.27 17.09 81.83 81.98 81.91
Total Mean 19.23 19.76 19.50 16.36 16.95 16.66 84.85 85.88 85.36 19.58 20.10 19.84 16.26 16.84 16.55 83.21 83.65 83.43
L.S.D. 5%:
N 0.05** 0.09** 0.35** 0.25** 0.04** 1.23**
K 0.06** 0.12** 0.21** 0.20** 0.09** 0.96**
T 0.11** 0.20** 0.36** 0.33** 0.15** 1.60**
NK 0.11** 0.10** 0.19** 0.16** 0.10** 0.78**
NT N.S. 0.17** 0.32** N.S. 0.16** 1.30**
KT N.S. N.S. 0.32** N.S. 0.16** 1.30**
NKT N.S. 0.30** 0.56** N.S. 0.28** 2.26**
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (1) 2021 30
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تأثير التسميد النيتروجينى والبوتاسى وبعض العناصر الصغرى عمى الإصابة
بالآفات الحشرية وانتاجية وجودة بنجر السکر
ا رمي سمير بشيت و عصام حنفى سيد المبودى
معهد بحوث المحاصيل السکرية - مرکز البحوث الز ا رعية - مصر
8102 و / أجريت تجربتان حقميتان بمحافظة کفر الشيخ خلال موسمي 8102
8181/8102 لد ا رسة تأثي ا رلإضافة الارضيه لمتسميد النيتروجينى بثلاث معدلات 01 و 21 و
011 کجم نتروجين/ فدان والتسميد الب وتاسى بمعدل 82 و 60 و 22 کجم من بو 8 أ / فدان
والرش عمى المجموع الخضرى بمخموط من ثلاثة عناصر صغرى الزنک ) 0 جم / لتر(
والمنجنيز ) 0 جم / لتر( والحديد ) 8 جم / لتر( عمى الإصابات الحشرية وجودة ومحصول بنجر
السکر.حيث إستخدام تصميم القطع المنشقة مرتين فى ثلاثة مک ا ر ا رت.
وتوضح النتائج التي تم الحصول عميها:
تلاحظ زيادة معنويه فى الاصابات بحش ا رت ذبابة البنجر وخنفساء البنج ا رلسمحفائية
وف ا رشة البنجرمع ال ي زادة فى معدل التسميد النيتروجيني. وقد سجمت أعمى إصابة بالآفات
33 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (1) 2021
الحشرية الثلاثه المشار اليها مع التسميد النيتروجينى بمعدل 011 کجم نتروجين / فدان ، بينما
سجمت أقل إصابة حشرية عند إضافة التسميد النيتروجينى بمعدل 01 کجم نتروجين / فدان.
کما صاحب زيادة التسميد بالبوتاسيوم انخفاض معنوي في معدل الإصابة بحش ا رت بنجر
السک ا رلثلاثه تحت الد ا رسه کما ادى الرش بالعناصر الصغرى الى انخفاضًا معنويًا في الإصابة
بذبابة البنجر بينما لم يصل الانخفاض عمى الآفتين الأخريين الى درجة المعنويه.
جميع خصائص وجودة بنجر السکر مثل محصول العرش والمواد الصمبة الذائبة الکمية
ا زدت بشکل ممحوظ بزيادة مستوى النيتروجين من 01 إلى 011 کجم نتروجين / فدان )TSS(
بينما أعطى أعمى قطر وطول ووزن الجذرکما اعطى أعمى محصول جذور ومحصول سکر
وکذلک السکروز والنقاء عند إضافة 21 کجم نتروجين / فدان. ومن ناحية أخرى ، فإن زيادة
التسميد بالبوتاسيوم من 82 حتى 22 کجم بو 8 أ / فدان الى زيادة قطر الجذر المحسن بشکل
ومع . TSS إيجابي وطول الجذر ووزن الجذر ومحصول العرش ومحصول السکر / فدان و
ذلک ، تمت زيادة صفة النقاوة والسکروز إلى أقصى حد عند إضافة التسميد البوتاسي بمعدل
60 کجم بو 8 أ / فدان. فيما يتعمق بتأثير العناصر الصغرى، فقد تم زيادة جميع الصفات
الأنتاجيه و الجودة لبنجر السکر معنوي اً عند إضافة خميط )الزنک ، المنجنيز والحديد( عمى
الأو ا رق مقارنة بالکنترول.
وبناء عمي ئمک توصى الد ا رسة باضافة التسميد النيتروجينى بمعدل 21 کجم
نيتروجين/فدان والتسميد البوتاسى بمعدل 60 کجم بو 8 أ / فدان مع رش خميط من الزنک
والمنجنيز والحديد عمى او ا رق بنجر السکر لمحصول عمى أعمى محصول لبنجر السکر کماً
ونوعا. کما توضح الد ا رسه أن المعدل المشار أدي الي التغطيه او تقميل الأثر الضار للإصابات
الحشريه.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (1) 2021 34
