THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL SUPPORT ON WORK ENGAGEMENT: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT

References Afzali, A., Arash Motahari, A., & Hatami-Shirkouhi, L. (2014). Investigating the influence of perceived organizational support, psychological empowerment and organizational learning on job performance: an empirical investigation. Tehnički Vjesnik, 21(3), 623-629. Alzyoud, A. A., Othman, S. Z., & Isa, M. F. M. (2014). Examining the role of job resources on work engagement in the academic setting. Asian Social Science, 11(3),103-110. Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–23. Aselstine, K., & Alletson, K. (2006). A new deal for the 21st century workplace. Ivey Business Journal, 70(4),1-9. Avery, D. R., McKay, P. F., & Wilson, D. C. (2007). Engaging the aging workforce: The relationship between perceived age similarity, satisfaction with coworkers, and employee engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1542-1556. Badran, M. A., & Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2015). Psychological capital and job satisfaction in Egypt. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(3), 354–370. Baran, B. E., Shanock, L. R., & Miller, L. R. (2012). Advancing organizational support theory into the twenty-first century world of work. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27(2),123-147. Bhatnagar, J. (2012). Management of innovation: role of psychological empowerment, work engagement and turnover intention in the Indian context. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(5), 928-951. 20 Blanch, A., & Aluja, A. (2012). Social support (family and supervisor), work– family conflict, and burnout: Sex differences. Human Relations, 65(7), 811– 833. Bordin, C., Bartram, T., & Casimir, G. (2007). The antecedents and consequences of psychological empowerment among Singaporean IT employees. Management Research News, 3(1), 34-46. Caesens, G., & Stinglhamber, F. (2014). The relationship between perceived organizational support and work engagement: The role of self-efficacy and its outcomes. Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée/European Review of Applied Psychology, 64(5), 259–67. Caesens, G., Stinglhamber, F., & Luypaert, G. (2014). The impact of work engagement and workaholism on well-being: The role of work-related social support. Career Development International, 19(7), 813–35. Corsun, D. L., & Enz, C. A. (1999). Predicting psychological empowerment among service workers: The effect of support-based relationships. Human Relations, 52(2), 205-224. Cureton, S. S. (2014). The Role of Exchange Ideology in Coworker Social Support and Work Engagement (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/15 Dagher, G., Chapa, O., & Junaid, N. (2015). The historical evolution of employee engagement and self-efficacy constructs: An empirical examination in a nonwestern country. Journal of Management History, 21(2), 232–56. de Bruin, G. P., & Henn, C. M. (2013). Dimensionality of the 9-item Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9), Psychological Reports, 112(3), 788–99. Eisenberger, R., Cummings, J., Aemeli, S., & Lynch, P. (1997). Perceived organizational support, discretionary treatment, and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(5), 812–20. Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500-507. Eisenberger, R., Stinglhamber, F., Vandenberghe, C., Sucharski, I. L., & Rhoades, L. (2002). Perceived supervisor support: contributions to perceived organizational support and employee retention. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 565–73. 21 Elahi, A. (2008). Challenges of Data Collection: with Special Regard to Developing Countries, in Statistics, Knowledge and Policy 2007 Measuring and Fostering the Progress of Societies: OECD Publishing. Istanbul, Turkey, pp.297–304. El-Kot, G. (2016). Human resource management in Egypt , in Budhwar P. and Mellahi, K., Managing Human Resources in the Middle East, Routledge, London and New York, pp.205-225. El-Kot, G., & Leat, M. (2008). Employees' perceptions of supervisory facets: An investigation within an Egyptian context. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 1(2),149-165. Farrell, A. M. (2010). Insufficient discriminant validity: A comment on Bove, Pervan, Beatty, and Shiu (2009). Journal of Business Research, 63(3), 324–327. Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, 3 rd ed., SAGE publications. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, XVIII, 39-50. Gagné, M., Senecal, C. B., & Koestner, R. (1997). Proximal job characteristics, feelings of empowerment, and intrinsic motivation: A multidimensional model. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27(14), 1222–1240. Gallup, Inc. (2010). Employee Engagement: What’s Your Engagement Ratio? Washington, DC. Gallup, Inc. (2012). State of the Global Workplace: Employee Engagement Insights for Business Leaders Worldwide. Washington, DC. Ghosh, P., Rai, A., & Singh, A. (2016). Support at Work to Fuel Engagement: A Study of Employees of Indian Banking Sector. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 5(2),1-10. Gkorezis, P., & Petridou, E. (2012). The effect of extrinsic rewards on public and private sector employees' psychological empowerment: a comparative approach. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(17), 3596- 3612. Goodale, J. C., Koerner, M., & Roney, J. (1997). Analyzing the impact of service provider empowerment on perceptions of service quality inside an organization. Journal of Quality Management, 2(2),191–215. 22 Hair, J. F. J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. 7 th ed., Prentice Hall International, NY. Hassan, S., ul Hassan, M., & Shoaib, M. (2014). Measuring the impact of perceived organization support, psychological empowerment and rewards on employees’ satisfaction: Testing the mediating impact of employee engagement. World Applied Sciences Journal, 30(5), 652-660. Hatem, T. (2006). Human resource management in Egypt. in Budhwar P. & Mellahi, K., Managing Human Resources in the Middle East, Routledge, London and New York, pp.199–218. Hayes, A.F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 79(4), 408-420. Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 1-8. Ibrahem, S. Z., Elhoseeny, T., & Mahmoud, R. A. (2013). Workplace empowerment and organizational commitment among nurses working at the Main University Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt. The Journal of The Egyptian Public Health Association, 88(2), 90-96. Ibrahim, M. M., El-Magd, M. H. A., & Sayed, H. Y. (2014). Nurse's psychological empowerment and perceived autonomy in university and teaching hospitals at Menofia Governorate/Egypt. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 4(9), 59-68. Inoue, A., Kawakami, N., Tsuno, K., Shimazu, A., Tomioka, K., & Nakanishi, M. (2013) Job demands, job resources, and work engagement of Japanese employees: A prospective cohort study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 86(4), 441–49. Jose, G., & Mampilly, S. R. (2014). Psychological empowerment as a predictor of employee engagement: An empirical attestation. Global Business Review, 15(1), 93–104. Jose, G., & Mampilly, S. R. (2015). Relationships among perceived supervisor support, psychological empowerment and employee engagement in Indian workplaces. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 30(3), 231–50. Karanika-Murray, M., Duncan, N., Pontes, H. M., and Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Organizational identification, work engagement, and job satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(8), 1019–33. 23 Karatepe, O. M., & Olugbade, O. A. (2009). The effects of job and personal resources on hotel employees’ work engagement. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28(4), 504–12. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 3 rd ed, Guilford publications, New York, NY. Kottke, J. L., & Sharafinski, C. E. (1988). Measuring perceived supervisory and organizational support”, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48(4),1075–79. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–10. Kurtessis, J. N., Eisenberger, R., Ford, M. T., Buffardi, L. C., Stewart, K. A., & Adis, C. S. (2017). Perceived organizational support: A meta-analytic evaluation of organizational support theory. Journal of Management, 43(6),1854-1884. Ladd, D., & Henry, R. A. (2000). Helping coworkers and helping the organization: The role of support perceptions, exchange ideology, and conscientiousness. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(10), 2028–49. May, D. R., Gilson, R. L., & Harter, L. M. (2004). The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(1), 11– 37. Maynard, M. T., Gilson, L. L., & Mathieu, J. E. (2012). Empowerment—fad or fab? A multilevel review of the past two decades of research. Journal of Management, 38(4), 1231–81. Ng, T. W., & Sorensen, K. L. (2008). Toward a further understanding of the relationships between perceptions of support and work attitudes: A metaanalysis. Group & Organization Management, 33(3), 243–68. Olivier, A. L., & Rothmann, S. (2007). Antecedents of work engagement in a multinational company. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 33(3), 49–56. Othman, N., & Nasurdin, A. M. (2013). Social support and work engagement: A study of Malaysian nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 21(8), 1083– 1090. Puah, L. N., Ong, L. D., & Chong, W. Y. (2016). The effects of perceived organizational support, perceived supervisor support and perceived co-worker 24 support on safety and health compliance. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 22(3), 333-339. Quiñones, M., Van den Broeck, A., & De Witte, H. (2013). Do job resources affect work engagement via psychological empowerment? A mediation analysis. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29(3), 127–134. Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698–714. Rich, B. L., Lepine, J. A., & Crawford, E. R. (2010). Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 617–635. Richman, A. (2006). Everyone wants an engaged workforce how can you create it?. Work span, 49(1), pp.36–39. Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600–19. Segars, A. H. (1997). Assessing the unidimensionality of measurement: A paradigm and illustration within the context of information systems research. Omega, 25(1), 107-121. Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293–315. Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701–16. Schaufeli, W.B. & Salanova, M. (2007). Work engagement. An emerging psychological concept and its implications for organizations. in S. W. Gilliland, D. D. Steiner, and D. P. Skarlicki, Research in Social Issues in Management: Vol.5. Managing Social and Ethical Issues in Organizations, Information Age Publishers, Greenwich, CT, pp.135-177. Seibert, S. E., Wang, G., & Courtright, S. H. (2011). Antecedents and consequences of psychological and team empowerment in organizations: A metaanalytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(5), 981–1003. Shukrallah, S., & Ali, R. (2013). Post-revolution labour strikes, Social Struggles on Rise in Egypt: Report. Retrieved from http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/70384.aspx 25 Shusha, A. A. (2013). The role of psychological engagement in relationship between perceived organizational support and withdrawal behavior and intentions: An empirical study on small industries in Egypt. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(16), 22–29. Siegall, M., & Gardner, S. (2000). Contextual factors of psychological empowerment. Personnel Review, 29(6), 703–722. Simbula, S. (2010). Daily fluctuations in teachers' well-being: A diary study using the Job Demands–Resources model. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 23(5), 563-584. Simosi, M. (2012). Disentangling organizational support construct: The role of different sources of support to newcomers' training transfer and organizational commitment. Personnel Review, 41(3), 301-320. Spector, P.E. (2006). Method variance in organizational research: Truth or urban legend?. Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 221–32. Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442–65. Spreitzer, G. M., Kizilos, M. A., & Nason, S. W. (1997). A dimensional analysis of the relationship between psychological empowerment and effectiveness, satisfaction, and strain. Journal of Management, 23(5), 679-704. Stander, M. W., & Rothmann, S. (2010). Psychological empowerment, job insecurity and employee engagement. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 36(1), 1-8. Wang, S., & Liu, Y. (2015). Impact of professional nursing practice environment and psychological empowerment on nurses’ work engagement: Test of structural equation modeling. Journal of Nursing Management, 23(3), 287–296. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Reciprocal relationships between job resources, personal resources, and work engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(3), 235–244. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 121–41.