ثبت المصادر والمراجع:

- ARMITAGE, S.J., & other, « The Southern Route “Out of Africa: Evidence for an Early Expansion of Modern Humans into Arabia», Science 331, 2011, 453-456, doi: 10.1126/science.1199113.  

- BAILEY, GEOFFREY N.: «The Red Sea, Coastal Landscapes, and Hominin Dispersals», In The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia, edited PETRAGLIA & ROSE, 15-37, Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2009.

- BAR-YOSEF, O. & BELFER - COHEN, A.: «From Africa to Eurasia - Early Dispersals», Quaternary International 75, Issue 1, 2001,19-28, doi: 10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00074-4 .

- BASELL, L.: «Middle Stone Age (MSA) Site Distributions in Eastern Africa and their Relationship to Quaternary Environmental Change, Refugia and the Evolution of Homo Sapiens», Quaternary Science Reviews 27, 2484- 2498, 2008.

- BEYIN, A.: «The Bab-al-Mandab vs the Nile-Sinai-Levant: An Appraisal of the Two Dispersal Routes for Early Modern Humans out of Africa», African Archaeological Review 23, N^o.1, 2006, 5-30, doi: 10.1007/s10437-006-9005-2.

- BEYIN, A.: «A Surface Middle Stone Age Assemblage from the Red Sea Coast of Eritrea: Implications for Upper Pleistocene Human Dispersals out of Africa», Quaternary International 300, 2013, 195-212,

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.02.015.

-BEYIN, A.& BAR-YOSEF MAYER, D.: «Prehistoric Settlements on the Red Sea Coast of Eritrea Implications for Assessing Early Human Dispersals Across the Red Sea Basin», In Early Maritime Cultures in East Africa and the Western Indian Ocean, edited by Akshay Srathi, 1-32, Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2018.

- BLINKHORN, & GROVE :«The Structure of the Middle Stone Age of Eastern Africa», Quaternary Science Reviews 195, 1 September 2018,  1-20, doi: org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.07.011.

-BONATTI, E., EMILIANI, C., OSTLUND, G. & RYDELL, H.: «Final Desiccation of the Afar Rift, Ethiopia», Science 172, Issue 3982,1971, 468- 469,

                             doi: 10.1126/science.172.3982.468.

- BRETZKE, K., & Others: «Excavations at Jebel Faya —The FAY-NE1 Shelter Sequence», Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 44, 2014, 69–82.

- BRUGGEMANN, H., & others: «Stratigraphy, Palaeoenvironments and Model for the Deposition of the Abdur Reef Limestone: Context for an Important Archaeological Site from the Last Interglacial on the Red Sea Coast of Eritrea, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology», Palaeoecology 203, 2004, 179-206.

- BUFFLER, R. T., & others.: «Geologic Setting of the Abdur Archaeological Site on the Red Sea Coast of Eritrea, Africa», Global and Planetary Change 72, 2010, 429–450. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.01.017.

- BUTZER, K.W.: «Pleistocene History of the Nile Valley in Egypt and Lower Nubia», In The Sahara and the Nile, edited byWILLIAMS, M., FAURE, H.,Rotterdam: Balkema, 1980.

-  CABRERA, V. M., & others: «Carriers of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup L3 Basic Lineages Migrated back to Africa from Asia Around 70,000 Years Ago», BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2017, 1-55, doi: 10. 1186/s12862-018-1211-4.

- CAMERON, D. w. & GROVES, C.P., Bones, Stone and Molecules“Out of Africa” and Human Origins, Burlington: Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.

- CANN, R., & others.: «Mitochondrial DNA and Human Evolution», Nature, 31: 329. 1987, 31-36.

- CARTO, S.L., & others: «Out of Africa and Into an Ice Age: on the Role of Global Climate Change in the Late Pleistocene Migration of Early Modern Humans Out of Africa», Journal of Human Evolution 56, 2009, 139-51, doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.09.004.

- CLARK, D. J.: «The Middle Stone Age of East Africa and The Beginning of the Regional Identity», Journal of World Prehistory, 2, N^o.3, 1988, 235-305.

