THE EFFECT OF DIETARY CRUDE FIBER ON DANDARAWI LAYING HENS PERFORMANCE, BLOOD SERUM, AND YOLK CHOLESTEROL CONCENTRATIONS

Table 3: Effect of dietary crude fiber on Dandarawi laying hens performance

^ab means within a column within the same character, with different superscripts are significantly different( P<0.05)

Statistical significant by analysis of variance, NS = not significant

Table 4: Effect of dietary crude fiber on egg quality traits of Dandarawi laying hens performance 

^ab means within a column within the same character, with different superscripts are significantly different( P<0.05)

Statistical significant by analysis of variance, NS = not significant

Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 54 No. 117 April 20081Dept. of Animal and Poultry Production,Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, EgyptTHE EFFECT OF DIETARY CRUDE FIBER ONDANDARAWI LAYING HENS PERFORMANCE,BLOOD SERUM, AND YOLK CHOLESTEROLCONCENTRATIONS(With 4 Tables)ByH.A. MAHMOUD(Received at 13/3/2008)تأثير الألياف الخام فى العليقة على الأداء الإنتاجى وترکيز الکوليسترول فىسيرم الدم وصفار البيض لدجاج الدندراوى البياضحسين عبد الفتاح محمودأجريت هذه التجربة لدراسة تأثير زيادة مستوى الأياا الاااف ال القةيعاة اةال الأدا الإنتااجلومستوى الکوليسترول ل سيرف الدف وصفار البيض لدجاج الدندراوى البيااض أساتادف 021طائر لهذه الدراسة وزات اشوائيا اةل أربع مقاملات غذائية بکل مقامةة 01 طاائر وأتتاوت, کل مقامةة اةل 0 مکررات بکل مکررة 01 دجاجات تف تکوين القلائا لتتتاوى اةال 001020.2 و 60.2 % أليااا ااااف أواااتت النتااائ المتتصاال اةيهااا أن زيااادة مسااتوى ,.0.2الأيااا الااااف اال القةيعااة أدى الاال انافاااض مقنااوى اال اسااتهلاا القةاا وزيااادة اال الکفااا ةالغذائياة ولاف يرهار التاأثير القاالل لألياا أى ارو مقنوياة ال وزن البيااة, کتةاة البايض ,انتاج البايض, وزن البيااض أو الصافاربينما أدت المساتويات القالياة مان الألياا الال انافااضمقنااوى اال وزن العشاارة وساامکها مسااتوى الکوليسااترول انافااض اال صاافار الباايض بنساابة20.2 و ,. 6022 و 709 % لةاااادجاجات المغااااذاة اةاااال الائاااا اتتااااوت اةاااال 0.2 ,.012%60.2 أليا ااف اةل التاوالل کاان أکبار انافااض ال کوليساترول سايرف الادف لةادجاجاتالتال غاذيت اةال اةيعاة بهاا 60.2 % ألياا اااف البياناات المتتصال اةيهاا مان هاذه الدراساةلاصت أن التغذية اةل مستويات االية من الأليا بإستاداف دريس البرسايف کمصادر لألياالف يؤثرسةبيا اةل الأدا الإنتاجل لدجاج الدندراوى وأدى الل تتسين الکفا ة الغذائية وانافاضمساااااااااااااااتوى الکوليساااااااااااااااترول ااااااااااااااال صااااااااااااااافار البااااااااااااااايض وسااااااااااااااايرف الااااااااااااااادفSUMMARYA trial was performed to study the effect of increasing dietary crudefiber level on the performance, blood serum and yolk cholesterolconcentrations of Dandarawi laying hens. A total of one hundred twenty,32 weeks old Dandarawi laying hens were randomly assigned to fourdietary treatments of 30 hens each (three replicate of 10 hens each).Diets were formulated to have 3.01, 4.42, 6.52, and 8.46% crude fiber(CF). The experiment prolonged for 3 months results indicated thatincreasing dietary CF significantly increased feed efficiency while feedAssiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 54 No. 117 April 20082consumption was decreased. Dietary CF levels had no significant effecton weight gain; egg mass, egg production, albumen and yolk weight.Shell weight, percent and thickness were significantly decreased asdietary CF increased. Milligrams yolk cholesterol per g of yolkdecreased as hens were fed increasing dietary CF levels. Totalcholesterol per yolk decreased by 5.06, 8.62 and 9.7 % at feeding CFlevels of 4.42, 6.52 and 8.46%, respectively; as compared to the controldiet (3.01CF). Serum cholesterol was significantly decreased when