Comparative Study of the Egyptian Code for Reusing Treated Wastewater for Agriculture | ||
| Sohag Engineering Journal | ||
| Article 1, Volume 2, Issue 1, March 2022, Pages 1-14 PDF (1.17 M) | ||
| Document Type: Original research articles | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/sej.2022.115242.1006 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Ahmed Khaled Abdella Ahmed* 1; Moussa Shalaby1; Osama Negim2; Talaat Abdel-Wahed1 | ||
| 1Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt | ||
| 2Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Egypt's limited water resources and rising water demand are critical to the country's economy and food security. This predicament encouraged the development of non-traditional water resources in order to bridge the gap between supply and demand for water. treated wastewater (TWW) reuse for irrigation is a viable alternative for closing this gap and conserving traditional water resources for residential and urban usage. TWW is a valuable source of nutrients in most wastewater treatment technologies, and it can improve the physicochemical properties of light-textured soils in the long run. Pathogens and the accumulation of harmful chemical substances, on the other hand, are the principal problems that can prevent TWW reuse in agriculture. This study compares Egyptian treated wastewater quality parameters for irrigation with those of other countries throughout the world, focusing on the environmental and health risks associated with the use of treated wastewater. Finally, the acceptable health parameters of treated wastewater for agricultural purposes were reviewed to preserve the health of the Egyptians. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Treated wastewater reuse; Egyptian standards; Agriculture; Irrigation; Microbial hazards | ||
| References | ||
|
[1] Y. Xiao, et al., “Groundwater circulation and hydrogeochemical evolution in Nomhon of Qaidam Basin, northwest China”, Journal of Earth System Science, Vol.126, No. 2, pp. 1-16, 2017. [2] Hussain, M.I., et al., “Sustainable use and management of non-conventional water resources for rehabilitation of marginal lands in arid and semiarid environments”, Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 221, pp. 462-476, 2019. [3] S. Eslamian, “Urban water reuse handbook”, CRC Press, 2019. [4] C. Becerra-Castro, et al., “Wastewater reuse in irrigation: A microbiological perspective on implications in soil fertility and human and environmental health”, Environment International, Vol. 75, pp. 117-135, 2015. [5] Ghernaout, “Water Reuse (WR): The Ultimate and Vital Solution for Water Supply Issues”, Vol. 3, No. 4, 36, 2017. [6] O. Al-Jayyousi, “Greywater reuse: towards sustainable water management. ” Desalination, Vol. 156, No. 1, pp. 181-192, 2003. [7] H. Al-Hamaiedeh, & M. Bino, “Effect of treated grey water reuse in irrigation on soil and plants,” Desalination, Vol. 256, No. 1, pp. 115-119, 2010. [8] T. Abdel-Wahed, & N. Rashwan, “Application of Cement Dust and OPC as Mineral Filler in the binder Hot Mix Asphalt”, LJMU International Conference on; Asphalt, Pavement Engineering and Infrastructure, Liverpool, UK, Vol. 15, ISBN 978-0-9571804-8-2, 2016. [9] T.A. Elbana, N. Bakr, & M. Elbana, “Reuse of treated wastewater in Egypt: challenges and opportunities, in Unconventional Water Resources and Agriculture in Egypt”, pp. 429-453. 2017 [10] I. Papadopoulos, “Wastewater management for agriculture protection in the Near East Region”, Technical Bulletin, FAO, Regional Office for the Near East Cairo, Egypt, 1995. [11] E. Shakir, Z. Zahraw, & A. Al-Obaidy, “Environmental and health risks associated with reuse of wastewater for irrigation”, Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 95-102,2017. [12] C.A. Scott, et al., “Wastewater irrigation and health: challenges and outlook for mitigating risks in low- income countries”, In Wastewater Irrigation and Health, Routledge, pp. 407-420, 2009 [13] R. Mitchell, “Health guidelines for the use of wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture: Report of a WHO Scientific Group, Technical Report Series No. 778”, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1992. [14] J. Xu, et al., “Impact of long-term reclaimed wastewater irrigation on agricultural soils: A preliminary assessment. Journal of Hazardous Materials”, Vol. 183, No.1, pp. 780-786, 2010. [15] Egyptian code of