- CAVALLI-SFORZA, L.L& others.: The History and Geography of HumanGenes,Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994, 154-157.

- COHEN, K.M., & others: «The Earliest Occupation of North-West Europe: A Coastal Perspective», Quaternary International 271, 2012, 70-83, doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.11.003.

- CRASSSRD, R., «The Middle Paleolithic of Arabia: The View from the Hadramawt Region, Yemen», In The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia: Paleoenvironments, Prehistory and Genietcs, edited by PETRAGLIA, M. and ROSE, J., 2009, 151-168.

- DAVIES, W.: «The Emergence of Homo Sapiens Sapiens», In The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology, edited by Godden, Chris, Cunliffe, Barry and Joyce, Rosemary A., Oxford Handbooks Online: Sep-12,2012,1-67, doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb /9780199271016.001.0001.

- DENNELL.R: «Dispersal and Colonisation, Long and Short Chronologies: How Continuous is the Early Pleistocene Record for Hominids outside East Africa», Journal of Human Evolution 45, 2003, 421-40, doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.09.006.

- DENNELL, R., ROEBROEKS, W.: «An Asian Perspective on Early Human Dispersal from Africa», Nature 438, 2005, 1099–1104, doi: 10.1038/nature 04259.

- DERRICOURT, R.: «Getting Out of Africa: Sea Crossings, Land Crossings and Culture in the Hominin Migrations», Journal of World Prehistory 19, 2005, 119-132, doi: 10.1007/s10963-006-9002-z.

- DELAGNES, A. & OTHERS.: «Middle Paleolithic Settlement in Arabia: First Evidence from a Stratified Archaeological Site in Western Yemen», Paper Presented at the Meeting of the Paleoanthropology Society, Vancouver, British Colombia, 25-26 March, 2008.

- DELAGNES, A., & OTHERS.: «Inland Human Settlement in Southern Arabia 55,000 Years Ago. New Evidence from the Wadi Surdud Middle Paleolithic Site Complex, Western Yemen», Journal of Human Evolution 63, 2012, 452-474, doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.03.008.

-FAURE, H., & others.: «The Coastal Oasis: Ice Age Springs on Emerged Continental Shelves», Global and Planetary Change 33,2002, 47-56, doi: 10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00060-7.

- FLEMING, H. C., & OTHERS.: «The Early Dispersions of Homo Sapiens Sapiens and Proto-Human from Africa», Journal of the Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory XVIII, 2013, 143-188.

- GOODWIN, A.J.H & OTHERS.: «The Middle Stone Age», Annals of The South African Museum, XXVII,1929, 95-145.

- GROUCUTT, H.S. & PETRAGLIA, M.D.: «The Prehistory of the Arabian Peninsula: Deserts, Dispersals, and Demography», Evolutionary Anthropology 21, 2012, 13-25, doi: 10.1002/evan.21308.

- FIELD, J.S. & LAHR, M.M.: «Assessment of the Southern Dispersal: GIS-Based Analyses of Potential Routes at Oxygen Isotopic Stage 4», Journal of World Prehistory 19, N^o.1, Springer, 2005, 1–45, doi:10.1007/S10963-005-9000-6.

- FAURE, H., & OTHERS: «The Coastal Oasis: Ice Age Springs on Emerged Continental Shelves», Global and Planetary Change 33, 47e56, 2002, 47-56, doi: 10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00060-7.

- GRUN. & STRINGER: «Electron Spin Resonance Dating and the Evolution of Modern Humans», Archaeometry 33, 1991, 153-199, 10.1098/rstb.1992.0091.

- HAPKE A., ZINNER D., ZISCHLER H.: «Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Eritrean Hamadrys Papio Harmadryas: Life History Influences Population Genetic Structure», Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 50, 2001, 483-492, doi: 10.1007/s002650100393.

- JOORDENS, J.C.A., WESSELINGH, F.P. DE VOS, J. VONHOF, H.B., KROON, D. :« Relevance of Aquatic Environments for Hominins: A Case Study from Trinil (Java, Indonesia)» Journal of Human Evolution 57, 2009, 656-671, doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.06.003.

- KINGDON, J., Self-Made Man and his Undoing, London, Simon & Schuster, 1993. 

