حديد السماء - biȝ n pt

أولًا- الكتب العربية:                                                                                           

1- ألفريد لوكاس، المواد والصناعات عند قدماء المصريين، ترجمة: زكي اسكندر، محمد زكريا غنيم، القاهرة: دار الكتاب المصري، 1991.

ālfred locās, al-moād wa al-snā‘aāt ‘and qodmāa al-masreen, tarjamat: zaki īskandar, moḥamad zakarya ghoneem (al-qahira: dār al-ketāb al-masry, 1991).

2- أ. فايجرت؛ ه. تسمرمان، الموسوعة الفلكية، ترجمة: عبد القوي عياد، ط1، القاهرة: الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب، 2002.

ā. Fāygrt, h. tsmrmān, al-maoso‘aah al-falakyah, tarjamat: ‘abd al-qawy ‘ayāad, (al-qahira: al-hyaah al-msryah al-‘amah lel-ketāb, 2002).

3- عماد محمد إبراهيم خليل، السياحة الجيولوجية في مصر، كلية العلوم، جامعة الزقازيق، 2018.

‘aemād moḥamad ībrāheem khalel, al-seāḥah al-geologeah fy masr, kolyet al-‘aeloom, jāme‘aat al-zqāzeq, 2018.

ثانيًا الكتب الأجنبية:

- Barakat, A.A., "Did the May Kamil Meteoroid Contribute to the Downfall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom", Ostracon 24, (2013): 12-20.

Bard, K. A., "Iron", in: Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. London: Routledge, 2005.

- Blackman, A.M. "The Rite of Opening the Mouth in Ancient Egypt and Babylonia 1", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 10, Nº. 1 (1924): 47-59.

- Breasted, J. H., Ancient Records of Egypt, vol. 4. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1906.

- Brunton, G., "Pesesh Kef amulets", ASAE 35 (1935): 213-217.

- Buck, A., Egyptian Reading book, Exercises and Middle Egyptian Texts. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1946.

- Budge, E. A. W., The book of opening the mouth, the Egyptian texts with English translations, vol. I. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & co., 1909.

- …………..., A Hieroglyphic Vocabulary to the Theban Recension of the Book of the Dead, Vol. XXXI. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1911.

- Coghlon, H., Notes on prehistoric and Early Iron in the old World. England: Oxford University Press, 1965.

- Comelli, D., "The meteoritic origin of Tutankhamun's iron dagger blade", Meteoritics & planetary science 51, Nº. 7 (2016): 1301-1309.

- Couyat, J.& Montet, P. "Les inscriptions hiéroglyphiques et hiératiques du Ouâdi  Hammâmât", Mémoires publiés par les membres de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale 34 (1912).

- D’orazio, M., et al. "Gebel Kamil: The iron meteorite that formed the Kamil crater (Egypt)", Meteoritics & planetary science 46, Nº. 8 (2011): 1179-1196.

- Daressy, M.G., "Trois haches en Mineral de fer", Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte 22 (1922): 157-166.

- Desroches- Noblecourt, Ch., Tutankhamen. New York Graphic society, 1983.

- Desch, C. H., Reports on the metallurgical examination of specimens for the Sumerian Committee of the British Association, Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of science. London: 1928.

- Deines, H. & Grapow, H., Grundriß der Medizin der alten Ägypter VI., Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Drogennamen. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1959.

- Dickson, P., Dictionary of Middle Egyptian in Gardiner Classification Order. USA, 2006.

- Dunham, D., & Young, W. J., "An Occurrence of Iron in the Fourth Dynasty",Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 28 (1942): 57-58.

- Edwards, I.E.S., Hieratic papyri in the British museum, 4^th series, Oracular amuletic decrees of the Late New Kingdom, vol. II. London: Trustees of the British Museum, 1960.

- Erman, A. & Grapow H., Wörterbuch der Ägyptischen Sprache, vol. 1. Leipzig: J. Hinrichs, 1926.

- Faulkner, R.O., A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian. Oxford: Griffith Institute Press, 2002.

- Gardiner, A.H., The Inscriptions of Sinai, Part I: Introduction and plates. London, 1917.

- ……………., Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, 3^rd ed., Oxford: Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, 1957.

- Golenischeff, W., Le Papyrus No 1115 de L'Ermitage Impérial De Saint-Petersbourg. Leipzig: Harrassowitz, 1906.

- Graefe, E., Untersuchungen zur Wortfamilie biA, PhD Thesis, Philosophischen Fakultät, Universität zu Köln, 1971.

- Graves-Brown, C.A. "Flint and the Northern sky", In Egyptian Stories, edited by Schneider, T., Szpakowska, K., Münster, Ugarit-Verlag, 2007.

- Grieshammer, F., "Mundöffnungsritual", In LÄ IV, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1982.

- Grossman, J.N.& Zipfel, J., "The Meteoritical Bulletin, No. 85, 2001 September", Meteoritics & planetary science 36, Nº. 9 (2001): 293-322.

- Gsell, M., Eisen, Kupfer und Bronze bei den alten Ägyptern. Karlsruhe: Diss, 1910.

- Hannig, R., Die Sprache der Pharaonen: Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch-Deutsch (2800 - 950 v. Chr.). Mainz: Philipp von Zabern Verlag, 1997.

-……………, Ägyptisches Wörterbuch II. Mainz: Mittleres Reich und Zweit Zwischenzeit, 2006.

- Harris, J., Lexicographical studies in ancient Egyptian minerals. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1961.

