EFFECT OF USING BEE BREAD EXTRACT AS FEED
ADDITIVES ON DIGESTIBILITY AND PRODUCTIVE
PERFORMANCE OF MATERNAL GOATS
DURING SUCKLING PERIOD.
Mona E. Farag1*; Azza A. Helmy 2 and Amal M.M.El-Nimer3
1Department of Animal Nutrition Res., 2Department of Buffalo Research and
3Department of Dairy Technology Animal Production Research Institute (APRI),
Agricultural Research center (ARC),
Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
*1-Email – mona.farag@arc.sci.eg
Key Words: Maternal goats, daily gain of kids, bee bread extract,
suckling milk and productive a performance.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was carried out to investigate the effect of
using bee bread extract (BBE) as feed additive on productive a
performance as milk yield and its composition of maternal goats during
suckling period. As well as the growth performance of suckling kids and
immunity status were studied. Eighteen Zaraibi goats averaged post–
partum live body weight (LBW) 38.73 kg and aged 3-4 years as well as a
number of born kids (twin) were divided randomly into three similar
groups, where each one was allocated on the following dietary
treatments. The control ration (T1) consisted of concentrate feed mixture
(CFM) 70% + roughage 30% were the roughage portion was consisted
of 25% berseem hay (BH) + 5% rice straw (RS), according to NRC
(2007), with 5.0 ml of distilled water / head / daily throughout 90 -d.
trial period. While the second and third groups (T2 and T3) were
received the same control ration plus orally a dose of BBE 2.5 and 5.0 ml
/ head / daily throughout the trial period days, respectively. Results
showed that the all digestibility coefficients and nutritive value as TDN
and DCP for T3 or T2 were significant (P < 0.05) improved as compared
with the T1 (control ration). Also, animals received BBE (T3 or T2)
recorded higher (P < 0.05) average changes of body weight, BCS of
maternal goats and enhance (P < 0.05) fed conversion and daily gain of
their kids, milk yield and its components, classification of
immunoglobulins in suckling milk, some blood serum parameters and
economic efficiency than those the control ration (T1). However,
differences were not significant (P>0.05) for both T3 and T2 among
them. The present study indicate that the animals fed BBE as fed
additives (T3 or T2) at concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0 ml / daily during
critical period of suckling months could be caused positively effect on
productive performance, suckling milk yield and it quality which
reflected on health and growth rate of kids.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021 1-20
INTRODUCTION
Today, the use of products of natural origin must have a perspective
program of development Livestock to reach the specified aims of its
implementation. Bee bread refers to the pollen collected by bee, added
with nectar and bee salivary enzymes and stored inside a bee hive where
it undergoes lactic acid fermentation (Mohammad et al., 2020). The bee
products are including the honey, pollen, extracts derived from bee bread,
propolis, royal jelly and bee venom. Bee products demonstrate a wide
range of healing effects (Al-Salem et al., 2016). Meanwhile, Habryka et
al., (2016) defined that these products increase the level of ATP,
neutralize effect on many toxic agents, increase immunity, improve the
energy balance of tissues and protein metabolism, involved in the
synthesis of nucleic acids and essential to the proper functioning of the
circulatory system of living organisms. In addition, bee products as
dietary supplements rich in vitamins and minerals than that of artificially
mineral-vitamin profile (Madras-Majewska et al., 2015) and have
access as well as significantly affect the productive performance and
animal's health. Consequently, mainly the bee products such as the bee
bread (fermented of bee pollen) has been characterized by a wide range
of biological properties (Asama et al., 2015). Furthermore, Zuluaga et
al., (2015) found that the bee bread mainly includes pollen, honey
secretions of bees’ salivary glands and also it has characterized by a
higher nutritional value, better digestibility and richer in chemical
composition than pollen. According to the other sources, Habryka et al.,
2016 revaluated that bee bread contains considerably larger amounts of
peptides, free amino acids and presence all essential amino acids. They
also added that bee bread to get over of deficiency of vitamins B (very
helpful in the nerves activation) and K (prevention the poor condition of
the blood vessels) and played a huge role in detoxification process
stimulation. Findings of, De-Melo and de Almeida-Muradian (2017)
who administered that bee breed extract did not change the pH of ruminal
fluid, significantly change the total amount of short-chain fatty acids
(acetic acid and propionic acid, their ratio), the total number of protozoa
while could be improve the digestibility of dry matter and causing a
significant decrease in ruminal gases especially ammonia and methane.
In addition to these potential benefits, Mărgăoan et al., 2019 noticed that
bee bread could improve immunity, as well as micro- and macroelements
for metabolic processes. It potentially can be considered as a
high-quality fed additives because of its balanced content of proteins,
carbohydrates and fats.
2 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021
Generally, bee bread has antioxidant activity due to the presence of
α-tocopherol and phenolic compounds as well as working as an
antimicrobial against some pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia
coli and Bacillus cereus) and in the meantime took place as an antitumor
role against different tumor cell lines, antihypertensive activity and
neuroprotective activity (Dranca et al., 2020).
