DETERMINATION OF HETEROSIS IN EGGPLANT
(Solanum melongena L.) HYBRIDS
Badr, L.A. 1 ; M.M. El-Nagar1 ; E. A. Hassan2 ;
Abeer A. El. Soliman3 and M. S. Amer3
(1) horticulture Dept., Fac. Agric., Benha unvi., (2) Plant Protection Dept., Benha unvi.
and (3) Vegetables Breeding Dept., Hort. Res. Inst., Agricultural Research Center
(ARC), Giza, Egypt.
ABSTRACT
Six parental genotypes i.e. Local cultivar white long (P1), Local
cultivar dark long (P2) and Black beauty (P3) (local cultivars of eggplant
were obtained from Horticultural Research Institute, Agricultural
Research center, Egypt, and three PIs viz., PI 408974 (P4), PI 470273
(P5) and PI 542612 (P6) (USDA gene bank, USA) and their fifteen F1
hybrids in a diallel cross system without reciprocals were used to
estimate heterosis percentage relative to both mid ,better parents and two
check hybrids for some characters in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.).
The experiment was conducted at Kaha Research Farm, Kaliobia
Governorate during three successive seasons of 2015 and 2018. The 23
genotypes (6 parents, 15 F1 hybrids and 2 check hybrids) were evaluated
for yield and yield components to determine the heterosis effects .Hybrid
vigour was documented for total yield, as well as, most fruit characters.
In some crosses, high rate of parent heterosis were attained for these
traits supporting the over dominance hypothesis. The cross (P3 × P6) had
the highest mid- parent and better parent heterosis value with (230.02%
and 218.85%, respectively) for the total yield.
INTRODUCTION
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is the fourth most important
crop of the Solanaceae, which is widespread due to its high nutrition
value and the taste of the fruits. Eggplant widely cultivated as one of the
most important vegetables in both subtropical and tropical areas through
the worldwide, it can play a vital role in achieving the nutritional security
(Sarker et al., 2006). It is one of the most economic vegetable crops
grown in Egypt. The total cultivated area in Egypt reached 106998
feddans in 2018/2019 producing 1346712 tons with an average of 12.586
tons/feddanZ.
_________________________________________________
zDepartment of Agricultural Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation,
Egypt, 2017.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021 25-42
Eggplant is an inexpensive food, thus a major food component of
human diet in most developing home in the world over. So, its fruits are
rich source of minerals like calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, zinc
and copper. It is also a fair source of fatty acids and it is used for
medicinal purposes incurring diabetes, asthma, cholera, bronchitis and
diarrhea. It is reported to stimulate the metabolism reduction of blood
cholesterol. Leaf and fruit, fresh or dry produce marked drop in blood
cholesterol level (Agoreyo et al., 2012; Nyadanu and Lowor, 2015).
Exploitation of hybrid vigour has become a potential tool for
improvement in eggplant. Nagai and Kada (1926) were the first to
observe hybrid vigour in eggplant. The commercial exploitation of this
phenomenon has been possible in the eggplant, especially with increasing
popularity of F1 hybrids in eggplant, it is imperative to obtain such
hybrids, having excellent quality coupled with high yields. In crop
manifestation of heterotic effect for different economically important
characters have been reported by many scientists (Joshi and Thakur,
2003; Thakur et al 2004; Ajjappalavar, 2006; Sao and Mehta 2010;
Kumar et al., 2012 and Makani et al., 2013).
The development of an effective heterosis breeding programme in
eggplant needs to elucidate the genetic nature and magnitude of
quantitatively inherited traits and judge the potentiality of parents in
hybrid combinations. Selection of parents for hybridization has to be
based on the complete genetic information and prepotency of the
potential parents. Identification and selection of flexible parental lines are
required to be used in any hybridization programme to produce
genetically modified and potentially rewarding germplasm by assembling
fixable gene effects more or less in a homozygous line (Kumar et al.,
2013, Pedapatiet et al., 2013, Potla et al., 2013, and Singh et al., 2013).
With these points in view, heterosis and combining ability studies are
prerequisite in any plant breeding programme, which provides the
desired information regarding the varietals improvement or exploiting
heterosis for commercial purposes (Singh et al., 2013).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was carried out in 2015 to 2018 at Kaha Research Farm,
Kaliobia Governorate to improve some economic characteristics in
eggplant. Six genotypes of eggplant viz., Local cultivar white long (P1),
Local cultivar dark long (P2) and Black beauty (P3) (local cultivars of
eggplant were obtained from Horticultural Research Institute,
Agricultural Research center, Egypt, which were Local cultivar white
26 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021
long) and three PIs viz., PI 408974 (P4), PI 470273 (P5) and PI 542612
(P6) (USDA gene bank, USA.) were selfed for one generation to keep its
homozygosity and homogeneity. Parents were crossed to produce the F1
hybrid seed in Diallel cross design, without reciprocals during 2016 and
2017early summer seasons. Seeds of these genotypes were sown on 15
Jan. in both years in foam seedling trays under unheated greenhouse
conditions. Seedlings were transplanted on 15 Mar. in both years under
unheated greenhouse conditions. The seeds of twenty three genotypes
(six parents, fifteen F1 hybrids and two controls viz., La’ala (local hybrid,
long white fruits) and Black King (imported commercial hybrid
spreading in Egypt, round black fruits) were sown on 15 Feb. 2018 in
foam seedling trays under unheated greenhouse conditions. Seedlings
were transplanted on 15 Apr. 2018 summer season in the open field. A
randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replicates was used.