thedietary CF was increased; the lowest reduction (29%) of cholesterol inserum was found in hens fed diet contained 8.46% CF. In conclusion,data reported in this study indicated that yolk and serum cholesterol wasreduced by increasing levels of CF. Furthermore, feeding clover hay asfiber source in diet of Dandarawi laying hens reduced yolk cholesterolwithout adversely affecting either egg production or egg massfurthermore, feed efficiency was significantly improved.Key words: Crude fiber, laying hens, cholesterol, performance,Egg quality, Egg production.INTRODUCTIONFrom the consumer’s point of view, fat is associated with poordietetic quality and moreover, consumer awareness of correlationbetween saturated fat consumption and obesity or coronary heart diseasehas stimulated the demand for low fat products of animal origins. Layinghens generally are not fed products of animal origin and usually meettheir bodies’ needs for cholesterol entirely by de novo synthesis. Inaddition, most of the cholesterol in laying hen plasma resides in the verylow-density lipoprotein (VLDV) fraction (Elkin et al., 1999). As statedby Holden et al., (1989), the average cholesterol content of one large eggis 208 mg. Kritchevsky and Kritchevsky (2000) recommended thatpeople should limit the consumption of eggs because of their highcholesterol content. Hence, the cholesterol scare may have created asevere negative influence on consumer’s attitude toward eggs. Dietscontaining high levels of fiber were associated with higher water contentin the gastrointestinal tract and it is proposed that this improved welfare(Hocking et al., 2004). Bile acid excretion is the main eliminatorypathway of endogenous cholesterol. Increased bile acid excretion causesa decrease in the cholesterol pool and in blood cholesterol. Eastwoodand Boyd (1967) observed in rats that bile salts appear to be bounded tofiber in the small intestine and therefore unavailable for bile saltreabsorption and enterohepatic recirculation. Increasing dietary fiber hasbeen shown to significantly decrease serum cholesterol and/or arteryAssiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 54 No. 117 April 20083deposition of plaque in humans (Trowell, 1972), rabbits (Kritchevsky etal., 1954), rat (Tsai, 1976), chicks (Fahrenbach et al., 1966 and Fisherand Griminger, 1967), turkeys (Simpson and Harms, 1969), and layinghens (Menge et al., 1974 and Hussein et al., (1976). Truk and Barnett(1972) found that alfalfa, when added to corn-soy laying hen diet, wasmost effective of the fiber sources tested for decreasing egg cholesterolwith the least loss of egg size, feed efficiency, and egg production, whilecellulose only slightly reduced egg cholesterol. Therefore, thisexperiment was conducted to determine the effect of fiber sources andlevel on yolk and serum cholesterol and performance of Dandarawilaying hens using natural fiber sources that might be added to practicallaying hen diets.MATERIALS and METHODSThis experiment was carried out at the Poultry Farm, Animal andPoultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, AssiutUniversity. One hundred twenty Dandarawi laying hens were 32 weeksold were divided into four groups of 30 birds each and housedindividually in wire cages. A row of 10 cages was considered as oneblock per treatment. They were fed diets consisting of various levels offiber (3.01, 4.42, 6.52, and 8.46 CF %) ad libitum over a 3 monthexperimental period. All dietary treatments were isonitrogenous andisoenergetic. All birds subjected to photoperiod of 16 hours light and 8 hdark daily. Feed samples were taken and analyzed according to AOACmethods (1990). The composition of experimental