Although, researches have focused on using of bee products mainly
in livestock, but there are no previous reports dealing with BBE as
welfare of kids during suckling period. Therefore, this study has
demonstrated its potential dosage for maternal Zaraibi goats by BBE to
improve digestibility and feeding values, productive and reproductive
performance, suckling milk yield and quality as well as on growth rate
and health of kids.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Location and date of experiment
This study was conducted at El-Serw Research Station Animal
Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Damietta
governorate, Egypt. The experimental period was extended from first of
November 2020 up to weaning in first of March 2021.
Extraction procedure of bee bread
Distilled water was used as a solvent to prepare the aqueous of bee
bread extract (BBE). About 10g of BBE was suspended and extracted by
shaking with 100 ml of distilled water at 20oC for 1 day and the solution
was centrifuged at 5000 rpm for one hour. The supernatants were
collected and BBE extract filled. Then, the extract was stored in
desiccators until use for further studies. Table (1) is showed that the
chemical analysis of BBE extract according to Bakour et al. (2017) and
Ismail et al. (2018).
Table (1) : Chemical analysis of the bee bread.
Item Chemical composition (% on dry matter basis) **Total
antioxidant
capacity
/mg
Phenol
/mg
Ash
g/100
DM OM CP EE CF NFE Ash
*BBE 90.15 97.48 19.40 8.19 6.30 63.5 92 .52 143.78 14.88 1.70
* BBE: bee bread extract
** As ascorbic acid equivalents/g.
Experimental animals and feeding trail
The present study was carried out using eighteen Zaraibi goats
averaged post–partum live body weight (LBW) 38.73 kg and aged 3-4 years
as well as in the number of birth kids (twin) were divided randomly into
three similar groups, where they were allocated into three dietary treatments.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021 3
The control ration (T1) consisted of concentrate feed mixture (CFM) 70% +
roughage 30%, roughage portion consisted of 25% berseem hay (BH) + 5%
rice straw (RS). Wherein the nutritional requirements for accounted
according to NRC (2007), with 5.0 ml of distilled water / head / daily,
whereas the second and third groups as tested ones (T2 and T3) received the
same control ration plus orally a dose of BBE at 2.5 and 5.0 ml / head /
daily, respectively. Feeding requirements were adjusted biweekly according
to weight changes and milk production. The experiment has continues over
the first ninety days after birth. Water and salt blocks were available at all
times. Roughage (BH and RS) was offered twice daily at 7 a.m. and 3 p.m.,
while the daily required CFM was offered at 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. in equal a
mounts. Maternal goats and kids were weighed post–partum (initial weight)
and then periodically every two weeks before morning feeding over a 90-d
experimental period and recorded regularly. Throughout the feeding period,
scales of body condition scoring (BCS) of maternal goats was monthly
recorded for each animal according to Saddick and Ahmed (1991). The
above mentioned measurements were made on all goats at the same
weighing times. Measurements as well as weighing took place in the
morning after overnights holding of feed and water. Chemical composition
of CFM, BH, RS and basis experimental ration were analyzed according to
AOAC (2007) and are presented in Table (2).
Table (2) : Chemical composition of CFM, BH and RS.
Items Chemical composition (% on dry matter basis)
DM OM CP EE CF NFE Ash
*CFM 89.91 87.77 14.40 2.41 12.09 58.87 12.23
BH 88.65 88.43 12.12 2.15 23.29 50.87 11.57
RS 92.83 80.23 3.08 1.49 36.88 38.78 19.77
R 89.74 87.51 13.26 2.30 16.13 55.87 12.44
* The CFM consisted of 26 % undecortecatedicotton meal, 40 % yellow corn, 27 %
wheat bran, 3.5 % molasses, 2 % limestone, 1 % common isalt and 0.5 %
minerals imixture.
Digestibility trials:
Nine mature bucks average live body weight of 37.43±1.21 was used
to conduct three digestibility trials to determine the digestibility and
feeding values of the experimental rations. Bucks were divided into three
groups (3 animals each) accustomed to stand in metabolic cages as well
as used to experimental diets for two weeks as preliminary periods
followed by one week as collection period. Every group was fed on of
the previous rations mentioned before for feeding trial. Rations were
offered twice daily at 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. to the animals and clean drinking
water was available. During the collection periods, feed intake and
leftover were measured, representative samples were collected. Each 24-
4 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021
hr faces were quantity collected and aliquot samples were kept for
chemical analysis.
Milk yield and composition
The quantities of suckling milk in different treatments were evaluated
at early (5, 15 and 30 days), middle (60 days) and late (90 days) by the
following protocol of Khalifa et al., (2013). This protocol was used the
oxytocin method as injecting double doses (2 IU/maternal goat) of oxytocin
intravenously after kids were separated. The first oxytocin dose was
injected, after two minutes the udder milk emptied by handly and this
amount of milk discarded. After 4 hours of elapse kids’ separation the
second oxytocin dose was injected. Then, the udder milking handily and this
amount of milk discarded also, this amount of milk was recorded. The
suckling milk amount was calculated using the following equation= suckling
milk amount (g) obtained in 4 hours (as the isolation time of kids from their
maternal) × 6 (as a factor) give the amount of milk was suckled during 24
hours.