Each replicate consisted of twenty-three experimental units (six parents,
fifteen hybrids and two controls). Each experimental unit (EU) consisted
of one row, 0.75 m-wide and 5 m-long for each row (EU area = 3.75 m2).
Plants were set 50 cm apart along the row and were given common
agricultural practices. So, each EU consisted of ten plants. Five randomly
selected plants were chosen in each EU to record the observations and
the average from these five plants was worked out for statistical analysis.
The studied characters were Plant height (cm), number of branches per
plant, number of days from planting date to first flower anthesis, Fruit
length (cm), Fruit diameter (cm), average fruit weight (g) and total furit
per plant
.Statistical analysis
Data obtained on genetic stability and evaluation of the F1 hybrids
experiments were statistically analyzed according to Gomez and Gomez
(1984) and mean comparisons were based on the LSD test (Waller and
Duncan, 1969).
Average degree of heterosis (ADH%) was estimated as the increase
or decrease percent of F1 performance over the mid-parent (MP) and
better parent (BP) (Sinha and Khanna, 1975) as follows:-
__ __ __
Based on MP = (F1- MP / MP) x 100
__ __ __
Based on BP = (F1- BP / BP) x 100
Based on standard heterosis = (F1- standard heterosis / standard
heterosis) x 100
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021 27
Where F1 was the mean performance of the F1 hybrid, MP was the mean
performance of P1 and P2 and BP was the mean performance of the better
parent.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Mean performance
Mean performance of the tested six eggplant parental genotypes,
their 15 F1 hybrids and two controls (Black King and La’ala hybrids) for
plant height, number of branches , flowering date, Average fruit weight
and Fruit length traits are presented in Table (1). Regarding plant height,
the findings indicated that a significant differences among different
parental genotypes and F1 hybrids. Concerning plant height the data
showed that the plant height of parental genotypes ranged from 42.66
(P6) to 60.33 cm (P5) with the mean of 50.49 cm, as compared to the
hybrids F1 which ranged from 48.00 (P2 ×P4) to 78.00 cm (P3 ×P6) with
the mean of 58.28 cm. Regarding the parental genotypes, the Black
beauty (P3) and PI 470273 (P5) had the highest plant height value and
were significantly different from all other parental genotypes.
Additionally, the genotypes Local cultivar white long (P1) and Local
cultivar dark long (P2) ranked second in this trait. Meanwhile, the
genotypes (P4) and (P6) showed the lowest significant value for this trait
(42.00 cm). Similarly, in the case of hybrids, the hybrid (P3 × P6) had the
highest plant height and was significantly different from all other
hybrids. Likewise, the hybrids (P2 × P3), (P5 × P6) and (P1 × P3) ranked
second in this trait. Meanwhile, the lowest plant height showed in the
hybrid (P2 × P4), but it wasn't significantly different from the most of
hybrids and the two controls. These results coincided with those of
Roychowdhury et al., (2011) who reported that the analysis of variance
revealed highly significant differences among ten genotypes of eggplant
for all the quantitative characters studied i.e., plant height and Hamada
et al., (2016) who found that the parental genotype Balady dark long
showed the highest means for plant height (61.63 cm) compared to the
remaining genotypes. Also, they reported that the hybrid Balady dark
long x Balady dark round obtained the highest means for plant height
(60.73 cm) compared to the remaining genotypes.
As for the number of branches per plant, the recorded data
indicated that a significant differences among different parental
genotypes and F1 hybrids. The number of branches per plant of parental
genotypes ranged from 8.33 (P1) to 14.33 (P4) with the mean of 10.77, as
compared to the F1 hybrids which ranged from 11.33 (P1 × P2) to 25.00
(P4 × P6) with the mean of 17.77. Regarding the parental genotypes, the
PI 408974 (P4) had the highest value of number of branches per plant.
The hybrid (P4 × P6) had the highest number of branches per plant, but it
28 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021
wasn't significantly different from hybrids (P4 × P5), (P2 × P6) and (P2 ×
P4). Likewise, the hybrids (P5 × P6) ranked second in this trait, but it
wasn't significantly different from hybrids (P2 × P6) and (P2 × P4).
Whereas, the lowest number of branches per plant showed in the hybrid
Black King (used as control), but it wasn't significantly different from the
hybrids (P2 × P3) and (P1 × P2).
Table 1: Mean performance for some vegetative growth and
flowering traits of different eggplant parental genotypes
and their F1 hybrids evaluated in the open field during the
2018 summer season.