practice for the use of treated municipal wastewater for agricultural purposes. The Ministry of Housing Utilities and Urban Communities (in Arabic), 2015. [16] R. Wahaab, A. Salah, & T. Grischek, “Water quality changes during the initial operating phase of riverbank filtration sites in upper Egypt”, Vol. 11, No. 6,1258, 2019. [17] M.S Hellal, et al., “Technologies for wastewater treatment and reuse in Egypt: Prospective and future challenges”, In Handbook of Advanced Approaches Towards Pollution Prevention and Control, pp. 275-310, 2021. [18] P. Reymond, et al., “Scaling up small scale wastewater treatment systems in low-and middle-income countries: An analysis of challenges and ways forward through the case of Egypt”, Vol.52, pp. 13-21, 2018. [19] Q. Mahmood, et al., “Natural treatment systems as sustainable ecotechnologies for the developing countries”, 2013. [20] F. Shoushtarian, & M. Negahban-Azar, “Worldwide regulations and guidelines for agricultural water reuse: a critical review”, Vol. 12, No. 4, 971, 2020. [21] S. Eslamian, “Urban water reuse handbook”, CRC Press, 2016. [22] Metcalf, et al., “Water reuse”, McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, 2007. [23] H. Jeong, H. Kim, & T. Jang, “Irrigation water quality standards for indirect wastewater reuse in agriculture: a contribution toward sustainable wastewater reuse in South Korea”, Water, Vol. 8, No. 4, 169, 2016. [24] V. Lazarova, & A. Bahri, “Water reuse for irrigation: agriculture, landscapes, and turf grass”, CRC press, 2004. [25] M. El-Rawy, et al., “Forecasting effluent and performance of wastewater treatment plant using different machine learning techniques”. Vol. 44, 02380, 2021. [26] L. Coen, et al., “Ecosystem services related to oyster restoration”, Vol. 341, pp. 303-307, 2007. [27] Metcalf, et al., “Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse”, McGraw Hill, 2003. [28] U. Blumenthal, et al., “Guidelines for the microbiological quality of treated wastewater used in agriculture: recommendations for revising WHO guidelines”, Vol. 78, pp. 1104-1116, 2000. [29] United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Wastewater Management. Municipal Support Division, National Risk Management Research Laboratory (US). Technology Transfer, and Support Division. Guidelines for water reuse. US Environmental Protection Agency, 2004. [30] ISO 16075-2:2015, Guidelines for treated wastewater use for irrigation projects — Part 2: Development of the project, https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/06/27/62758.html. [31] B. Columbia, “Irrigation Management Guide - Province of British Columbia”, 2020. [32] A. Island, “Atlantic Canada Wastewater Guidelines Manual”, Government of Prince Edward Island, 2016. [33] R. Mines, et al., “Performance assessment of major wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the state of Georgia”, Vol. 41, No. 10, pp. 2175-2198, 2006. [34] C. Standards, “Reclaimed Water Permit Program and Standard, 2020. [35] F. Brenner, & J. Mondok, “Nonpoint Source Pollution Potential in An Agricultural Watershed in Northwestern Pennsylvania 1”, JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 1101- 1112, 1995. [36] Barbagallo, S., et al., “Wastewater reuse in Italy”, Vol. 43, No. 10, pp. 43-50, 2001. [37] A. Angelakis, et al., "The Necessity for Establishment of Greek Regulations on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse", Report for the Ministry of Public Works and Environment and Hellenic Union of Municipal Enterprises for Water Supply and Sewage, Larissa-Greece,110, 2000. [38] A. Ilias, A. Panoras, & A. Angelakis, “Wastewater recycling in Greece: The case of Thessaloniki”, Vol.6, No. 5, pp. 2876-2892, 2014. [39] L. Alcalde-Sanz, & B. M. Gawlik, "Minimum quality requirements for water reuse in agricultural irrigation and aquifer recharge", Towards a legal instrument on water reuse at EU level, 2017. [40] Y. Inbar, “New standards for treated wastewater reuse in Israel, in Wastewater reuse–Risk assessment” , decision-making and environmental security, pp. 291-296, 2007. [41] D. Lavee, M. Ritov, & N. Becker, “Is desalination the most sustainable alternative for water- shortage mitigation in Israel?”, International Journal of Sustainable Economy, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 410-424, 2011. [42] A. Aharoni, & H. Cikurel, “Mekorot's research activity in technological improvements for the