The composition of suckling milk from post-partum to weaning were
analysed during suckling period using 50 ml of milk /goat. Then, the
composition of suckling milk included fat%, protein%, lactose% (using
digital Lactoscans, Milk analyzer, Wide LCD 8900 Nova Zagora, Bulgaria)
and suckling milk energy (kcal/kg) calculated using this equation: 203.8 +
(8.36×fat%) + (6.29×protein %) according to Khalifa et al., (2016) . While,
IgA, IgG and IgM concentrations were determined using reagent kits as
ELISA kits (Bethyl Laboratories, Montgomery, TX, USA), and the
procedures were followed according to manufacturer’s instructions.
Biochemical constituents of blood of goats
Fifteen maternal goats (N=5 / treatment) were randomly chosen to
collect blood samples at weaning where about 10 ml of blood samples were
collected from the jugular vein of each animal into clean tubes. Then, the
serum samples were obtained by centrifugation for 30 min at 3000 rpm and
stored at –18 oC until the analysis. Samples were analysed for total protein,
albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), high
density lipoprotein (HDL), total lipids, urea, creatinine and the activities of
aspartate amino-transferase (AST) and alanine amino-transferase (ALT).
The determination was assayed by commercial kits produced by Bio-
Merieux (Craponne, France).
Statistical Analysis
Statistical evaluation of significant difference between means (mean ±
SEM) were performed by ANOVA followed by the Duncan post hoc test to
determine significant differences in all the parameters among all energy
addition types using the SAS computer program (SAS)
Statistics version 2002). The significance differences between means
were calculated using Duncan,s Multiple Range test (1955).
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Changes of LBW and BCS of maternal goats during suckling period
The results of maternal goat's performance are showed in Table (3).
The LBW of maternal goats during suckling period were almost similar
among the different experimental rations at different interval of this
period, while, the body weight chances and BCS of goats fed the two
tested rations (T2 andT3) were improved significantly (P<0.05) in
relation to those of control one (T1), being the superior values were
occurred with T3 at the differ periods. It is noteworthy noting that a
significant decrease in both live body weight and BCS of goats were
observed immediately after birth until 30-d of suckling phase in the
different groups of experiment. Then such values gradually increase
(P<0.05) during the rest of trial periods, being significant higher rate in
the animals received BBE (T3or T2) rations compared with the control
group. This might be due to the favorably modify the ruminal
environment by caused a low of ruminal ammonia and methanol that
reflected positively on improve body weight and animal health (De-Melo
and de Almeida-Muradian., 2017). While, Urcan et al., (2017) found
that bee bread is the best source of tyrosine that played an important role
to synthesize thyroid hormones which affected on metabolic functions
that in turn affected on improved productive performance of animals.
Also, the previous authors confirmed that thyroid hormones could be
increased the basal metabolic rate of carbohydrate, lipids and proteins
which may have been responsible for alleviative or preventive weight
loss and even increased it. As well, the amelioration of LBW in the
current study may be attributed to more nutritional substances like
antioxidant, vitamins and minerals in bee bread which located in either
T2 or T3 treatments compared that of free one in T1 group. These results
are in line with the findings of Hudz et al., (2017) who stated that it is
possible to improve antioxidant status by bee bread as natural
antioxidants. Generally, the increased level of antioxidants and vitamins
in feedstuffs could be considered as one of the most important ways to
prevent less weight (Mărgăoan et al., 2019). In addition, Bleha et al.,
(2019) reported that the presence of antioxidant properties in bee bread
has powerful nutritional value, could remove free radicals in the blood
stream, and regarded as a well-balanced diet necessary for health. On the
other hands, Ribeiro et al., (2018) found that minerals (macrominerals
and microminerals) could be played a main role to improve body weight,
essential to metabolic processes and the deficiency can result in
disturbances, cause impair animals performance, retard growth and
reduce the digestibility of diet.
6 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021
Table (3): Changes of LBW and BCS in maternal goats fed different
dietary treatments during suckling period.
Specification Suckling period
days
Experimental treatments
T1 T2 T3
LBW, kg
Post-partum 38.92±0.47 38.50±0.58 38.77±0.41
At 7 days 38.51±0.50 38.16±0.61 38.50±0.44
At 15 days 38.16±0.49 37.96±0.61 38.35±0.45
At 30 days 37.91±0.51 37.81±0.60 38.26±047
At 60 days 38.07 ±0.49 38.10±0.62 38.64±0.48
At 90 days 38.69±0.48 38.99±0.51 39.79±0.61
Weight changes g
Post-partum- 7 d. - 410a - 340b - 270c
7-15 d. - 350a - 200b - 150c
15-30 d. - 250a - 150b - 090c
30-60 d. + 160c + 290b + 380a
60-90 d. + 620c + 890b + 1150a
BCS, 1- 5 scales
Post-partum 2.76±0.07 2.68±0.09 2.71±0.10
At 30 days 2.41±0.04 b 2.47±0.07 a 2.57±0.08 a
At 60 days 2.48±0.04b 2.59±0.07a 2.76±0.08a
At 90 days 2.61±0.05 b 2.78±0.10 a 2.97±0. 09 a
a,b,c means in the same row direction with different superscripts are significantly
different (P<0.05).