diets used is shown inTable (1).Egg production, fed consumption, feed efficiency, egg weight,egg quality and survivability were determined periodically throughoutthe experiment. At the end of 2nd and 3rd month of the experiment bloodsamples were collected from six randomly selected hens from eachtreatment. Serum was separated by centrifugation for 10 minutes (300rpm) and stored in vials at -20ºC for later analyses. Frozen serum wasthawed and assayed for cholesterol values by enzymatic colorimetric test(CHOD-PAP) using commercial kits purchased from Bioub (Germany).Yolk cholesterol was determined in eggs laid in the last three days the ofsecond and third month of the experiment. Collected eggs were brokenand yolk separated and weighed, then pooled and frozen at -18 ºC untilanalyzed in duplicate samples. Yolk cholesterol was extracted accordingto the method of Folich et al., (1956) as modified by Washburn and Nix91974) and estimated by the method of Zlatkis et al. (1953) using acholesterol diagnostic kit.Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 54 No. 117 April 20084Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the yield datausing the general linear model (GLM) of Statistical Analysis System(SAS, 1992). The analysis was carried out according to the followingmodel:Yij= μ + Li + +EijWhere Yij is the observation of the CF levels, μ is the overallmean, Li is the effect of CF level, and Eij is the random error. When asignificant effect (P<0.05) was proved, differences between treatmentmeans were tested for significant by least squares means (LSM) orDuncan's test as explained by Steel and Torrie (1960).REULTSTable 1: Composition of the experimental dietsIngredient Diet1(Control)Diet 2 Diet 3 Diet 4Ground yellow corn(8.5% CP 58.21 51.94 40.60 29.87Soybean meal(44% CP) 27.70 25.80 24.46 23.00Clover hay meal 00 6.22 15.60 24.65Mixed oil 3.05 5.00 8.30 11.44Dicalcium phosphate 1.74 1.74 1.74 1.74Limestone 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50Salt 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35Premix* 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23DL-Methionine(99%) 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22Total 100 100 100 100Calculated analysisME, Kcal/Kg 2842 2840 2840 2840CP% 17.10 17.03 16.94 16.90Crude fiber 3.01 4.42 6.52 8.46Ether Extract 5.44 7.30 10.35 13.25Calcium % 3.54 3.52 3.50 3.50Available phosphorus % 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52Each package of 1 kg contain: 2million IU vit. A; 1.5million IU vit. D; 330 mg vit. K; 830 mg vit. E;20000 mgCholineChloride; 830 mg Nicotinc Acid; 35 mg vit. B6; 330 mg vit. B1; 1000 mg vit. B2; 1.75 mg vit. B12; 35 mg Biotin;85 mg Folic Acid; 335 mg Panyotheinic Acid6670 mg Mg; 500 mg Cu; 35 mg I; 17 mg Se; 12500 mg Fe5000 mg Mn;11660 mg Zn; 17 mg Cobalt.Table 2: Effect of Different Levels of Crude Fiber on BloodSerum and Egg Yolk Cholesterol Levels.Dietary treatments Cholesterol valuesSerum (mg/ 100ml) Yolk (mg/g)3.01% CF 137.36±12.2a 12.06±0.2 a4.42% CF 118.58±13.1ab 11.45±0.0 a6.52% CF 106.41±10.42a 11.02±0.1b8.46% CF 97.37±11.7cb 10.89±0.4bSignificance * *ab means within a column within the same character, with different superscripts are significantly different(P<0.05)Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 54 No. 117 April 20085Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 54 No. 117 April 20086DISUCSSIONLaying hen's performance: Table (3) summarized the effects of dietarycrude fiber on body weight, egg number, egg production, egg mass, feedintake, feed efficiency and survivability. Body weight gain of hens wasnot significantly (P<0.05) affected by increasing dietary crude