Predictive Value of Heart Rate Observation (HeRO) Score for Sepsis in Preterm Neonates

Acknowledgements

To all the staff members, assistant lecturers, residents and nursing team of the NICU, Ain Shams University.

Author's contributions

Safaa Imam contributed in designing the study, follow up and choice of patients included, data analysis and interpretation Conceived and designed the analysis and revision of the paper. Mariam John Amin Ibrahim contributed in suggesting the idea of the study, designing the study, follow up and choice of patients included, data analysis and interpretation writing, revising and following up the publishing of the paper

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there were no conflicts of interest.

Funding

There was no funding for the study from any source

Date received: 4^th November 2022, accepted 15^th December 2022

Introduction

Neonatal sepsis is the systemic affection of neonates due to bacterial, viral, or fungal agents, associated with hemodynamic changes and clinical affection that cause severe morbidity up to mortality. Early detection of sepsis, before clinical affection, would permit earlier administration of supportive therapies and antibiotics and will result in improved outcomes [1]. The difficulty in early detection of neonatal sepsis is attributed to the subtle and nonspecific clinical signs in its early phase [2].

The development of the HeRO (heart rate observation) monitor was initiated because of the accurate observation that during the early phase of sepsis, the pathological affection leads to subtle but complex alteration in heart rate characteristics. The Decrease in heart rate variability and transient repetition of heart rate decelerations, which is also seen in a fetus exposed to asphyxia, develop in neonatal sepsis. These changes can be readily seen in patients in the early phase of sepsis before overt clinical manifestations. These alterations are not visible to clinicians using standard cardiorespiratory monitoring [3].

The HeRO monitor displays a number or score, which defines the risk that a patient will have a clinical deterioration which coincides with clinical or culture-proven sepsis in the following 24 hours [4].

This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of the HeRO score to differentiate between septic and non-septic preterm neonates. The ability to predict the development of neonatal sepsis in preterm neonates using the HeRO score was also tested. This will help in early intervention and better outcome in management of neonatal sepsis in neonates.

Aim of the Work: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of HeRO score to detect neonatal sepsis in preterm neonates.

Methods

This Prospective observational study was conducted on premature infants < 37 weeks gestation who were admitted in the neonatal intensive care unit Ain Shams University hospitals. Neonates who had any major congenital or chromosomal abnormalities, congenital heart disease, grade III/IV intra-ventricular hemorrhage, Periventricular leukomalacia or hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy were excluded from the study.  Patients who had a C - reactive protein (CRP) positive and positive blood culture were enrolled in the septic group. Patients with negative CRP (< 6 mg/dl) and blood culture were in the non-septic group. All preterm patients observed and subjected to HeRO score, that was assessed regularly by using HeRO duet, MPSC, United Kingdom [5].  A HeRO monitor was put on the infant till readings and curve scores were obtained. During sepsis, before the development of evident clinical signs, there is a decrease in heart rate variability and transient repetitive heart rate decelerations.

The HeRO monitor displays a number or score, calculated inside the machine from the heart rate variability and decelerations. This score or number represents the risk that a patient will experience a clinical deterioration afterwards. A HeRO score of 1 is considered “normal” for healthy preterm infants, and a score of 5 indicates a five-fold increase in risk that sepsis diagnosis will be established in the next 24 hours to 5 days [6].

Ethical considerations

A written informed consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians of the patients before enrolment in this study. Approvals from the Pediatric Department and Ethics Committee, Faculty of medicine, Ain Shams University were obtained. This study was carried out in accordance with The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki) for studies involving humans [7].

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using SPSS 23. The quantitative data were presented as mean, standard deviations and ranges for parametric data and median, inter-quartile range (IQR) for non-parametric data. Also, qualitative variables were presented as number and percentages. The comparison between groups regarding qualitative data was done by Chi-square test and/or Fisher exact test when the expected count in any cell found less than 5. Mann-Whitney test for two independent groups with quantitative data and non-parametric distribution Kruskall-Wallis test For  more than two groups regarding quantitative data and non-parametric distribution Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to assess the best cut off point with its sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and area under curve (AUC) of the studied marker.  The confidence interval was set to 95% and the margin of error accepted was set to 5%. So, the p-value was assessed as follows: P-value > 0.05 was Non-significant P-value < 0.05 was Significant.

Results

Our study was conducted on premature infants < 37 weeks gestation who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, Ain Shams University hospitals, from the period of September 2020 to September 2021, it included 170 neonates. 93 (54.7%) males and 77 (45.3%) females, 74 (43.5%) born by vaginal delivery and 96 (56.5%) by cesarean section.  Our studied neonates had the following diagnosis:  102 (60.0%) had respiratory distress, 90 (52.9%) had neonatal sepsis (initial sepsis and developed sepsis later during hospital stay), 69 (40.6%) had neonatal jaundice, 50 (29.4%) preterm growers, 3 (1.8%) had hemorrhagic disease of newborn and 1 (0.6%) had neonatal seizures. (table1)

HeRO scores were statistically higher in septic versus non-septic patients on day 1(D1) and 4(D4) of admission median (inter quartile range (IQR) 2(2-3) vs 1(0-1) p<0.001 for D1 respectively and 2(2-1) vs. 0(0-1) for D4 respectively. ROC curve was done and cut off point of HeRO scores for D1 and D4 were >with sensitivity and specificity 92.75% & 98.02% for day 1 and 65.22 % and 85.a5% in day 4. (Tables 2&3 and figure 1)

