تعذُّر أداء حقِّ المَيت في تغسيله، والآثار المترتبة عليه دراسة فقهية مقارنة على المذاهب الثمانية | ||
| مجلة قطاع الشريعة والقانون | ||
| Article 19, Volume 13, Issue 13, 2022, Pages 1313-1420 PDF (3.01 M) | ||
| Document Type: المقالة الأصلية | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/jssl.2022.229461 | ||
| Author | ||
| احمد مصطفى معوض محرم | ||
| قسم الفقه المقارن، کلية الشريعة والقانون، جامعة الأزهر، القاهرة، مصر. | ||
| Abstract | ||
| مع انتشار وقوع الحوادث -لاسيما المتصلة بوسائل النقل الحديثة-، والکوارث، والحروب، أو انهدام البيوت على ساکنيها، وکثرة الموت بسبب ذلک؛ بحيث يسقط بعض الموتى بين حريق، أو غريق، أو متقطع الجسد إلى أشلاء، أو مفقود الأطراف، وکذا موتى الأوبئة والطواعين؛ فإن هذا البحث يجيب عن حکم تغسيل هذا الميت بعدما تعذر تغسيل بعض البدن أو جميعه، وبيان الآثار المترتبة على ذلک، ومنها مدى تأثير عدم غُسل الميت، أو غسل بعضه دون بعض -لتعذر غسله، أو لعدم وجود بعض البدن-؛ على مشروعية الصلاة عليه؟ وحکم تدارک تغسيل الميت بعد الصلاة عليه، أو بعد دفنه. وقد قسَّم البحث إلى مقدمة، ومطلب تمهيدي، ومبحثـَين، المبحث الأول: تعذُّر القيام بتغسيل الميت، وفيه ثلاثة مطالب، والمبحث الثاني: الآثار المترتبة على تعذُّر القيام بتغسيل الميت، وفيه مطلبان، ثم خاتمة البحث، وشملت نتائج البحث، وتوصياته. وقد حرص الباحث على مراعاة النظر في النصوص الشرعية التي تتعلق بمحل مناط مجال البحث، مع مراعاة المقاصد الشرعية، والقواعد المَرعِيَّة؛ ليخرج بمعالجة فقهية منضبطة لکيفية التعامل مع بعض أحکام الجنائز وهي الأحکام المتعلقة بتعذر أداء حق الميت في تغسيله في الظروف الطارئة الاستثنائية، مع القيام بحق الموتى کلما أمکن؛ بنظرة متوازنة بين حق المَوتى وحق الأحياء. With the spread of accidents - especially those related to modern means of transport -, disasters, wars, or the collapse of homes on their residents, and the large number of deaths because of that; So that some of the dead fall between fire, drowning, or cut to pieces, or missing limbs, as well as the dead of epidemics and plagues; This research answers the ruling on washing this dead body after it was not possible to wash some or all of the body, and clarifying the consequences of that, including the extent of the impact of not washing the dead, or washing some of them without some -because it was not possible to wash it, or the absence of some of the body-; On the legality of praying for him? And the rule of redressing the washing of the dead after praying for him, or after his burial. The research was divided into an introduction, a preliminary requirement, and two sections, the first topic: the inability to perform the washing of the dead, which includes three demands, and the second topic: the effects of the inability to perform the washing of the dead, which includes two demands, then the conclusion of the research, which included the results of the research, and its recommendations. The researcher was keen to take into account the consideration of the legal texts that relate to the topic of the research field, taking into account the legal purposes and the established rules; To come out with a disciplined jurisprudential treatment of how to deal with some of the funeral provisions, which are the provisions related to the inability to perform the right of the dead to wash him in exceptional emergency circumstances, while implementing the right of the dead whenever possible; A balanced view between the right of the dead and the right of the living. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| تغسيل الميت; تعذر; المحترق; الغريق; الطاعون; أشلاء; تدارک تغسيل الميت; نبش القبر; غسل بعض الميت. : washing the dead؛ being excused؛ the burnt one؛ the drowning؛ the plague | ||
| References | ||
أولاً: المذهب الحنفي:
ثانيًا: المذهب المالکي:
ثالثًا: المذهب الشافعي:
رابعًا: المذهب الحنبلي:
خامسًا: المذهب الظاهري:
سادسًا: المذهب الزيدي:
سابعًا: المذهب الإباضي:
ثامنًا: المذهب الإمامي:
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76. alhawaa alkabiru, li'abi alhasan ealiin bin muhamad bin habib albasarii albaghdadii, alshahir bialmawirdi, almutawafaa: 450hi, ta: dar alfikr bayrut.
77. aleaziz sharh alwajiz almaeruf bialsharh alkabiri, lieabd alkarim bin muhamad bin eabd alkrim, 'abu alqasim alraafieii alqazwini, almutawafaa: 623hi, ta: dar alkutub aleilmiati, bayrut - lubnan, altabeata: al'uwlaa, 1417h - 1997m, bitahqiqi: eali muhamad eawad - eadil 'ahmad eabd almawjud.