- LAHR, M.M., FOLEY, R.: «Multiple Dispersals and Modern Human Origins», Evolutionary Anthropology 3, 1994, 48-60, doi: 10.1002/evan.1360030206.

- LAHR & FOLEY: «Mode 3, Homo Helmei, and the Pattern of Human Evolution in the Middle Pleistocene», In Human Roots: Africa and Asia in the Middle Pleistocene, edited by BARHAM, L. & ROBSON-BROWN, K., Bristol: Western Academic & Specialist Press Limited, 2001, 23-39.

- LUIS, R.J., ROWOLD D.J., REGUEIRO M., CAEIRO B., CINNIOĞLU C., ROSEMAN C., UNDERHILL P., CAVALLI-SFORZA L., HERRERA R.: «The Levant Versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations», Am. J. Hum. Genet., 74, 2004, 532–544, doi: 10.1086/382286.

- MC DOUGALL I., BROWN F., FLEAGLE J.: «Stratigraphic Placement and Age of Modern Humans from Kibish, Ethiopia», Nature 443, 2005, 733–736, 10.1038/nature03258.

- MAREAN, C.W., et al.: «Early Human Use of Marine Resources and Pigment in South Africa During the Middle Pleistocene», Nature 449, 2007, 905-8, 10.1038/nature06204.

- MARKES, A.E.: «The Paleolithic of Arabia in an Inter-regional Context», In Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia: Paleoenvironments, Prehistory and Genetics, edited by PETRAGLIA, M. and ROSE, J., 295-308, Dordrecht, Springer, 2009.

- MC BREARTY, S., BROOKS, A.S.: «The Revolution that wasn't: A New Interpretation of the Origin of Modern Human Behavior», Journalof Human Evolution, 39, 2000, 453-563, 10.1006/jhev.2000.0435.

- PETRAGLIA, MICHAEL D., ALSHAREKH, ABDULLAH: «The Lower Paleolithic of the Arabian Peninsula: Occupations, Adaptations, and Dispersals», Journal of World Prehistory 17, N^o.2, June, 2003, 141–179, doi: 10.1023/A:1025849206519.

- PETRAGLIA & ALSHAREKH, «The Middle Palaeolithic of Arabia: Implications for Modern Human Origins, Behaviour and Dispersals», Antiquity 77, 298, December, 2003, 671-684, doi: 10.1017/S0003598X00061639.

- PETRAGLIA, M.D., KORISETTAR, R. and SCHULDENREIN, J.: «Landscapes, Activity, and the Acheulean to Middle Paleolithic Transition in the Kaladgi Basin», Indiaet, Eurasian Prehistory,1 (2) in press, 2003, 3-24.

- PETRAGLIA M.D.: «Mind the Gap: Factoring the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian Subcontinent into Out of Africa Models», In The Human Revolution Revisited, edited by MELLARS P., BOYLE K., BAR-YOSEF O., STRINGER C., Cambridge: McDonald Institute Archaeological Publications, 2007, 383–94.

- PETRAGLIA, M.D., ALSHAREKH, ABDULLAH M., CRASSARD, RÉMY; DRAKE NICK A.; GROUCUTT, HUW,  PARKER, ADRIAN  G., ROBERTS, RICHARD G. : «Middle Paleolithic Occupation on a Marine Isotope Stage 5 Lakeshore in the Nefud   Desert, Saudi Arabia» Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 2011, 1555-1559, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.04.006.

- RELETHFORD, JH.: «Short Review Genetic Evidence and the Modern Human Origins Debate, Heredity», Nature 100, 2008, 555–563, doi: 10.1038/hdy.2008.14.

- REYES-CENTENO, HUGO: «Out of Africa and into Asia: Fossil and Genetic Evidence on Modern Human Origins and Dispersals», Quaternary International 416, 19 September, 2016, 249-262, 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.063.

- ROEBROEKS, WIL: «Hominid Behaviour and the Earliest Occupation of Europe: An Exploration», Journal of Human Evolution 41, 2001,437-461, doi:10.1006/jhev.2001.0499.