- Haynes, C.V., "Geochronology and climate change of the Pleistocene–Holocene transition in the Darb el Arba'in Desert, Eastern Sahara", Geoarchaeology 16, Nº. 1 (2001): 119-141.

- Helck, W., Urkunden der 18. Dynastie. Abteilung IV, Heft 18. Berlin: 1956.

- Hellinckx, B. R., "The symbolic assimilation of head and sun as expressed by headrests", SAK 29(2001): 61-95.

- Helmi, F.& Barakat, K., "Micro Analysis of Tutankhamun’s Dagger", in: Esmael, F. A. (ed.), Proceedings of the first international conference on Ancient Egyptian Mining & Metallurgy and Conservation of Metallic Artifacts. Cairo: Egyptian Antiquities Organizational Press, 1995.

- Johnson, D., "Gerzeh, a prehistoric Egyptian meteorite", Meteoritics & planetary science 46, Nº. 1 (2011): 114.

- Johnson, D., Tyldesley, J., "Analysis of prehistoric Egyptian iron bead with implications for the use and perception of meteorite iron in ancient Egypt", Meteoritics & planetary science 48, Nº. 6 (2013): 997-1006.

- Lalouette, C., "Le firmament de cuivre. Contribution à l'étude du mot biA", Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale 79 (1979): 333-353.

- Leitz, C., Lexikon der ägyptischen Götter und Götterbezeichnungen, V1. Leuven: Peeters, 2002.

-Lichtheim, M., Ancient Egyptian literature, The Old and Middle Kingdoms, vol. I. London: University of California press, 2006.

– Lucas, A., & Harris, J., Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries. New York: Courier Corporation, 2012.

- Lull, J., La astronomía en el antiguo Egipto. España: Valencia, 2005.

- Moreno-Garrido, C., "Astronomía en el Antiguo Egipto", PhD Thesis, Universidad De Jaén: Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, España, 2014.

- Ogden, J., "Metals", in: Nicholson, P. T. & Shaw, I., Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge University Press, UK, 2000.

- Otto, E., Das ägyptische Mundöffnungsritual, vol. I, Ägyptologische Abhandlungen 3, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1960.

- Parker, R., Neugebauer, O., Egyptian Astronomical Texts, vol I-II. London; Brown: University Press by Lund Humphries, 1960-62.

- Petrie, F., Wainwright, G. A., The Labyrinth, Gerzeh and Mazghuneh. London: 1912.

- Pleyte, W., Papyrus de Turin, vol. II. Leiden: EJ Brill, 1869.

- Rehren, T., "5,000 years old Egyptian iron beads made from hammered meteoritic iron", Journal of Archaeological science 40, Nº. 12 (2013): 4758-4792.

- Reisner, G. A.& Reisner, M. "Inscribed Monuments from Gebel Barkal", Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 69 (1933): 24-39.

- Rickard, T. A., Man and Metals, vol II. Pennsylvania: 1932

- ……………., "The Use of Meteoric Iron", Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 71, Nº. 1/ 2. (1941): 55-66.

- Roth, A.M. "Fingers, Stars, and the ‘Opening of the Mouth’ the Nature and Function of the NTR WJ-Blades", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 79, Nº. 1 (1993): 57-79.

- Sayce, A., "The Antiquity of Iron-Working", Antiquity 2, Nº. 6 (1928): 224-227.

- Schiaparelli, E., Il libro dei funerali degli antichi Egiziani. Roma: E. Loescher: 1882.

- Shaltout, M., Belmonte, J.A. & Fekri, M. "On the Orientation of Ancient Egyptian Temples, 3 Key Points at Lower Egypt and Siwa Oasis", P. II, Journal for the History of Astronomy 38, Nº. 4 (2007): 413-442.

- Sighinolfi, G.P., "Thermo luminescence dating of the Kamil impact crater (Egypt)", Meteoritics & planetary science 50, Nº. 2 (2015): 204-213.

- Spiegelberg, W., "Die “Südpflanze” und das Eisen bei den Ägyptern Zwei Fragen", Recueil de travaux relatifs à la philologie et à l’archéologie égyptiennes et assyriennes 26 (1904).

- Takács, G., Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian, vol. I, A Phonological Introduction. Leiden: Brill, 1999.

- Tylecote, R. F., A history of metallurgy, London: Institute of materials, 1992.

- Velde, H., Seth God of confusion, A study of his role in Egyptian mythology and religion. Leiden: Brill Archive, 1977.

- Wainwright, G. "Iron in Egypt", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 18, Nº. 1 (1932): 3-15.

- Wreszinski, W., Der grosse medizinische Papyrus des Berliner Museums (Pap. Berl. 3038). Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, 1909.

ثالثًا المواقع الإلكترونية:

The Petrie Museum Catalogue, [online] Available at:

http://petriecat.museums.ucl.ac.uk/search.aspx (Accessed 1 Dec. 2018).

The University of Manchester, (2013). Analysis of a prehistoric Egyptian iron bead with implications for the use and perception of meteorite iron in ancient Egypt, [online] Available at:

http://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/article/?id=10150 (1 Dec. 2018).

The Geological Society of London (2014). Iron from the sky, [online] Available at: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geoscientist/Archive/April-2014/Iron-from-the-sky (Accessed 1 Dec. 2018).

Wikipedia (2013). Ursa_Major_constellation, [online] Available at:

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Ursa_Major_constellation_map.png (Accessed 1 Dec. 2018).

Antonello, E. (2013). The Myths of The Bear,  [online] Available at:

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Ursa-Minor-Ursa-Major-and-Arcturus-as-they-were-visible-around-32-000-years-ago-to_fig2_236597295 (1 Dec. 2018).