78. almajmue sharh almuhadhabi, li'abi zakaria muhyi aldiyn yahyaa bin sharaf alnawwii, almutawafaa: 676hi, ta: dar alfikr.
79. mighni almuhtaj 'iilaa maerifat maeani 'alfaz alminhaj limuhamad bn 'ahmad alkhatib alshirbini, almutawafaa: 977hi, ta: dar alkutub aleilmiati, altabeati: al'uwlaa, 1415h - 1994m.
80. minhajaltalbinueamdatalmuftinifialfiqh lilnuwawii, ta: dar alfikri, altabeati: al'uwlaa, 1425h/2005m.
81. nihayat almuhtaj 'iilaa sharh alminhaj limuhamad bin 'abi aleabaas 'ahmad bin hamzat shihab aldiyn alramli, almutawafaa: 1004hi, ta: dar alfikri, birut, 1404h/1984m.
82. al'iiqnae fi fiqh al'iimam 'ahmad bin hanbal, limusaa bin 'ahmad bin musaa bin salim alhajaawii almaqdisi, thuma alsaalihi, sharaf aldiyn, 'abu alnaja, almutawafaa: 968hi, ta: dar almaerifat bayrut - lubnan, bitahqiqi: eabd allatif muhamad musaa alsabki.
83. al'iinsaf fi maerifat alraajih min alkhilafi, lieala' aldiyn eali bin sulayman almardawii alhanbali, almutawafaa: 885hi, ta: dar 'iihya' alturath alearabii, altabeati: althaaniati.
84. daqayiq 'uwli alnahaa lisharh muntahaa al'iiradat, limansur bin yunis bin 'iidris albuhutaaalhunbalaa, almutawafaa: 1051hi, ta: ealam alkutub, altabeati: al'uwlaa, 1414h - 1993m.
85. aldalayil wal'iisharat ealaa 'akhsar almukhtasarat limuhamad bin badr aldiyn albalbanii alhanbali, almutawafaa: 1083 ha, da. eabd aleaziz bin eadnan aleidan, du. 'anas bin eadil alyatamaa, ta: dar alrakayiz lilnashr waltawzie - alkuaytu, altabeatu: al'uwlaa, 1439 hi - 2018m.
86. sharh alzarkashiu ealaa mukhtasar alkharqi, lishams aldiyn 'abi eabd allh muhamad bin eabd allah alzarkashii almisrii alhanbali, almutawafaa:772hi, ta: dar alkutub aleilmiati- lubnan, 1423h - 2002m.
87. alsharh almumtae ealaa zad almustaqniea, limuhamad bin salih bin muhamad aleuthaymin, almutawafaa: 1421hi, ta: dar aibn aljuzi, altabeati: al'uwlaa, 1422 - 1428 hi.
88. alkafi fi fiqh al'iimam 'ahmadu, limuafaq aldiyn eabd allh bin 'ahmad bin muhamad bin qudamat almaqdisi, almutawafaa: 620hi, ta: dar alkutub aleilmiati, altabeati: al'uwlaa, 1414h - 1994m.
89. almubdie fi sharh almuqanaea, li'iibrahim bin muhamad bin eabd allh bin muflahi, almutawafaa: 884hi, ta: dar ealam alkutubu, alrayad, altabeati: 1423h /2003m.
90. masayil 'ahmad bin hanbal riwayat aibnuh eabd allah, li'abi eabd allah 'ahmad bin muhamad bin hanbal, ta: almaktab al'iislamii - bayrut, altabeatu: al'uwlaa, 1401h 1981m.
91. almasayil alfiqhiat min kitab alriwayatayn walwajhayni, lilqadi 'abu yaelaa, muhamad bin alhusayn bin muhamad bin khalaf almaeruf biabn alfara'i, almutawafaa: 458hi, ta: maktabat almaearifi, alrayad, altabeati: al'uwlaa, 1405h - 1985m.
92. almighni, liabn qudamat almaqdisii ta: maktabat alqahirati, 1388h - 1968mi.
93. alniktualfawayidalsinyitielaamishiklimuharar majd aldiyn abn taymiatin, li'iibrahim bin muhamad bin muflahi, burhan aldiyn, almutawafaa: 884hi, ta: maktabat almaearif - alrayad, altabeatu: althaaniatu, 1404h.
94. almuhalaa bialathar, li'abi muhamad ealiin bin 'ahmad bin saeid bin hazm al'andalusii alqurtubii alzaahiri, almutawafaa: 456hi, ta: dar alfikr - bayrut.
95. al'ahkam fi alhalal walharami, lil'iimam yahyaa bin alhusayn bin alqasim bin alhasan bin ealii bin 'abi talibin, ta: maktabat yaesubi, altabeatu: al'uwlaa, 1410hi- 1990m.