Digestibility coefficients and feeding values
Data of Table (4) cleared that goats fed ration T3 recorded
significant higher (P<0.05) all digestibility values of DM, OM, CP, CF,
EE and NFE and also feeding values as TDN and DCP while the values
such items were insignificant higher with those fed ration, T2 than those
fed control one (T1). This might be due to the fermentation process in the
rumen that based on the action of probiotic that excreted by, both bacteria
and protozoa. Hence the importance of bee bread supplements due its
content from antioxidant, vitamins and minerals could be positively
effect on the activity of beneficial microflora in rumen compartments,
thus improves the digestibility parameters and feeding values of a diet.
These results are in agreement with those reported by Ribeiro et al.,
(2018) who found that macro and micro-minerals especially potassium,
phosphorus, magnesium and zinc could be played a main role to improve
the metabolic processes, while its deficiencies cause can disturbances
effects and impair animals performance, retard growth and reduce the
digestibility of nutrients. Accordingly, Mohammad et al., (2020) found
that bee bread is the best source to provide macro and micro-minerals
whereas the most abundant mineral in bee bread were potassium (6524.9
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021 7
mg/kg) followed by phosphorus (6402.3 mg/kg) and magnesium (1635.4
mg/kg).
Table (4): Digestibility and feeding values of the experimental
rations.
Item
Experimental treatments
T1 T2 T3 SE
Digestibility coefficients
DM 67.65b 69.34ab 71.55a 0.65
OM 69.54b 71.88ab 73.78a 0.58
CP 65,69b 67,80ab 69.23a 0.34
CF 59.24b 61.65ab 63.58a 0.61
EE 71.47b 74.39ab 75.78a 0.58
NFE 72.11b 75,84ab 76,54a 0.72a
feeding values
TDN 62.26b 65.15ab 66.12a 0.67
DCP 8.71b 8.99ab 9.18a 0.34
a,b,c means in the same row direction with different superscripts are significantly different
(P<0.05).
Milk yield and composition
The suckling milk yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher in goats
fed T3 and T2 rations than that of control one (T1) as illustrated in Figure
(1). Definitely results are cleared that bee bread might be performed as
lactogenic substance, because it can increase milk production by
scavenging activity of free radical (Bakour et al., 2017), supplied goats
with vitamins (Mărgăoan et al., 2019), antioxidant (Bleha et al., 2019),
goodness energy and fatty acids (Dranca et al., 2020) and organic acids
(Mohammad et al., 2020). Also, significant improvement in suckling
milk yield perhaps attributed to the variation in the minerals level in bee
bread extracts in the dietry treatments (T3 and T2) especially zinc which
has positive effect on production of milk in comparison with T1 ration.
Such results are an agreement with those the findings by Sprinkle et al.,
(2018) who found that obtained zinc plays an important role in the proper
function of the first mechanism of milk production and it also affects the
degree of keratinization of the teat canal, thereby protecting the udder
against bacterial penetration after milking. More recently, a related study
clearly demonstrated that deficiency of Zn level on the rations leads to
decreased appetite of animals and thus it was reflected in the amount of
fed intake and digestibility coefficients and feeding values, which reflect
on the decrease of the available nutrients to the mammary gland and
8 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021
consequently decreased of milk production (Page et al., 2020).
Concerning, the suckling milk composition for percentages of fat,
protein, lactose and SMEV (kcal/kg) in maternal goats fed different
rations during suckling periods are displayed in Table (5). Fat percentage
at 5th days of post-partum was markedly higher than that the following
days over all experimental rations. Milk fat percentage was significant
higher (P<0.05) in goats fed T3 and T2 than those fed the control one
(T1). These results are a good agreement with those obtained by Bakour
et al., (2017). According to findings of Khalifa et al. (2013), colostrum
up to 5 days post-partum contained substantially less stearic and oleic
acids and more myristic and palmitic acids than the normal milk fat thus,
the mixture of colostrum from 3, 4, or 5 d. might change the normal fat
distribution in suckling milk. While, milk protein percentage, (Table 5)
cleared that tested rations T3 and T2 were recorded significant higher
(P<0.05) compared with control one, being no significant differences
were observed among T3 and T2 treatments. Also protein percentage was
higher after 5th days than that with other following suckling periods up to
weaning time (90 d.) over all dietary treatments. Generally, results in
other breeds showed a similar decrease in total protein content up to
weaning as recorded by Chen et al. (2019). Similarly, milk lactose
content was significant higher for two tested rations (T2 and T3) than
that of control (T1) over all suckling period. Increasing suckling milk
lactose percentage for T3 or T2 rations could be related to more content
of carbohydrates in bee bread extract (47.40%) as has been described
previously by Bakour et al. (2017). With advanced of suckling phases
lactose concentration was increased over all treatments up to weaning
time. In this context, Emrobowansan et al., (2017) found that lactose
production causes water influx in milk through osmotic effects and its
value was observed to be lower in colostrum than in mature milk in goats
breed. Also data of Table (5) showed that animals fed T3 or T2 were
recorded higher suckling milk energy than that with animals fed T1 over
the different suckling periods, however, the differences were not
significant among them over all suckling periods. The suckling milk
energy is relied on both fat and protein concentrations in suckling milk,
thus there was an increase in fat and protein levels in suckling milk
maternal goats fed T3 or T2 than those animals fed T1 rations. In
General, the improvement in nutritional status, could be reflect positive
effect on increasing suckling milk constituents of from fat , protein
percentages and suckling milk energy (Abdel-Gawad et al., 2017).