fiber.This result is in agreement with that of Hammad, (2005), Abdel-Azeem(2005) and Vargas and Naber (1984). Feed intake of birds fed dietaryfiber at levels of 5 and 7% was significantly decreased when comparedto the control group. Similar findings were reported by Abdel-Azeem(2005); Chaturvedi and Singh (2000); Wess and Scot (1978) and James(1978). However, feed efficiency was significantly increased as CF wasincreased. Compared with other dietary groups, fed high dietary CF thelevel of 8.46% crude fiber showed a little improvement in feedefficiency. These results agreed with those of Adeyemi and Familade(2003) and Hetland (2003) who reported that the coarse insoluble fibercould improve feed conversion if poultry fed highly fiber diets.Improvement of feed efficiency is thought to be due partly to increasedigestibility of starch and may be due to increase of gizzard activity.Insignificant decrease was showed in egg mass and egg numberper hen when the hens received high fiber diets. These results are inagreement with those obtained by Roth-Maier and Krichgessner (1998),they concluded that maize-cob-mix with up to 7% crude fiber can beused successfully as energy source for laying hens. No significantdifferences were observed in egg production due to crude fiber levels.The obtained results are in agreement with the findings of Vargas andNaber (1984); Hennig et al., (1990); Piliang (1990), and Hammad(2005). According to survivability, no significance effects were detectedamong dietary fiber.Egg quality traits: The results of egg quality measurements as affectedby dietary fiber levels are presented in Table (4). No significantdifferences in albumen, yolk weight, and yolk index were fond due todiets fiber contents variation. Results reported herein are in harmonywith those obtained by Abdel-Azeem (2005) and Hammad (2005).However, shell weight and shell thickness significantly decreased asdietary fiber increased in the diet of laying hens. This result wasdisagreed with those of Roberts (2004); Adeyemi and Familade (2003)and Abdel-Azeem (2005) who found that dietary crude fiber did notinfluence shell thickness.Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 54 No. 117 April 20087In conclusion, the data reported herein indicated that the dietarycrude fiber led to a significant increase in feed efficiency, while feedintake and shell thickness were decreased. Dietary crude fiber had nosignificant effects on weight gain, egg mass, egg production, yolk,albumen weight and yolk index.Serum and egg yolk cholesterol: The effect of various level of fiberupon serum and egg cholesterol values is shown in Table (2). Eggweight were separated into two distinct egg weight 40 ± 2g or 45 ± 2gand egg yolk cholesterol was determined in each group. Eggs of similarweights were taken in order to delete any possible interaction of eggweight and yolk cholesterol. Milligrams yolk cholesterol per g of yolkdecreased as hens were fed increasing dietary fiber levels. Totalcholesterol per yolk decreased by 5.06, 8.62 and 9.7 % at feeding dietarycrude fiber levels of 4.42, 6.52 and 8.46% respectively; as compared tothe control diet. Also, serum cholesterol was significantly decreasedwhen the dietary CF was increased, the lowest reduction (29%) in serumwas found in hens fed diet contained 8.46% CF. Although dietary fatincreased as dietary fiber increased (Table 1), the conclusion reachedwas that only dietary fiber influenced yolk cholesterol. Miller andKatsoulis (1974) found no significant differences in ether blood serum oregg yolk cholesterol concentration with increasing dietary animal fat.The results obtained from this study are in agreement with those