96. alaintisari eilaeulama 'al'umsar fi taqriri alimukhtari min mdhahbi al'aymati lihia abn ahmzat bin ielibini' iibrahim alhsini, almutawafaa 749 hu, ta: muasasatu al'iimamazid -eilayhalsalam- althaqafiati.
97. altaj almadhhab li'ahkam almadhhaba, li'ahmad bin yahyaa bin almurtadaa, ta: dar alkitaab al'iislamii.
98. sharh al'azhar li'ahmad almurtadaa, wahu sharh likitab almuntazae almukhtar min alghayth almadar almufatah likamayim al'azhar fi fiqh al'ayimat al'athar lilealamat 'abi alhasan eabd allah bin miftahi, ta: matbaeat hajazaa bialqahirati, altabeat althaaniati, lisanat 1358h.
99. sharh alniyl washifa' alealil, limuhamad bin yusif bin eisaa 'atfish, almutawafaa: 1332hi/1914m, ta: dar alfatha, bayruta, altabeat althaaniati, 1392h / 1972m.
100. maearij alamial ealaa madarij alkamal binuzum mukhtasar alkhasali, linur aldiyn 'abi muhamad eabd allah bin humayd alsaalimi, almutawafia: 1914m, ta: wizarat alturath alqawmii walthaqafati- saltanat eaman, altabeatu: al'uwlaa, 1984m.
101. tadhkirat alfuqaha'i, lilhali, ta: muasasat al albayt ealayhim alsalami, qim- 1372hu.
102. jamie almaqasid fi sharh alqawaeidi, lieali bin alhusayn alkarki, almutawafaa940hi, ta: muasasat al albayt li'iihya' alturath - qim, altabeat : al'uwlaa, 1408 h.
103. mistamskialeurwat, layatiallahialeuzmiaalsiydmuhsinaltabatibayiyalhakim,ta: maktabatayatiallihialeuzmaaalmireishyalnajifia,qum - 'iiran,alitabeati: alraabieati, 1404hi.
104. misbahalfiqihil'aqaridaalihimdani,ti: maktabatialsadr,'iiran.
105. almuetabar fi alsharh almukhtasar lilhasan bin yusif bin almutahar alhali, almutawafaa: 726 ha, almatbaeati: madrasat alamam 'amir almuminina, 'iiran,1364h.
106. nihayatual'iihkamililhli,ta: muasasatasmaeilyan - qum- 'iiran,alitabeatialthaania
107. talabat altalabat lieumar bin muhamad bin 'ahmad bin 'iismaeil, 'abi hafs alnasafi, almutawafaa: 537hi, ta: maktabat almuthanaa, bibaghdad, aleiraqi, 1311hi.
108. alqamusalfiqihilghatuastilaha,lldukturseadiabuhbib,ta: daralfikiri,dimashq - suriatu,altabeatu: althaaniat 1408 ha, 1988 mi.
109. lsan alearbi, limuhamad bin makram bin eulay, jamal aldiyn aibn manzur al'ansari, almutawafaa: 711hi, ta: dar almaearifi, alqahirati, tahqiq : eabd allah eali alkabira, muhamad 'ahmad hasab allah, hashim muhamad alshaadhily.
110. almuhkam walmuhit al'aezam li'abi alhasan ealii bin 'iismaeil bin sidh almarsi, almutawafaa: 458hi, ta: dar alkutub aleilmiat - bayrut, altabeatu: al'uwlaa, 1421 hi - 2000 mu, bitahqiqi: eabd alhamid handawi.
111. almisbah almunir fi gharayb alsharh alkabiri, li'ahmad bin muhamad bin ealiin alfiuwmii 'abi aleabaasi, almutawafaa: nahw 770hi, ta: almaktabat aleilmiat - bayrut.
112. alnihayat fi gharayb alhadith wal'athra, limajd aldiyn almubarak bin muhamad bin eabd alkarim alshaybanii aljazarii aibn al'athir, almutawafaa: 606hi, ta: almaktabat aleilmiat - bayrut, 1399h - 1979m, bitahqiqi: tahir 'ahmad alzaawaa, mahmud muhamad altanahy.
113. al'iijmae liabn almundhiri, ti: dar almuslim lilnashr waltawziei, altabeati: altabeat al'uwlaa, 1425hi/ 2004mi.
114. maratib al'iijmae fi aleibadat walmueamalat walaietiqadat liabn hazm alzaahiri, ta: dar alkutub aleilmiat - bayrut.
115. almustajidati fi ktabi aljanayiza, rsalati dikturah lilbahithi: eayd bin mieafaa alijideani, shuebat alfiqh, jamieata' amaliquraa, almamlakati alearabiati alsueudiati, eam 2011m.
116. nibsh alqibr fy alfiqih ial'iislamii drasati fiqhiatu muqaranat, du. Mahamad abd aleaziz alkhudayr, bahath manshur bimajalati: aldirasati alearabiati, kiliyat daraleulum- jamieat alminya, almujalad alsaadisi, aleadad alsaadis walthalathina, eam 2017m.
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