- ROSE, J.: «New Evidence for the Expansion of an Upper Pleistocene Population out of East Africa, from the Site of Station One, Northern Sudan», Cambridge Archaeological Journal 14:2, 2004, 205-216, doi: 10.1017/S0959774304000137.

- ROSE, J. I., USIK, VITALY: «The Upper Paleolithic of South Arabia», In Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia: Paleoenvironments, Prehistory and Genietcs, edited by Petraglia, M. and Rose, J., Dordrecht, Springer, 2009, 169-185, doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-2719-1 13.

- ROSE J.I.: «New Light Human on Prehistory in the Arabo-Persian Gulf Oasis», Current Anthropol 51, N^o6, 2010, 849-883, 10.1086/657397.

- ROSE, J.I., USIK, V.I et al.: «The Nubian Complex of Dhofar, Oman: An African Middle Stone Age Industry in Southern Arabia», Plos One 6, 2011, 1-22, 10.1371/journal.pone.0028239.

- SCHILLACI, MICHAEL A.: « Human Cranial Diversity and Evidence for an Ancient Lineage of Modern Humans», Journal of Human Evolution 54, 2008, 814-826, doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.10.010.

- SCOTT-JACKSON, J., SCOTT-JACKSON, W and ROSE, J.: «Paleolithic Stone Tool Assemblages from Sharjah and Ras al Khaimah in the United Arab Emirates. In Evolution of Human Populations»: in Arabia: Paleoenvironments, Prehistory and Genetics, edited by PETRAGLIA, M.  and ROSE J., Dordrecht: Springer 2009, 125–138.

- SHEA, JOHN J., Prehistory Stone Tools of Eastern Africa A Guide, Cambridge University Press, 2020.

- SMITH FH, JANKOVIÆ I, KARAVANIÆ I.: «The Assimilation Model, Modern Human Origins in Europe, and the Extinction of the Neandertals», Quaternary Intern.137, 2005,7-19, doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2004.11.016.

- STRINGER, CHRISTOPHER B.: «Paleoanthropology Coasting out of Africa», Nature 405, 4 May, 2000, 24–27, doi:10.1038/35011166.

- TRYON, & FAITH: «Variability in the Middle Stone Age of Eastern Africa», Curr. Anthropol. 54 S8, 2013, 1-21, S234eS254. https://doi.org/10.1086/673752.

- VAN PEER, P.: «The Levallois Reduction Strategy», Monographs in World Archaeology 13, Madison: Prehistory Press, 1992.

- WALDMANN, TORFSTEIN & STEIN.: «Northward Intrusions of Low- and Mid-latitude Storms Across the Saharo-Arabian Belt during Past Interglacials», Geology 38, 2010, 567-570, doi:10.1130/G30654.1.

- WALTER, ROBERT C.,   BUFFLE , RICHARD T., BRUGGEMANN, HENRICH, GUILLAUME, MIREILLE : «Early Human Occupation of the Red Sea Coast of Eritrea during the Last Interglacial», Nature 405, 2000, 65-69, doi:10.1038/35011048.

- WENDORF AND SCHILD, A Middle Stone Age Sequence from the Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia, Polska, Akademia Nauk, Warsaw, Poland, 1974.

- WINNEY, B.J., HAMMOND, R.L., MACASERO, W., FLORES, B., BOUG, A., BIQUAND, V., BIQUAND, S., BRUFORD, M.W.: «Crossing the Red Sea: Phylogeography of the Hamadryas Baboon, Papio Hamadryas Hamadryas»,Molecular Ecology 13, 2004, 2819-2827, doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02288.x.

- WHALEN, N.M., SIRAJ-ALI, J.S., DAVIS, W.: «Excavation of Acheulean Sites Near Saffaqah, Saudi Arabia, 1403 AH (1983) », Atlal, the Journal of Saudi Arabian Archaeology 8, 1984, 1-36, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200497.

- WHALEN, N. M. & PEASE, D.W.: «Archaeological Survey in Southwest Yemen 1990», Paléorient 17/2: 1992,127-133, doi: 10.1017/S0003598X00061639.

- WHALEN, & FRITZ: «The Oldowan in Arabia», Adumatu 9, 2004, 7-18.