Patients were divided into 2 more groups those who developed sepsis after 4 days or later of admission than those who didn’t. HeRO score was significantly higher in the patients that developed sepsis with median (IQR) on D4 2(1-2) vs 1(0-2) in the other group p<0.001, 2(1-3.5) vs 0(0-1) for day 7 (D7) p<0.001 and 1.5 (0-3) vs. 0 (0-1) on day 13(D13) p<0.001. cut off value >0 for D4, D7 and D13 was found to differentiate between those who developed sepsis or not with sensitivity and specificity 100% &41.61 for D4, 90%,55.56% for D7 and 72.22% & 61.11% for D13 respectively. (Tables 4&5 and figure 2)

Discussion

Sepsis is a clinical and biochemical syndrome of systemic infection with isolation of organism from blood culture only occurring in 30-60% of the cases. Sepsis can be divided according to the onset into early-onset sepsis (EONS) if within the first 72 hours of life and late-onset sepsis (LONS) if later than that. Neonates in the neonatal intensive unit (NICU) are susceptible to sepsis especially preterm neonates and low birth weight, with an incidence in the literature ranging from 1-40% which varies due to the onset [8].

The correct definition of neonatal sepsis has not yet been recognized worldwide up till now. The gold standard for diagnosis is the presence of a positive blood culture, but a negative blood culture in NICU does not exclude the presence pf sepsis, especially if there are other clinical and/or laboratory signs indicative of sepsis present. Also, blood culture results are often delayed and start of management cannot be dependent on it.  So, the main issue in dealing with sepsis in neonates especially preterms is when and how to suspect the presence of sepsis before the change in laboratory biomarkers as CRP and the positivity of a blood culture clinically evident sepsis is to suspect the diagnosis as early as possible [9]. 

From a clinical point of view, the main strategy to defeat sepsis lies in prevention early diagnosis and treatment. Early diagnosis facilitates proper timely intervention and treatment. Early antibiotic administration when needed will reduce disease duration and severity. Also, along the course of management early diagnosis will help in steering the management plan as needed [8].   

The aim of this Prospective observational study was to determine the effectiveness of HeRO score to differentiate between septic and aseptic patients. Our secondary aim was to follow up HeRO scores throughout hospital stay and to correlate it with the development of sepsis later. There was a statistically significant elevation of HeRO score in septic patients than aseptic patients in both days 1 and 4 of admission. A cut of value of >1 has a sensitivity of 92.75% and specificity of 98.02% to differentiate between septic and aseptic patients on day1 and, 65.22% and 85.15% on day 4 respectively (+PV & -PV 97.0% ,95.2% for day 1 and   75.0%,78.2% for day 4 respectively) . So, patients who had a high HeRO score more than 1 were suspected to be septic patients before initial biochemical assessment. Hence proper treatment can be initiated accordingly.

The decrease in the sensitivity and specificity in day 4 can be explained by the fact that patients had already started treatment and their clinical conditions started to improve with improvement of the HeRO score.

In analysis of the patients who developed sepsis there was a significant elevation in HeRO score on days 4, 7 and 13 than those who did not.  These days can mark the timing at which the patients started to develop subtle changes in their heart rate characteristics that would predict the emergence of a septic episode later.  A cut off value of >0 can predict the development of sepsis on days 4.7 & 13 with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% & 41.61% for day 4 and 90%&55.56% for day7 and 72.22%&61.11% for day 13 respectively (+PV & -PV 19.4%,100% for day 4, 27.3%,96.8% for day 7 and 48.1%, 81.5% for day 13 respectively). This indicates the importance of following up patients in NICU with the HeRO score as any elevation of HeRO score later can predict the development of sepsis and prompt proper timely management.

Other authors [10] confirmed the same findings, a study was done on 30 neonates with clinical signs suspicious for development of sepsis. 20 of the cases had a positive HeRO score higher than two; eight of these cases developed sepsis.  Moreover, they found out that the HeRO score was able to predict sepsis from 5 to 12 hours before the development of positive biomarkers. In their study, clinicians usually waited for at least one clinical or a laboratory sign to appear before starting antibiotic therapy, even if these septic events were declared early by the HeRO score. In the literature, it is described how the early administration of antibiotics, even just an hour before, is useful in decreasing mortality from sepsis [10].   

Fairchild & Aschner, [11] reported that patients who used HeRO score during hospital stay and were followed up with it, had a mean of 2.3 more days of survival alive and off respiratory support in comparison to those who did not have a HeRO score done. Importantly, mortality was 22% lower in those who had a HeRO score compared to those without (10.2% vs. 8.1%, P = 0.04). In a prespecified subgroup analysis of ELBW infants, the relative reduction in death was 26% in HeRO displayed versus HeRO nondisplaced groups (P = 0.02). This indicates that the presence of a HeRO score can alert physicians early in any expected deterioration in a patient and proper interventions can be performed [11].    

The institution of HeRO score for all admitted neonates is very useful in NICU to identify septic patients and predict the development of sepsis. Abnormal heart rate characteristics identified by the HeRO score can also be used soon after birth. The elevation in the HeRO score for such newborns has been proven to be associated with mortality and multiple morbidities in very low birth weight infants [12].    

Limitations of the study

A larger sample size would help interpret our results more. Our study could be implemented on clinical septic patients versus proven septic neonates to explore the expression of the HeRO score in these situations; also, the severity of the neonatal sepsis can be correlated to the HeRO score. Furthermore, the determination of the kind of organism isolated from the blood culture and its relation to the HeRO score would be of great value.

Conclusions

Heart Rate Observation (HeRO) score is an essential tool that could permit neonatologist all over the world to differentiate between septic and non-septic neonates before the emergence of clear clinical signs and biomarkers. This facilitates early institution of targeted management which decreases morbidity and mortality of neonates especially preterms. More over HeRO score can be used to follow up the patients admitted in NICU along their hospital stay to predict early the new development of sepsis before the derangement in biochemical markers and clear clinical signs.