Genotypes z Plant height
(cm)
No. of
branches/plant
Flowering
date (day)
Average fruit
weight (g))
Fruit length
(cm)
P1 50.66 fghi 8.33 k 70.33 cde 54.00 jk 13.92 defg
2P 40.44hij 11.44hijk 71.66 bcd 74.20 fghij 12.74 fghij
3P 64.33cde 12.33ghijk 74.44cde 210.00 ab 11.267 k
4P 42.66j 14.33efgh 64.33ij 34.41 k 13.59 efgh
5P 64.33cde 0.33 jk 70.66a 80.40 fghi 12.66 ghijk
6P 42.66j 0.33 jk 66.44efgh 95.97 defg 7.40
Mean 54.40 14.77 60.66 91.49 11.29
2P ×1P 57.00defg 11.33 hijk 72.00 bc 96.96 def 15.37 abcd
P1×P3 65.66 bc 18.66 cd 73.00 b 115.65 d 15.65 abc
P1×P4 56.00defgh 18.33 cde 67.00 def 62.90 ij 16.85 a
P1×P5 56.33defgh 13.66 fghi 75.66 ab 64.19 hij 14.17 cdef
P1×P6 52.00 fghi 13.33fghij 69.66 cde 62.84 ij 12.37 hijk
P2×P3 69.33 b 11.33 hijk 67.00 def 156.87 c 12.74 fghijk
P2×P4 48.00 ij 22.00 abc 59.33 j 73.33 fhhij 15.63 abc
P2×P5 53.33 efghi 16.00defg 66.66 efg 79.83fghi 12.71 fghijk
P2×P6 49.33 ghij 23.33 ab 59.33 j 157.66 c 14.20 cdef
P3×P4 54.66defghi 18.33 cde 62.00 ghij 105.53 de 12.85 fghi
P3×P5 51.00 fghi 14.00 fgh 58.33 j 80.71 fghi 13.98 defg
P3×P6 78.00 a 17.00 def 64.33fghi 189.25 b 11.28 jk
P4×P5 62.00 bcd 24.33 a 59.33 j 64.72 hij 15.32 bcd
P4×P6 52.33 fghi 25.00 a 61.66 hij 73.54 ghij 14.59 cde
P5×P6 69.33 b 20.00 bcd 72.00 bc 148.52 c 12.85 fghi
Mean 58.28 17.77 65.81 102.16 14.03
Black King 50.16 ghij 9.50 ijk 72.33 bc 217.68 a 11.69 ijk
Laala 54.66defghi 18.50 cde 66.00efgh 69.41 hij 13.60 efgh
Mean 52.41 14.00 69.17 124.46 13.83
LSD(0.05) 7.67 4.29 4.96 23.25 1.48
Z
These results matched with those of Roychowdhury et al., (2011)
who reported that the analysis of variance revealed highly significant
differences among ten genotypes of eggplant for all the quantitative
characters studied i.e., number of branches/plant and Hamada et al.,
(2016) who found that the parental genotype Balady dark long showed
the highest means for number of branches (8.27) compared to the
remaining genotypes. While, they had contradiction when reported that
the hybrid Balady dark round x Balady dark long showed the highest
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021 29
means for number of branches (8.93)compared to the remaining
genotypes.
Referring flowering date (Table,1), the results indicated that a
significant differences among different parental genotypes and F1 hybrids
in this trait (the number of days from planting date to first flower
anthesis). The data showed that the number of days from planting date to
first flower anthesis of parental genotypes ranged from 60.33 (P4) to
79.66 days (P5) with the mean of 69.66 days, as compared to the hybrids
F1 which ranged from 58.33 (P3 × P5) to 75.66 days (P1 × P5) with the
mean of 65.81 days. With respect to parental genotypes, the genotype PI
408974 (P4) was the earliest in the flowers anthesis and was significantly
different from all other parental genotypes. Likewise, the PI 542612 (P6)
ranked second in this trait and significantly different from all other
parental genotypes. Meanwhile, the genotype PI 470273 (P5) was the
tardiest in the flowers anthesis and significantly different from all other
parental genotypes. Similarly, in the case of hybrids, the hybrid (P3 × P5)
was the earliest in the flowers anthesis), but it wasn't significantly
different from hybrids (P2 × P4), (P2 × P6), (P3 × P4), (P4 × P5) and (P4 ×
P6). On the contrary, the hybrid Local cultivar white long (P1 × P5) was
the tardiest in the flowers anthesis, but it wasn't significantly different
from hybrids (P1× P2), (P1 × P3), (P5 × P6) and Black King (used as
control).
Regarding average fruit weight trait (Table1), the findings
indicated that there were significant differences among different parental
genotypes and F1 hybrids. Concerning average Fruit weight trait the
obtained data showed that the average fruit weight of parental genotypes
ranged from 34.41 (P4) to 210.00 g (P3) with the mean of 91.49 g, as
compared to the hybrids F1 which ranged from 62.84 (P1 × P6) to 189.25
g (P3× P6) with the mean of 102.16 gm. Regarding the parental
genotypes, the Black beauty (P3) had the highest average fruit weight and
was significantly different from all other parental genotypes. On the other
hand, the genotype PI 408974 (P4) showed the lowest average fruit
weight, but it wasn't significantly different from the genotype Local
cultivar white long (P1). In the case of hybrids, the hybrid (P3× P6) had
the highest significant average fruit weight. Whereas, the lowest average
fruit weight was measured in the hybrid (P1 × P6), but it wasn't
significantly different from the most of hybrids and La’ala hybrid (used
as control).
Referring Fruit length, the results presented in Table 1 indicated
that there were significant differences among different parental
genotypes and F1 hybrids. Concerning fruit length the data showed that
the fruit length of parental genotypes ranged from 7.40 (P6) to 13.92 cm
(P1) with the mean of 11.29 cm, as compared to the hybrids F1 which
30 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021
ranged from 11.28 (P3 × P6) to 16.85 cm (P1 × P4) with the mean of 14.03
cm. The Local cultivar white long (P1) give the longest fruits, but it
wasn't significantly different from genotypes PI408974 (P4) and Local
cultivar dark long (P2) and were significantly different from all other
parental genotypes, In the case of hybrids, the hybrid (P1 × P4) had the
longest significant value for this trait, but it wasn't significantly different
from hybrid (P2 × P4). Whereas, the shortest fruit length showed in the
hybrid (P3×P6) was value (11.28 cm) but it wasn't significantly different
from hybrids (P1 × P6), (P2× P5) and (P2× P3), were values (12.37,
12.71and 12.74cm, respectively).