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021 9
Fig. 1: Average daily milk yield of maternal goats fed different
experimental rations during suckling periods.
Table (5): Composition of milk goats fed the experimental rations
during suckling periods.
Specification Suckling
phases
Evaluation
days
Experimental treatments
T1 T2 T3
Fat ,%
Early
5 6.13±0.16b 6.78±0.11a 6.82±0.13a
15 4.17±0.11 b 4.75±0.09 a 4.76±0.13 a
30 3.58±0.08 b 3.80±0.03 a 3.92±0.07 a
Middle 60 4.22±0.05 b 4.50±0.04 a 4.61±0.08 a
Late 90 4.28±0.06 b 4.56±0.05 a 4.68±0.07 a
Protein, %
Early
5 4.63±0.04b 4.87±0.05a 4.95±0.06a
15 3.33±0.06 b 3.65±0.07 a 3.67±0.07 a
30 3.20±0.04 b 3.47±0.03 a 3.52±0.03 a
Middle 60 3.30±0.04 b 3.65±0.12 a 3.73±0.14 a
Late 90 3.21±0.03 b 3.52±0.11 a 3.53±0.13 a
Lactose, %
Early
5 4.38±0.03b 4.68±0.06a 4.70±0.09a
15 5.05±0.05 b 5.55±0.04 a 5.63±0.04 a
30 5.30±0.04 b 5.62±0.05 a 5.72±0.05 a
Middle 60 5.33±0.03 b 5.65±0.04 a 5.77±0.08 a
Late 90 5.23±0.05 b 5.57±0.04 a 5.58±0.05 a
*SMEV
(kcal/kg)
Early
5 284.22±1.43 291.14±0.81 291.92±1.01
15 259.60±1.14 266.61±0.95 266.86±1.13
30 253.89±0.85 257.73±0.27 258.66±0.61
Middle 60 259.10±0.45 264.92±0.58 266.16±1.11
Late 90 258.91±0.49 264.51±0.36 265.95±0.38
a,b,c means in the same row direction with different superscripts are significantly different
(P<0.05).
* SMEV: suckling milk energy.
10 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021
Feed intake and feed conversion:
Intakes of experimental ration ingredients as well as the intake as TDN
and DCP are presented in Table (6). Data cleared that there were no
significant differences among the experimental dietary treatments regarding
the rations ingredients (CFM, BH and RS) and feed intake as DM, TDN and
CP values. However the animals fed T3 recorded the higher value of DCPI,
followed by T2, while the lowest one was recorded for T1 ration, being such
differences were not significant (P<0.05). This might be due to the increase
in protein digestibility that attributed to more nutritional status rich in
vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and healthy fats, within bee bread ( as the
feed additives), which located in either T2 or T3 treatments compared to the
low nutritional status without bee bread in T1, (Roulston and Cane 2000).
Table (6): Feed intake of goats fed different experimental rations.
Item
Experimental treatments
T1 T2 T3
BBE extract - 2.5 5.0
Feed intake as DM basis (kg / h / d)
CFM 0.879 0.879 0.879
BH 0.314 0.314 0.314
RS 0.062 0.062 0.062
Total feed intake (kg / h / d)
DM 1.255 1.255 1.255
TDN 0.760 0.760 0.760
DCP 0.11 0.113 0.115
Feed conversion
DM, kg/ kg milk 1.089a 0.916b 0,866c
TDN, kg/ kg milk 0.66a 0,547b 0.524b
DCP, kg/ kg milk 0.955a 0.825b 0.793b
a,b,c means in the same row direction with different superscripts are significantly
different (P<0.05).
Concerning, the feed conversion expressed as the amount intake of DM,
TDN or DCP to give one kg milk (Table 6) showed that the animals fed
T3 and those fed T2 appeared better feed conversion (P<0.05) compared
with animals fed T1 (control ration), however, significant differences
were not found with animals fed T3 and those fed T2. Improved feed
conversion for animals fed T3 or T2 rations might be attributed mainly to
the higher milk yield and nutrients digestibility. Currently results is
cleared that bee bread is a lactogenic substance, because it can increase
milk production by scavenging activity of free radical (Bakour et al.,
2017), supplied goats with vitamins (Mărgăoan et al., 2019), antioxidant
(Bleha et al., 2019), goodness energy and fatty acids (Dranca et al.,
2020) and organic acids (Mohammad et al., 2020).
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021 11
Immunoglobulin concentrations in suckling milk
Immunoglobulin IgG, IgA, and IgM concentrations as affected by dietary
treatments during 90 days of suckling period are showed in Table (7). The
highest values of IgG, IgA and IgM concentrations were recorded at early
suckling period at 5, 15 and 30 days and then decreased (P<0.05) gradually at in
middle and late suckling period at 60 and 90 day, over all different experimental
rations. Also, tested rations T3 or T2 were led to a significant (P<0.05) higher
concentrations in IgG, IgA and IgM than those recorded with T1 during
different suckling periods. The obtained values of IgG, IgA, and IgM in the
present study are within the normal range that reported by (Kociņa et al., 2012)
who estimated its concentrations up to 4.3, 4.95 and 6.17 mg/mL, respectively,
when udder was diagnosed acute inflammation. The immunoglobulins have an
important role in immunological defense response of the udder and also
concentrations of all classes of immunoglobulins were decreased in middle and
late suckling periods, but it increases during the udder inflammation (Zuluaga
et al., 2015). In this context, Kieliszek et al., (2018) indicated that bee bread
played a major role to activate the production of hormones which are increase
the number of receptors of secretory epithelial cells in mammary tissue which
are considered on indirect way to synthesis IgG, IgA and IgM. No studies have
been found relative to the repercussions of the IgG, IgA and IgM content on the
milk characteristics when goats received bee bread extract. Generally, the best
concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM in T3 or T2 might be related to the most
role of micro and macro-elements and vitamins (Mărgăoan et al., 2019) and
antioxidants (Bleha et al., 2019) that potentially improved the immunity
system which reflects on milk production, positively.