production of unrestricted irrigation quality effluents”, Desalination, Vol. 187, No.1-3, pp. 347-360, 2006. [43] World Health Organization, “A compendium of standards for wastewater reuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region”, No. WHO-EM/CEH/142/E, 2006. [44] A. Abusam, & A. Shahalam, “Wastewater reuse in Kuwait: Opportunities and constraints”, WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol. 179, pp. 745-754, 2013. [45] A. Al-Jasser, “Saudi wastewater reuse standards for agricultural irrigation: Riyadh treatment plants effluent compliance”, Journal of King Saud University-Engineering Sciences, Vol. 23, No.1, pp. 1-8, 2011. [46] M. Pescod, "Wastewater quality guidelines for agriculture use", Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture, FAO, 1992. [47] World Health Organization, “WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater”, Vol. 1, 2006. [48] D. Heineman, “Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality Title 128– Nebraska Hazardous Waste Regulations”, 2014. [49] Resources, “Plans and Specifications - South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources”, https://denr.sd.gov/plansprg.aspx, 2021. [50] Wyoming Administrative Rules, “Environmental Quality, Dept. of Water Quality”, Ch 21: Reuse of Treated Water, https://rules.wyo.gov/DownloadFile.aspx?source_id=8701&source_type_id=81&doc_type_id=110&in clude_meta_data=Y&file_type=pdf&filename=8701.pdf&token=011159243183231055190169193045 , 2021. [51] Wastewater reuse for Agricultural Irrigation and Its Impact on Health - Cepis. 2021 [cited 2021; Available from: http://cepis.org.pe/wastewater-reuse-agricultural-irrigation. [52] A. Peasey, et al., “A review of policy and standards for wastewater reuse in agriculture: a Latin American perspective” well study, Task, 68, 2000. [53] N. Paranychianakis, et al., “Water reuse in EU states: necessity for uniform criteria to mitigate human and environmental risks”, Vol. 45, No. 13, pp. 1409-1468, 2015. [54] R. Iglesias, et al. "Water reuse in Spain: data overview and costs estimation of suitable treatment trains." Desalination, Vol. 263, No. 1-3, pp. 1-10, 2010. [55] A. Megahid, H. Younis, T. Abdel-Wahed, & E. Abdel-Sabour, “Utilization of Industrial Waste Material in Highway Construction," JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 373-382, 2020. DOI: 10.21608/JESAUN.2020.107604 [56] T. Abdel-Wahed, A. Othman, & N. Rashwan, “Utilization of Waste Iron Slag on Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete Mixtures”, Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 2015. [57] G. Moussa, A. Abdel-Raheem, & T. Abdel-Wahed, “Investigating the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures modified with high-density polyethylene”, JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol. 48, No. 5, pp. 765-782, 2020. DOI: 10.21608/jesaun.2020.39052.1001. [58] G. Moussa, A. Abdel-Raheem, & T. Abdel-Wahed, “Effect of Nanoclay Particles on the Performance of High-Density Polyethylene-Modified Asphalt Concrete Mixture”, Polymers, Vol. 13, No. 3, 434, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13030434. [59] S. Lyu, et al., “Wastewater reclamation and reuse in China: opportunities and challenges”, Vol. 39, pp. 86-96, 2016. [60] do Monte, M.H.F.M., “Guidelines for good practice of water reuse for irrigation: Portuguese standard NP 4434”, Wastewater Reuse–Risk Assessment, Decision-Making and Environmental Security, pp. 253-265, 2007. [61] Oman. Ministerial Decision No. 145 of 1993 issuing the Regulations on waste water reuse and discharge. 1993 10/22/2020]; Available from: https://www.ecolex.org/details/legislation/ministerial-decision-no- 145-of-1993-issuing-the-regulations-on-waste-water-reuse-and-discharge-lex-faoc044940/. [62] M.E. Verbyla, et al., “Managing Microbial Risks from Indirect Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation in Urbanizing Watersheds”, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 50, No.13, pp. 6803-6813, 2016. [63] P. Hong, et al., “Reusing treated wastewater: consideration of the safety aspects associated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes”, Vol. 10, No. 3, 244, 2018. A.K Abdella, and M.H. Abdel-Aa, “Iron Removal from Ground Water through Expanded Polystyrene Filter”, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 657-666, 2021. | ||
|
Statistics Article View: 1,416 PDF Download: 954 |
||