Concerning fruit diameter (Table, 2) the data showed that fruit
diameter of parental genotypes ranged from 1.79 (P4) to 6.00 cm (P6)
with the mean of 3.46 cm, as compared to the hybrids F1 which ranged
from 2.23 to 7.24 cm with the mean of 3.73 cm. Mean of F1 was larger
little than mean of parents for fruit diameter. The PI 542612 (P6) had the
highest value for fruit diameter, and was significantly different from all
other parental genotypes. Likewise, the Black beauty (P3) ranked second
in this trait and significantly different from all other parental genotypes.
Whereas genotype (P1) showed the lowest significant value for fruit
diameter, but it wasn't significantly different from genotype (P5). The
cross (P3× P6) gave the largest value (7.24 cm) were significantly
different from all other hybrids, but one hybrid from hybrids control
(Black king) wasn’t significantly different for the same trait. On the
contrary, the hybrid (P1×P4) recorded the lowest value (2.23 cm) it
wasn’t significantly different for the hybrids (P1 × P5), (P4 × P5), (P2× P4),
(P1 × P6) and (P4 × P6).
Regarding number of fruit /plant, the findings indicated that there
were significant differences among different parental genotypes and F1
hybrids. Concerning number of fruit /plant the data in Table 2 showed
that the number of fruit /plant of parental genotypes ranged from 9.67
(P3) to 54.00 (P4) with the mean of 18.83, as compared to the hybrids F1
which ranged from 8.67 (P1 × P3), to 48.33 (P1 × P4), with the mean of
22.199. The case of, hybrids, the hybrid (P1× (P4) had the highest
number of fruit /plant value and was significantly different from all other
hybrids, except the hybrid (P4×P5) and one hybrid from control. In
contrast the hybrid (P1 × P3) had the lowest number of fruit /plant value
and wasn’t significantly different from most other hybrids such as (P1 ×
P6), (P5 × P6), (P4 × P6), (P2 × P3) and (P2 × P5).
The results presented in Table 2 indicated that a significant
differences among different parental genotypes and F1 hybrids.
Concerning fruit yield per plant the data showed that the fruit yield per
plant of parental genotypes ranged from 0.77 (P2) to 2.36 kg (P4) with the
mean of 1.267kg, as compared to the hybrids F1 which ranged from 1.28
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021 31
(P2 × P5) to 4.02 kg (P3 × P4) with the mean of 2.40. The PI 408974 (P4)
had the highest fruit yield per plant value and was significantly different
from all other parental genotypes, whereas the genotype (P2) was lowest
value and wasn’t significantly different for (P1). Concerning crosses, (P3
× P4) had highest value followed by (P3 × P6), (P4 × P5) and (P2× P4),
respectively, however, the cross (P2) × P5) had the lowest for fruit yield
per plant value and wasn’t significantly different from crosses (P1× P2),
(P1 × P3), Local cultivar white long (P1× P6).
Table 2: Mean performance for some fruit characters of different
eggplant parental genotypes and their F1 hybrids evaluated
in the open field during the 2018 summer season
Genotypes
Fruit diameter (cm) No. of fruit /plant
Total Fruit yield kg/
plant
P1 2.25 k 11.67 hij 0.89 hi
P2 2.91 hi 13.33 hij 0.77 i
P3 5.16 c 9.67 ij 1.21 fghi
P4 1.79 l 54.00 a 2.36 cdef
P5 2.66 ijk 14.00 hij 1.06 ghi
P6 6.00 b 10.33 ij 1.13 fghi
Mean 3.46 18.83 1.27
P1×P2 3.42 fg 26.33 efg 1.30 efghi
P1×P3 3.23 gh 8.67 j 1.38 efghi
P1×P4 2.23 kl 48.33 ab 2.57 bcde
P1×P5 2.33 jk 22.00 fgh 1.79 defghi
P1×P6 2.56 ijk 9.33 j 1.43 efghi
P2×P3 6.01 b 14.33 hij 1.98 defghi
P2×P4 2.53 ijk 35.33 cde 3.61 abc
P2×P5 3.56 efg 16.33 ghij 1.28 efghi
P2×P6 4.20 d 22.00 fgh 2.89 abcd
P3×P4 3.98 de 28.00 def 4.02 a
P3×P5 3.98 de 22.00 fgh 2.34 cdefg
P3×P6 7.24 a 20.33 fghi 3.89 ab
P4×P5 2.45 jk 41.00 bc 3.87 ab
P4×P6 2.66 ijk 10.00 ij 2.18 defgh
P5×P6 5.66 b 9.33 j 1.59 efghi
Mean 3.73 22.20 2.40
Black King 7.13 a 12.33 hij 2.43 cdef
La’ala 2.75 ij 38.00 bcd 2.91 abcd
Mean 4.53 25.17 2.67
LSD(0.05) 0.44 10.68 1.30
These results matched with those of Hamada et al., (2016) who
found that the parental genotype Balady dark long (P3) showed the
highest means for total fruit yield (44.93 ton/feddan) compared to other
genotypes. Also, they stated that the hybrid (Balady dark long x Balady
dark round) obtained the highest means for total fruit yield
(58.03ton/feddan) and showed that the hybrid (Balady white long x
Balady dark round) exhibited positive and highly significant heterosis
values relative to their mid-parents and better parent for total fruit yield.
32 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021
Heterosis effects
Data in Table (3) show heterosis over mid and better-parent for 15
F1 hybrids. All the crosses exhibited significant mid and better-parent
heterosis for majority of the traits indicating predominance of nonadditive
gene action in genetic control of these traits.