Table (7): Mean of IgG, IgA and IgM for lactating goats fed
experimental rations during different suckling periods.
Specification Suckling
phases
Evaluation
days
Experimental treatments
T1 T2 T3
IgG,
mg/mL
Early
5 1.72±0.02b 1.97±0.02a 2.14±0.10a
15 1.07±0.08 b 1.27±0.09 a 1.32±0.10 a
30 1.11±0.02 b 1.23±0.08 a 1.25±0.07 a
Middle 60 0.80±0.04 b 1.16±0.06 a 1.18±0.05 a
Late 90 0.71±0.02 b 1.09±0.03 a 1.12±0.05 a
IgA,
mg/mL
Early
5 0.10±0.04b 0.17±0.01a 0.18±0.01a
15 0.12±0.00b 0.19±0.01 a 2.0±0.01 a
30 0.14±0.00 b 0.20±0.01 a 0.22±0.01 a
Middle 60 0.11±0.01 b 0.18±0.03 a 0.19±0.02 a
Late 90 0.07±0.00 b 0.14±0.01 a 0.15±0.00 a
IgM
mg/mL
Early
5 0.14±0.01b 0.51±0.02a 0.54±0.02a
15 0.28±0.01 b 0.45±0.01 a 0.49±0.02 a
30 0.21±0.01 b 0.39±0.02 a 0.43±0.02 a
Middle 60 0.17±0.01 b 0.29±0.02 a 0.30±0.00 a
Late 90 0.16±0.00 b 0.22±0.02 a 0.24±0.02 a
a,b,c means in the same row direction with different superscripts are significantly different
(P<0.05).
12 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021
Growth rate of kids during suckling period
Results presented in Table (8) shown that kid LBW and MW in the T3
and T2 tested rations were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of T1
control one over all suckling months of the experiment. There were no
significant differences (P>0.05) in these two measures between T3 and T2
over the whole suckling period. Also, the daily gain of T3 and T2 rations
appeared higher (P<0.05) values than that of control one T1 at periods 1-30,
30-90 and 60-90 days as shown in Table (8). The provision of
immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM) concentration in both T3 and T2
groups of kids appears to explain the more body weight and weight gain of
kids in both tested groups than that of control one. Therefore, Yaakub
(2011) found that kids with adequate serum IgG, IgA, and IgM were better
able to suppressing pathogenic invasions, mounting a rapid immune
response for defense. Also, the same authors indicated that IgG, IgA and
IgM were associated with improving normal growth with an increased daily
live weight gain. The best suckling milk components (as fat, protein, and
lactose) in T3 and T2 goat groups had a heavier body weight of kids than
those in T1 group. In harmony with the present results Atay (2016) noticed
that there were high correlations (P<0.01) between live body weight and
milk composition. In perspectives, it is safe to conclude that the addition of
BBE into the diets of kids (T2 and T3) didn,t have any negative effect on
palatability of feed intake that may be related to the best of suckling milk
energy (kcal/kg) compared to control kids in (T1) as illustrated in table 5.
Results presented in this study were similar to those reported by Abdel-
Gawad et al. (2017) who found the energy suckling milk at 90 days of
suckling was 251.35, 264.48, and 266.45 kcal/kg where they in
corresponding could be attained kid growth rates up to 6.93, 7.83 and 7.95
kg. As well, Bonos et al. (2017) suggested that the best nutritional
condition during kid life potentially has considerable effects on growth rate
and reproductive performance. Moreover, the amount of suckling milk yield
may be played an important role in the growth rate of kids. Therefore, T3
and T2 dietary treatments could achieve higher suckling milk yields than
that of control one (T1). In this regard, Abdel-Gawad and Desoky (2018)
noticed that when daily suckling milk amounts were 1.61 and 1.76 kg/h the
weaning body weight of kids were 10.03 and 10.12 kg for Zaraibi goat,
respectively. Generally, the present study has shown that supplying BBE to
goats during suckling months might be able to supply adequate energy,
protein, minerals, vitamins, and antioxidant materials which could optimize
of metabolic processes and kid growth rates (Chen et al., 2019).
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021 13
Table (8): LBW, metabolic weight, and daily gain of kids during
suckling period.