byWeiss and Scott (1979) who reported that the alfalfa meal produced asignificant lowering in plasma cholesterol in the hens. Hargis (1988)reported that fiber influences cholesterol, binding with the bile salts inthe intestinal tract, shortening intestinal transit time and increasing fecalsterol excretion. Alfalfa meal, when added to corn-soy laying hen diet,was the most effective of fiber sources tested for reducing eggcholesterol with the least loss of egg size, feed efficiency, and eggproduction (Turk and Barnett, 1972). The results obtained from StoryKrtichevsky (1976) indicated that cellulose bound an average of 1.4% ofall the bile acids tested, whereas alfalfa bounded 15.9%; thus alfalfa wasmost successful in reducing bile acid. Data reported in this studyindicated that yolk cholesterol was reduced with increasing levels ofdietary fiber. Furthermore, feeding alfalfa as fiber source in the diet ofDandarawi laying hens reduced yolk cholesterol without adverselyaffecting either egg production or egg mass.Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 54 No. 117 April 20088REFERENCESAbdel-Azeem, F.A. (2005): Studies on the effect of different crude fiberlevels on laying Japanese quail (Conturnix Coturnix Japonica)Egypt Poult. Sci. 25: 11, 241-257.Adeyemi O.A. and Familade, F.O. (2003): Replacement of maize byrumen filtrate fermented corn-cob in layer diets. BioresourceTechnology, 90: 2, 221-224 (cited from Hammad, 2005).Association of Analytical Chemists, (1990): Official Method of Analysis15th ed. Association of Anlytical Chemists, Washington, DCChaturvedi, V.B. and Singh, K.S. (2000): Intake and digestibility ofnutrients in chicken fed diets based on rice, Indian J. ofPoultry Sci. 35, 3, 318-321.Duncan, D.B. (1955): Multiple range and multiple F test Biometrics 11:1-42.Eastwood, M.A. and Boyd, G.S. (1967): The distribution of bile saltsalong the small intestine of rate. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 137,393-396.Elkin, R.G.; Zhihong, Y.; Yuan, Z.; Donkin, S.; Buhman, K.K.; Story,J.A.; Turek, J.J.; Porter, R.E.; Anderson, M.; Haman, R. andNewton, R.S. (1999): Select 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzymeA reductase inhibitors vary in their ability to reduceegg yolk cholesterol levels in laying hens through alteration ofhepatic cholesterol loiosynthesis and plasma VLDL. J. Nutr.,129: 1010-1019.Fahrenbach, M.J.; Riccardi, B.A. and Grant, W.C. (1966):Hypocholesterlemic activity of mucilaginous polysaccharidesin White Leghorn cockerels. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 123,321-326.Feed Formulation System (1995): The Brill Corporation (version 7)2250 Northwinde, Parkway. Suite 225. Alpharetta, GA 30004,USA.Fisher, H. and Grminger, P. (1967): Cholesterol- lowering effects ofcertain grains and of oat fractions in the chick. Proc. Soc. Exp.Biol. Med. 126, 108-111.Folich, J.; Less, M. and Salone-Stanley, G.H. (1956): A simple methodfor the isolation and purification of total lipids from animaltissues. J. Biol. Chem. 226: 497-509Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 54 No. 117 April 20089Hammad, A.M.S. (2005): Effect of dietary crude fiber levels on layersperformance 2- rice husks as a source of fiber. Egypt. Pout.Sci. 25, 1017-1030.Hargis, P.S. (1988): Modifying egg yolk cholesterol in the domesticfowl-a review. World's Poultry Sci. J. 44: 17-29.Hennig, A.; Richter, G.; Grum, M. and Zander, R. (1990): The influenceof a very high straw supply as fiber source on the mineralstatus of the broiler hen. Nohrung, 34: 2, 189-193 (cited fromHammad, 2005).Hetland, H. (2003): Role of structural components on gut function andfeed utilization in poultry. Ph.D