Regarding plant height, estimates of mid parent (MP) and better
parent (BP) heterosis of crosses are presented in Table 3: Showed that 9
crosses out of the 15 evaluated F1 hybrids indicated highly significant
positive mid-parent heterosis, and one hybrid recorded significant
negative value was (P2 × P6) with (-15.70%). Mid - parent heterosis
ranged from -15.70 % for the (P3 × P5) to 50.97% for the cross (P3 × P6).
Desirable positive BP heterosis for plant height was observed in six
F1crosses, One F1 crosses exhibited desirable significant negative BP
values, i.e. (P3 × P5) with (-15.93 %), Concerning heterosis over standard
check in Table (4), exhibited 4 crosses out of the 6 evaluated F1 hybrids
concerning standard check (a) indicated significant standard check
heterosis, and ranged from -12.2 % for the cross (P2 × P4) to 13.41% for
the cross (P4 × P5), while exhibited 8 crosses out of the 9 evaluated F1
hybrids indicated significant standard check heterosis (b), and ranged
from -1.66 % for the cross (P2 × P6) to 55.48% for the cross (P3 × P6) for
standard check heterosis (b).
Table 3: Percentage of heterosis in the F1 generations over both mid
and better parents for some vegetative growth and
flowering traits of 15 eggplant F1 hybrids
Crosses
Plant height Number of branches Flowering date
M.P% B.P(%) M.P(%) B.P(%) M.P(%) B.P(%)
P1× P2 14.38** 12.50** 17.24** 3.03 1.41 2.37
P1×P3 17.96** 8.24* 80.65** 51.35** 4.04 4.29
P1×P4 20.00** 10.53** 61.76** 27.91** 2.55 11.05**
P1×P5 1.50 -6.63 54.72** 46.43** 0.89 7.58**
P1×P6 11.43** 2.63 50.94** 42.86** 2.20 5.56*
P2×P3 26.44** 14.29** -2.86 -8.11 -5.41* -4.29
P2×P4 4.73 -2.04 73.68** 53.49** -10.10** -1.66
P2×P5 -2.44 -11.60 57.38** 45.45** -11.89** -6.98*
P2×P6 7.64* 0.68 129.51** 112.12** -13.80** -10.10**
P3×P4 5.81 -9.89 37.50** 27.91** -4.86* 2.76
P3×P5 -15.70 -15.93 29.23** 13.51** -22.05** -16.67**
P3×P6 50.97** 28.57** 56.92** 37.84** -5.39* -2.53
P4×P5 20.39** 2.76 105.63** 69.77** -15.24** -1.66
P4×P6 22.66** 22.66** 111.27** 74.42** -2.37 2.21
P5×P6 34.63** 14.92** 114.29** 114.29** -1.14 9.09**
LCD 5% 6.27 7.24 3.99 4.60 4.61 5.32
LCD 1% 8.40 9.69 5.33 6.16 6.17 7.12
Z * significant and ** highly significant at 0.05 and 0.01 levels of probability, respectively.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021 33
Table 4: Percentage of heterosis values standard checks (La’alaa)z
and (Black kingb)z for some vegetative growth and flowering
traits of 6 eggplant F1 hybrids.
CrossesZ Plant height (cm) Number of branches Flowering date (day)
Standard checks Standard checks Standard checks
P1×P2 4.27a -38.74a 9.09a
P1×P4 2.44a -0.9a 1.52a
P1×P5 3.05a -26.12a 14.65a
P2×P4 -12.2a 18.92a -10.1a
P2×P5 -2.45a -13.51a 1.01a
P4×P5 13.41a 31.53a -10.11a
P1×P3 30.9b 96.49b 0.93b
P1×P6 3.65b 40.35b -3.68b
P2×P3 38.2b 19.29b -7.37b
P2×P6 -1.66b 145.61b -17.97b
P3×P4 8.97b 92.98b -14.28b
P3×P5 1.66b 47.37b -19.35b
P3×P6 55.48b 78.95b -11.06b
P4×P6 4.31b 163.16b -14.74b
P5×P6 38.2b 110.53b -0.46b
Z a standard check Lal, la hybrid long fruit and b Black King hybrid round fruit
These results coincided with those of Naresh et al., (2013)
estimated significant positive heterosis for plant height, based on midparent,
ranged from 0.83 to 29.74 % in 36 crosses of eggplant and found
that the maximum heterosis for this trait was exhibited by the crosses
KS-6103 × KS-8822, KS-6103 × KS-8821and KS-8504 ×KS-8821, and
Hamada et al., (2016) who reported that the hybrid (Balady white long x
Balady dark round) exhibited positive and highly significant heterosis.
Referring the number of branches per plant, estimates of mid and
better-parent heterosis of crosses are presented in Table 3. Results
Showed that 14 crosses out of the 15 evaluated F1 hybrids indicated
highly significant positive for mid-parent heterosis, and ranged from
17.24 % for the (P1 × P2) to 129.51% for the cross (P2 × P6). While,
results showed that 13 crosses out of the 15 evaluated F1 hybrids showed
highly significant positive for better-parent heterosis, and ranged from
13.53% for the cross (P3 × P5) to 112.12% for the cross (P2 ×
P6).Concerning heterosis over standard check in Table 4 exhibited 2
crosses out of the 6 evaluated F1 hybrids for standard check (a) indicated
standard check heterosis, and ranged from -38.74 % for the cross (P1 ×
P2) to 31.53% for the cross (P4 × P5). However, exhibited all F1 hybrids
indicated positive standard check (b) heterosis for the number of
34 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021
branches per plant. These results coincided with those of Mahmoud
(2014) stated that mid and better parents heterosis values ranged from -
0.46 to 36.67% and 4.78 to 13.67%, respectively, for number of branches
per plant, and Naresh et al., (2014) who mentioned that positive
heterosis over better parent ranged from 1.38 to 52.23% for number of
branches per plant in eggplant hybrids.