Specification Experimental treatments
T1 T2 T3
Body weight of kid (kg) at birth 1.91±0.07 2.04±0.04 2.21±0.07
30 days 5.00±0.43 b 7.33±0.14 a 8.25±0.33 a
60 days 5.58±1.00 b 9.25±0.28 a 9.95±0.42 a
90 days 6.67±1.21 b 10.67±0.31 a 11.58±0.49 a
Metabolic weight 4.42±0.78 b 6.73±0.13 a 7.00±0.20 a
Daily gain (g/d)
1-30 days 113.50±14.62 b 182.47±53.93 a 211.20±12.40a
1-60 days 65.68±29.44 b 122.17±11.20 a 130.64±11.47
1-90 days 55.71±13.22 b 97.85±32.77 a 105.33±55.81 a
30-60 days 49.44±14.05 b 52.78.±9.59 a 63.89±7.63 a
30-90 days 55.56±19.96 b 108.33±2.29 a 113.89±9.25 a
60-90 days 36.11±15.05b 50.00±5.03a 55.56±11.11a
a,b,c means in the same row direction with different superscripts are significantly
different (P<0.05). Metabolic weight (MW) = (initial body weight (kg) + final
body weight (kg) ÷ 2) 0.75, (Willems et al. 2013).
Biochemical constituents of blood of goats
Additional of BBE up to 2.5 or 5.0 ml/ h had significant increased
(P<0.05) the concentrates of plasma glucose, total protein, globulin and
HDL, while significant decreased (P<0.05) the concentrates of serum
albumin, cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride, AST, ALT, and creatinine (Table
9). Non-significant (P>0.05) differences observed between the dosages 2.5
or 5.0 ml of BBE / h. Exclusively, bee bread additives had positive effect on
nanny goats blood metabolic performance due to the presence a lot of vital
substances (as antioxidants, vitamins, mineral, essential fatty acids, etc.)
which are able to improve nutritive value of feed as well as feed digestibility
and absorption (Barene et al., 2015). In fact, bee bread is rich in
carbohydrates which represent up to (55%) in which it included (from 8.2 to
13.1) as glucose and around 19.9 % fructose and (from 15.8 to 18.4%)
sucrose according to Ismail et al., (2018). The increases in serum total
protein and globulin may be due to the highest percentage of protein
(47.40%) in bee bread (Bakour et al., 2017). On the other hand, Attia et al.
(2011) reported that bee pollen (as a portion of bee bread) could be
improved serum protein (7.00 g/dl), serum glucose (124.20 mg/dl) and
serum globulin (3.04 g/dl) in rabbits received bee pollen at 200 mg/kg of
BW correspondingly to 5.06 g/dl, 94.30mg/dl and 2.42 g/dl in rabbits that
received diet free from bee pollen (control). Inversely, the current study
showed that albumin significantly lower in T3 and T2 than that in T1.
These results are in harmony those obtained by with Ghorbel et al., (2015)
who found that bee bread might lobe decreased the value albumin
concentration. Furthermore, Sharma et al., (2016) reported that the most
14 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021
albumin exposure could be caused oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation
and decreased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide
dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. The decreases in serum
lipids and cholesterol could be due to phospholipids and PUFA particularly
linolenic fatty acid which represented at 2.31 % in bee bread extract
(Bakour et al., 2017). Regarding the liver functions, our studies showed that
honey, part of bee bread could cause amelioration of positive action on liver
enzymes, (Bakour et al., 2017) who reported that the preventive effect
against liver injury might be due to honey effect and probably bee pollen.
Also, Sharma et al. (2016) found that the use of bee honey as antioxidants
could be ameliorate liver enzymes. Regarding, the mechanism of this
action, Bakour et al., (2017) noticed that the antioxidant properties of honey
and bee pollen might play a role in their favorable effect on kidney function
by decreased CI4 which causes cellular damage in some organs, mostly in
the liver, kidneys, and lungs.
Table (9): Biochemical constituents of blood in goats during suckling
periods.
Specification Experimental treatments
T1 T2 T3
Glucose, mg/dl 100.20±0.97b 113.60±0.60a 113.80±0.37a
Total protein, g/dl 5.50±0.10 b 6.34±0.22 a 6.38±0.18 a
Albumin, g/dl 3.08±0.16 a 2.50±0.04 b 2.46±0.17 b
Globulin, g/dl 2.76±0.05 b 3.52±0.16 a 3.56±0.18 a
Total lipids, mg/dl 490.20±2.04 a 472.80±4.17 b 471.80±4.57 b
Cholesterol, mg/dl 158.46±0.40 a 144.20±1.01 b 143.14±0.47 b
HDL, mg/dl 95.72±1.28 b 113.28±0.73 a 114.14±0.43 a
LDL, mg/dl 188.88±0.55 a 153.08±0.52 b 154.84±1.36 b
Triglyceride, mg/dl 587.56±1.32 a 417.58±1.43 b 416.64±1.34 b
AST, U/dl 30.18±0.39 a 26.62±0.35 b 25.74±0.56 b
ALT, U/dl 20.94±0.52 a 16.02±0.17 b 15.16±0.17 b
Creatinine, mg/dl 133.40±0.51 a 131.40±0.68 b 130.60±0.58 b
Means within the same row direction with different superscripts are significantly
different (P<0.05).
Economic efficiency
Results of economic efficiency in Table (10) obtained that total feed
cost tended to increase with increasing the dose of BBE supplementation.