thesis, Universitestet fo miljoogbiovitenskab (UMB) IHA. Postboks 5003, 1423 As. CABAbstracts 2003/11-2004/7, Record 1281 of 1390 (cited fromHammad, 2005).Hocking, P.M.; Zaczek, V.; Jones, E.K.M. and Mascleod, M.G. (2004):Different concentration and sources of dietary fiber mayimprove the welfare of female broiler breeders. Brit. Poul. Sci.45 (1): 9-19.Holden, J.; Exler, J.; McCharen C. and Lokard, J. (1989): A nationwidestudy of cholesterol, proximate, vitamin and mineral levels inlarg eggs. Fed Am. Soc. Expt. Bio., 3: A658.Hussein, M.D.; Krueger, W.F.; Fanguy, R.C. and Bradley, J.W. (1976):Blood serum and egg yolk cholesterol in hens as influence bywheat middling and oats in the diet. Poul. Sci 55, 1595.James, L. McNaughton (1978): Effect of dietary fiber on egg yolk, liver,and plasma cholesterol concentration of laying hen J. Nutr.108: 1842-1848.Kritchevsky, D.; Moyer, A.W.; Tesar, W.C.; Logan, J.B.; Brown, R.A.;Davies, M.C. and Cox, H.R. (1954): Effect of cholesterolwhich in experimental atherosclerosis. Am. J. Physio. 178: 30-32Kritchevsky, S.B. and Kritchevsky, D. (2000): Egg consumption andcornery heart disease an epidemiologic overview. J. Amm.Coll. Nutr., 19: 549-555.Menge, H.; Littlefield L.H.; Frobish, L.T. and Weinland, B.T. (1974):Effect of cellulose and cholesterol on blood and yolk lipidsand reproductive efficiency of the hen. J. Nutr. 104, 1554-1556.Miller, R.I. and Katsoulis (1974): Influence of high fat diet on cagedlayers. Poul. Sci. 53, 1955.Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 54 No. 117 April 200810Piliang, W.G. (1990): High fiber diet and its effect on calcium andcholesterol status in laying hens. Indonsesian J. of TropicalAgriculture, I (2): 93-97 (cited from Hammad, 2005).Roberts, J.R. (2004): Factor affecting egg internal quality and egg shellquality in laying hens, J. Poul. 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Vol. 54 No. 117 April 200812Table 3: Effect of dietary crude fiber on Dandarawi laying hens performanceDietarytreatmentInitial bodyweight (g)Final bodyweight (g)Body weightgain (g)Feed intake(g/day)Egg weight(g)Egg number/ 30 dayEgg mass(g/ 30day)Eggproduction(%)Feedefficiency (gegg/g feed)Survivability(%)3.01% CF 1507±54 1901±46a 394±42b 124.2±1.4a 46.86±0.19 17.3±0.7 810.68±28 57.67±1.7 0.22±0.01a 1004.42% CF 1522±49 1924±56 402±54b 92.6±1.8 b 44.32±0.21 16.9±0.4 749.00±37 56.33±2.4 0.27±0.01b 1006.52% CF 1486±52 1851±53 365±26a 85.3±1.9 b 42.97±0.36 16.5±0.6 709.00±25 55.00±1.9 0.28±0.03b 1008.46% CF 1502±50 1863±45 361±40 75.2±2.0c 41.13±0.45 16.1±0.8 662.19±23 53.67±2.6 0.29±0.01b 100Significance NS NS NS * NS NS NS NS * NSab means within a column within the same character, with different superscripts are significantly different( P<0.05)Statistical significant by analysis of variance, NS = not significantTable 4: Effect of dietary crude fiber on egg quality traits of Dandarawi laying hens performanceDietarytreatmentEgg weight(g)Albumenweight (g)Albumen(%)Yolk weight(g)Yolk(%)Shellweight(g)Shell(%)Shell thicknessmmYolkIndex(%)3.01% CF 46.6±2.2 22.55±0.21 48.39±0.82 15.72±0.29 33.73±0.28 5.96±0.08a 12.79±0.45a 0.35±0.01a 48.77±1.434.42% CF 44. 2±2.3 21.92±027 49.59±0.64 14.35±0.32 32.47±0.39 5.14±0.16a 11.62±o.37b 0.31±0.01b 47.95±1.566.52% CF 41.3±2.7 19.43±0.12 47.10±0.46 14.33±0.34 34.74±0.36 4.27±0.11b 10.35±0.63b 0.28±0.0b 45.13±1.238.46% CF 40.2±1.2 19.82±0.18 49.25±0.97 13.86±0.11 34.44±0.63 4.12±0.05b 10.23±0.72b 0.24±0.0c 45.32±1.22Significance NS NS NS NS NS * * * NSab means within a column within the same character, with different superscripts are significantly different( P<0.05)Statistical significant by analysis of variance, NS = not significant