Data obtained on the number of days from planting date to first
flower anthesis of evaluated eggplant genotypes are presented in Table
(3)In this regard, the number of days from planting date to first flower
anthesis with negative values of heterosis or heterobeltiosis was
considered to be better and desirable.
Results revealed that, 5 out of the 15 evaluated F1 hybrids showed
highly significant negative heterosis for over mid parent for number of
days from planting date to first flower anthesis and three hybrids
registered significant negative heterosis for over mid parent, and ranged
from -22.05% for the hybrid (P3 × P5) to -1.14% for the hybrid (P5 × P6).
Other wise, two hybrids i.e. (P3 × P5) and (P2 × P6) indicate highly
significant negative values of heterosis over the better parent with (-16.7
and -10.10%, respectively).Heterosis over the better parent ranged from -
16.67 for the hybrid (P3 × P5) to 11.05% for the hybrid (P1 × P4). In
connection with, standard check heterosis indicates rustles in Table (4).
Two out of the 6 hybrids evaluated F1 hybrids for standard check (a)
showed negative values for the number of days from planting date to first
flower anthesis , and hybrid (P4 × P5) had highly significant negative
value. The date in table 3 showed that most hybrids significant negative
values for the number of days from planting date to first flower anthesis
to strand check (b). These results are in agreement with those of Sao and
Mehta (2010) evaluated 48 hybrids along with their parents in line ×
tester design during rainy season 2004/2005. They reported that among
the eleven attributes studied highly significant and negative heterosis for
days to first flowering (-14.66 %), and Al-Hubaity (2013) reported that
the heterosis values ranged from -4.33 to 7.33% for date of flowering.
Referring average of fruit weight, estimates of mid and betterparent
heterosis of crosses are presented in Table (5). Results indicated
that 6 crosses out of the 15 evaluated F1 hybrids had highly significant
positive for mid-parent heterosis, and ranged from 32.71 % for the cross
(P3 × P6) to 85.30 % for the cross (P2 × P6). While 3 hybrids were (P2 ×
(P6), (P5 × P6) and (P1 × P2) showed highly significant positive betterparent
heterosis.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021 35
Highly significant positive better-parent heterosis was observed
only on three cross i.e., (P1 × P2), (P5 × P6) and (P2 × P6) with (30.67,
54.76 and 64.28%).With reference to, standard check heterosis indicate
rustles in Table 6 defined 3 crosses out of the 6 evaluated F1 hybrids
were positive value for standard check(a), and ranged from -9.12 % for
the cross Local cultivar white long (P1)× PI 408974 (P4) to 40.10 % for
the cross Local cultivar white long (P1)× Local cultivar dark long (P2) for
the same standard check. Otherwise, data in Table 6 show standard
heterosis (b) for 9 F1 hybrids. All the crosses exhibited negative value,
for average fruit weight. These results are in agreement with those
reported by Al-Hubaity (2013) who observed the heterosis values ranged
from -14.74 to 41.74% for average fruit weight, and Mahmoud (2014)
stated that mid parents heterosis values ranged from -17.16 to 11.99% for
average fruit weight, and its maximum heterosis was estimated in the
cross CLW.1-1 × CLW.4-2. Check.
Table 5: Percentage of heterosis in the F1 over both mid and better
parents for some physical characters of 15 F1 eggplant.
Genotype
Average fruit weight Fruit length Fruit diameter
M.P B.P M.P B.P M.P M.P
P1×P2 51.26** 30.67** 15.25** 10.49** 32.39** 17.26**
P1×P3 -12.38 -44.93 24.29** 12.46** -12.81 -37.42
P1×P4 42.29** 16.49 22.54** 21.10** 10.73** -0.59
P1×P5 -4.47 -20.16 6.66** 1.87* -5.22 -12.63
P1×P6 -16.19 -34.52 16.09** -11.09 -37.86 -57.28
P2×P3 10.40 -25.30 6.02** -0.21 48.78** 16.39**
P2×P4 36.88** 0.18 18.63** 15.04** 7.65** -13.14
P2×P5 3.28 -0.70 0.00 -0.39 27.76** 22.29**
P2×P6 85.30** 64.28** 40.83** 11.23** -5.79 -30.00
P3×P4 -13.64 -49.75 3.39** -5.45 14.61** -22.84
P3×P5 -44.41 -61.57 16.88** 10.42** 1.62** -22.97
P3×P6 23.71** -9.88 20.86** 0.12 29.73** 20.72**
P4×P5 12.74 -19.50 16.69** 12.73** 10.25** -7.88
P4×P6 12.80 -23.37 39.05** 7.38** -31.54 -55.56
P5×P6 68.42** 54.76** 28.07** 1.45 30.77** -5.56
LCD 5% 17.32 20.00 1.26 1.46 0.40 0.46
LCD 1% 23.17 26.76 1.69 1.95 0.54 0.62
* significant and ** highly significant at 0.05 and 0.01 levels of probability,
respectively.