However, the animals fed T3 and those fed T2 appeared better milk yield
and composition, which reflects on growth rate of kids during suckling
period and return 2.43 and 2.48 LE, respectively, compared with animals,
fed T1. Moreover, economic efficiency improved by 3.6 and 7.2% with
T3 and T2, respectively as compared to control rations.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021 15
Table (10): Economic efficiency of lactating does fed experimental
rations.
Item Experimental goats
T1 T2 T3
No. of Dams 6 6 6
Experimental periods, days 90 90 90
Feed cost (LE/d)
Av, DMI, k;/ h/d 1.255 1.255 1.255
Price, LE 4.55 5.05 5.55
Av. Milk yield, k;/ h/d 1.152 1.37 1.45
Price, Milk yield, k;/ h/d, LE 6.34 7.53 7.98
Return, LE 1.79 2.48 2.43
Economic efficiency 1.39 1.49 1.44
The economic efficiency
improvement%
- +107.2 +103.6
The price of feedstuffs and products: FCM/ Ton= 4500 LE; BH / Ton= 1800 LE;
RS/ Ton= 500 LE; BBE/g= 2 LE; Milk/ kg= 5.5 LE and LBW gain/ kg= 120 LE;
economic efficiency = Price, Milk yield / feed cost
CONCLUSION
Based on the finding of this study, bee bread extract is considering
one of the most valuable feed additives for goats at suckling period, due
to its highly contents of carbohydrate, protein, minerals, vitamins and
fatty acids which enhancing natural antioxidants functionality. Thus, it
had beneficial effect on suckling milk yield, its composition,
immunoglobulins and blood metabolic, which leading to the goodness
productive kids' lifespan. As well, it could be play an important role for
improved of digestion coefficients, feeding values, fed conversion ratio
and economic efficiency, which reflects on productive performance of
goats during suckling periods.
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تأثير استخدام مستخمص خبز النحل کإضافات عمفية عمى معامل الهضم
والأداء الإنتاجي لأمهات الماعز أثناء فترة الرضاعة.
منى احمد السيد فرج 1 ، عزة أحمد حسن حممى 2 ، أمل مجاهد محمد النمر 3
قسم بحوث تغذية الحيوان 1 و قسم بحوث تربية الجاموس 2 و قسم بحوث تکنولوجيا الألبان 3
معهد بحوث الإنتاج الحيوانى - مرکز البحوث الز ا رعية - و ا زرة الز ا رعة
کأضافات (BBE) اليدف من ىذه الد ا رسة ىو معرفة تأثير استخدام مستخمص خبز النحل
عمفية عمى معاملات اليضم وتغي ا رت وزن الجسم والکفاءة الفذائية والاقتصادية والأداء الإنتاجي مثل
إنتاج المبن ومکوناتو والمناعة لدى ماعز الأميات أثناء فترة الرضاعة. ثمانية عشر ماعز زريبي
4 سنوات وکذلک في عدد المواليد )التوأم(, ثم تم - بمتوسط و زن بعد الولادة 37.83 کجم وعمر 3
% من 80 (T تقسيميم بشکل عشوائي إلى ثلاث معاملات متشابية. تتکون عميقة الکنترول من ( 1
%5 قش + (BH) ٪30 أعلاف خشنة و تتکون من 55 ٪ دريس برسيم + (CFM) عمف المرکز
مع 5.0 مل من الماء المقطر / ال أ رس / يوميًا طوال , NRC ( وفقًا لمقرا رت ( 2007 (RS) الأرز
نفس عميقة الکنترول مع جرعة من (T و 3 T فترة التجربة, بينما تمقت المجموعتان الثانية والثالثة ( 2
کاضافات غاذائىة بالفم بمقدار 5.5 و 5.0 مل / أ رس / يوميًا ) BBE) مستخمص خبز النحل
عمى التوالى طوال فترة التجربة ) 00 يومًا( . أظيرت النتائج أن جميع معاملات اليضم والقيمة
)P < کانت معنوية ) 0.05 T أو 2 T الغذائية لمحيوانات التى کانت تتغذى عمى المعاملات 3
)P < بالإضافة أيضا إلى وجود تأثير معنوي ) 0.05 .)T عميقة الکنترول ) 1 T بالمقارنة مع 1
لمماعز الأم BCS عمى تغي ا رت فى وزن الجسم الحى و )T أو 2 T لمحي وانات التى تغذت عمى ) 3
ومعدل النمو اليومى لمربعيات , وکذلک إنتاج المبن ومکوناتو , تحسن المناعة في المبن وبعض
ومع ذلک , لم تکن ىناک فروق معنوية .)T متغي ا رت مکونات الدم من تمک الموجودة فى الکنترول ) 1
فيما بينيم. تشير الد ا رسة الحالية إلى أن الحيوانات التي أخذت T و 2 T لکل من 3 )P> 0.05(
بترکي ا زت 5.5 و 5.0 )T أو 2 T کأضافات غذائية ) 3 )BBE( جرعة من مستخمص خبز النحل
مل / يومياً عمى التوالى خلال الفترة الحرجة من أشير الرضاعة يمکن أن يکون ليا تأثير إيجابي
عمى الکفاءة الغذائية و الأقتصادية وأنتاج وجودة المبن وعموما عمى الأداء الإنتاجي مما ينعکس
عمى معدل النمو الصحي لمربعيات.
20 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021