Data in Table 5 exhibited most hybrids highly significant positive
values of heterosis over the mid-parent for fruit length. The hybrid (P2 ×
P6) had the highest value (40.83%), while the hybrid (P3 × P4) had the
lowest one (3.39 %). Only one hybrid (P2 × P5) did not have any
heterosis for fruit length. Related the heterosis over the better parent, the
hybrid (P1 × P4) had the highly significant value (21.10%), while the
hybrid (P1 × P6) had the lowest one (-11.9 %). As for, check heterosis
indicate rustles in Table (6). Results showed 5 crosses out of the 6
36 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021
evaluated F1 hybrids for standard check (a) were positive value, and
ranged from -6.49 % for the cross (P2 × P5) to 23.92 % for the (P1× P4).
However, standard check heterosis (b) for 9 F1 hybrids. All the crosses
exhibited positive value except the hybrid (P3 × P6) was value -3.53%,
whilst the hybrid (P1× P3) was highest value 33.84% for fruit length. This
results is coincided with Makani et al., (2013) reported that significant
positive heterosis, based on mid-parent and better parent in the cross GP-
180 × KS-331 reaching to 21.11% and 12.11%, respectively, for average
fruit length, and Naresh et al., (2013) found that average fruit length for
eggplant of heterosis over mid- parent 6.04 to 72.73 %.
Table 6: Heterosis (%) values standard checks (La’alaa)z and (Black
kingb)z for some physical characters of 6 eggplant F1
hybrids.
Genotypes z Fruit weight (g) Fruit length (cm) Fruit diameter (cm)
P1×P2 40.10a 13.07a 24.21a
P1×P4 -9.12a 23.92a -18.76a
P1×P5 -7.25a 4.24a -15.37a
P2×P4 7.40a 14.95a -7.99a
P2×P5 15.34a -6.49a 29.54a
P4×P5 -6.49a 12.65a -10.77a
P1×P3 -46.87b 33.84Ab -54.67b
P1×P6 -71.13b 5.82b -64.07b
P2×P3 -27.94b 8.95b -15.70b
P2×P6 -27.57b 21.44b -41.12b
P3×P4 -51.52b 9.89b -44.11b
P3×P5 -62.92b 19.62b -44.21b
P3×P6 -13.06b -3.53b 1.54b
P4×P6 -66.22b 24.80b -62.62b
P5×P6 -31.77b 9.89b -20.56b
Z a standard check Lal,la hybrid long fruit and b Black King hybrid round fruit
Concerning, fruit diameter; estimates of mid and better-parent
heterosis of crosses are presented in Table 5. Results exhibited that 10
crosses out of the 15 evaluated F1 hybrids defined highly significant
positive mid-parent heterosis, and ranged from 1.62 % for the cross (P2×
P5) to 48.78 % for the (P2 × P3). However, results Showed that 4 hybrids
out of the 15 evaluated F1 hybrids showed highly significant positive
better-parent heterosis, and ranged from 16.39 % for the cross Local
cultivar white long (P2) × P3) to 22.29 % for the cross (P2 × P5). In
connection with, standard check heterosis indicates rustles in Table (6).
Two out of the 6 evaluated F1 hybrids showed positive values over
hybrids (La’ala) standard check(a) heterosis and ranged from -18.76 %
for the cross (P1 × P4) to 29.54% for the cross (P2 × P5). On the other
hand, the date in table 6 showed that most hybrids negative values for
fruit diameter, except the hybrid Black beauty (P3 × P6). These results are
in agreement with those reported by Patel et al,. (2013) who estimated
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021 37
significant positive heterosis, based on mid-parent for average fruit
diameter ranged from -11.10% to 65.20%, Seven crosses out of 21
crosses showed significantly positive heterosis for both traits.
Data presented in Table (7). indicated that, the magnitude of heterosis
for no. of fruit per plant ranged from -68.91 for the hybrid (P4 × P6) to
110.67 % for the hybrid (P1 × P2) and from -81.48 for the hybrid (P4 × P6) to
97.50 % for the hybrid (P1 × P2) over mid- parent and better parent,
respectively. Whereas, 9 out of the 15 hybrids and 5 out of the 15 hybrids
exhibited significantly positive heterosis over mid- parent and better parent,
respectively for no. of fruit per plant. The cross (P1 × P2) followed by the
cross (P3 × P6), (P2 × P6) and (P3 × P5) had exhibited desirable significant
positive heterosis over mid- parent and better parent. On the contrary, 4 out
of the 15 hybrids and 8 out of the 15 hybrids exhibited highly significantly
negative heterosis over mid- parent and better parent, respectively for no. of
fruit per plant. The cross (P4 × P6) had the lowest negative value over both
types of heterosis. With regard to, standard check heterosis indicates rustles
in Table 8. 2 out of the 6 evaluated F1 hybrids increase positive over hybrids
(La’ala) standard check (a) heterosis and ranged from -57.03 % for the cross
(P2 × P5) to 27.19% for the cross (P1 × P4) no. of fruit per plant. On the other
hand, The date in Table 8: showed that 5 out of the 9 evaluated F1 hybrids
increase positive over hybrids (Black king) standard check (b) heterosis and
ranged from -29.71 for hybrid (P1 × P3) to 127.09 for hybrid (P3 × P4) for no.
of fruit per plant.
Table 7: Percentage of heterosis in the F1 generations over both mid
and better parents for number of fruits and yield per plant
characters of 15 eggplant F1 hybrids.
genotypes
no. of fruit /plant Yield/plant
M.p B.p M.p B.p
P1×P2 110.67** 97.50** 56.36** 45.08**
P1×P3 -18.75** -25.71** 61.08** 39.94**
P1×P4 47.21** -10.49 57.57** 8.62**
P1×P5 71.43** 57.14** 83.24** 99.77**
P1×P6 -15.15** -20.00** 41.29** 26.52**
P2×P3 24.64** 7.50 99.60** 62.77**
P2×P4 4.95 -34.57** 130.57** 52.65**
P2×P5 19.51** -69.75** 39.97** -46.03
P2×P6 85.92** 65.00** 205.11** 155.80**
P3×P4 -12.04 -48.15** 124.77** 70.11**
P3×P5 85.92** 57.14** 106.81** 93.42**
P3×P6 103.33** 96.77** 230.02** 218.85**
P4×P5 20.59** -24.07** 126.20** 63.67**
P4×P6 -68.91** -81.48** 24.51** -7.94
P5×P6 -23.29** -33.33** 45.33** 40.52**
LCD 5% 9.71 11.22 1.14 1.32
LCD 1% 13.00 15.01 1.53 1.77
* significant and ** highly significant at 0.05 and 0.01 levels of probability,
respectively.
38 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021
Table 8: Heterosis (%) values standard checks (La’ala a)z and (Black
kingb)z for for number of fruits and yield per plant
characters of 6 eggplant F1 hybrids.
Genotypes No. of fruit /plant Yield/plant
P1×P2 -30.70a -55.43a
P1×P4 27.19a -11.89a
P1×P5 -42.11a -38.63a
P2×P4 -7.02a 23.82a
P2×P5 -57.03a -56.22a
P4×P5 7.89a 32.76a
P1×P3 -29.71b -43.04b
P1×P6 -24.31b -40.98b
P2×P3 16.24b -18.56b
P2×P6 78.43b 19.33b
P3×P4 127.09b 65.72b
P3×P5 78.43b -3.22b
P3×P6 64.91b 59.53b
P4×P6 -18.90b -10.31b
P5×P6 -24.31b -34.45b
Z a standard check Lal,la hybrid long fruit and b Black King hybrid round fruit
Data in Table (7) exhibited all hybrids highly significant positive
values of heterosis over the mid-parent for total fruit per plant. The
hybrid (P3 × P6) had the highest value (230.02%), while the hybrid (P4 ×
P6) had the lowest one (24.51 %). In the case of, heterosis over the
better-parent, showed that most hybrids had highly significant positive
values of heterosis over the better-parent, except two hybrids had highly
significant negative values were cross (P2 × P5) and (P4 × P6) with (-
46.03 and -7.94, respectively), and the hybrid (P3 × P6) had the highest
value (218.85%) for yield per plant. About standard check heterosis
presented rustles in Table 8 Two out of the 6 evaluated F1 hybrids
increase positive over hybrids (La’ala) standard check (a) heterosis and
ranged from -56.22 % for the cross (P2 × P5) to 32.76% for the cross (P4
× P5) for yield per plant. However, standard check (b) heterosis showed
rustles 3 out of 9 evaluated F1 hybrids highest positive over hybrids
(Black king) standard check (b) heterosis and ranged from -43.04 for
hybrid (P1 × P3) to 65.72 for hybrid (P3 × P4) for yield per plant. These
results are in agreement with those reported by Naresh et al., (2013) who
estimated significant positive heterosis, based on mid-parent, ranged
from 21.04 to112.64% in 36 crosses of eggplant and found that the
maximum heterosis for fruit yield per plant was exhibited by the cross
KS-8507 x KS-7512 (112.64%) followed by KS-5623 x KS-7512
(110.39%) and KS-8204-2 x KS-8822(92.47%).
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021 39
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Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021 41
تقدير قوة الهجين لبعض هجن الباذنجان
, لطفي عبدالفتاح بدر 1 , مه ا رن مختار النجار 1, ايمان عثمان حسن 2
عبير عبدالقادر سليمان 3 و محمود سعد عامر 3
1( قسم البساتين - کمية الز ا رعة - جامعة بنها- ) 2( قسم وقاية النبات کمية الز ا رعة – جامعة بنها و) 3( قسم (
بحوث تربية الخضر والنباتات الطيبة والعطرية – معهد بحوث البساتين – مرکز البحوث الز ا رعية.
أجريت هذة الد ا رسة في محطة بحوث الخضر بقها محافظة القميوبية وذلک باستخدام ستة
أباء ثلاثة اباء منهم من الاصناف المحمية مثل الصنف المحمي الابيض الطويل الاب الاول –
الصنف المحمي الاسود الطويل الاب الثاني والصنف البلاک بيوتي الاب الثالث وثلاثة
الاب ال ا ربع PI اصناف مستورة من مرکز الاصول الو ا رثية بالولايات المتحدة وهما 4089741
الاب السادس . وتم أج ا رء التهجينات بطريقة PI الاب الخامس و 542612 PI 470273
الهجن الدا في اتجاه واحد بدون استخدام الخجن العکسية. وتم تقدير قوة الهجين بالنسبة لمتوسط
الابوين وبالنسبة لاب الافضل وبالنسبة لمهجين القياسي وتم الز ا رعة في الفترة من 2112 الي
2112 في ثلاث مواسم . وتم تقييم 23 الترکيب الو ا رثي ) ستة أباء و 12 الهجين الخاصة بها
و 2 هجين کنترول( وتم تقيميها لتقدير قوة الهجين لمکونات المحصول وبعض الصفات الثمرية
والصفات الاخري. في بعض الهجن ، تم تحقيق معدل مرتفع من قوة الهجين التي أثبت سيادة
اعطي اعمي قوة هجين بالنسبة لمتوسط الابوين )P3*P تامة لمعظم الصفات وکان الهجين ) 6
والاب الافضل بقيم ) 231.12 % و 212.22 بالترتيب ( لمحصول الکمي.
42 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 36 (3) 2021
