الكارتلات الاحتكارية بين الفقه الإسلامي والنظام الرأسمالي | ||
| مجلة قطاع الشريعة والقانون | ||
| Article 14, Volume 14, Issue 14, 2023, Pages 963-1062 PDF (2.46 M) | ||
| Document Type: المقالة الأصلية | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/jssl.2023.288460 | ||
| Author | ||
| أحمد قياتي محمد شلقامي | ||
| قسم الفقه العام، كلية الشريعة والقانون بالقاهرة، جامعة الأزهر الشريف، مصر. | ||
| Abstract | ||
| تعرف الكارتلات الاحتكارية بأنها عبارة عن حلف احتكاري بين مجموعة من المنتجين في فرع واحد من فروع الإنتاج أو فروع متعددة، يخلصوا فيه من مضار المنافسة بينهم، كما يظلوا مستقلين عن بعضهم في الأمور التي لم يتناولها الاتفاق، وتعد الكارتلات الاحتكارية أسوء صور الاحتكار الحديث إذ يمتد أذاها إلى معظم الناس، كونها تستهدف أكبر ربح ممكن من جمهور المستهلكين دون النظر إلى مصالحهم، وبالتالي ترتكب الوسائل غير المشروعة في سبيل تحقيق ذلك كاستنزاف المواد الخام من البلاد النامية وعرقلة إنتاجهم وعدم السماح لهم بالظهور حتى تنفرد بالسوق وحدها، ومن خبث فعل بعض الكارتلات الاحتكارية أنها تلقي بفائضها الانتاجي في عرض البحر أو بإحراقه حفاظًا على مكانتها الاقتصادية، مما يتسبب في إلحاق الضرر بالمجتمعات، وإهلاك بعض البشر جوعًا نتيجة لنقصان السلع، والكارتلات الاحتكارية لا تقف على البيع والشراء بل تصل إلى احتكار الخدمة، ككارتلات التوكيلات الحصرية. والبحث تعرض لتأصيل الكارتلات الاحتكارية في ضوء نصوص الشريعة ومقاصدها، بالتخريج على نصوص الفقهاء مع تنقيح المناط، فتناول التكييف الفقهي والقانوني لها، والآثار الاقتصادية المتعلقة بالكارتلات الاحتكارية للمنتجين، والمستهلكين، والعمال، والتدابير الوقائية للسلطة لمواجهة الكارتلات الاحتكارية كما تعرض للوسائل العقابية التي تفرضها السلطة في مواجهتها، وخلص البحث في مجمله إلى تحريم الكارتلات من الناحية الشرعية وتجريمها من الناحية القانونية، لما لها من آثار سلبية عامة تمس كل الشرائح المجتمعية، ومن حق السلطة التدخل للحد من وجود الكارتلات الاحتكارية وقائيًا باستغلال مواردها وفق المقاصد الشرعية، وتخزين سلعها الضرورية وفق خطط زمنية، ومقاطعة منتجات الكارتلات، وعقابيًا بإعطاء صلاحيات أوسع لجهاز حماية المستهلك، وفرض التسعير الجبري للكارتلات الاحتكارية، وفرض عقوبة مالية رادعة لها، وتفكيكها وبيع السلع جبرًا عنها. Monopolistic cartels are defined as a monopoly alliance between a group of producers in one branch of production or multiple branches, in which they eliminate the effects of competition between them, as they remain independent in matters that were not covered by the agreement. Monopolistic cartels are the worst form of modern monopoly as they affect most people, as they target the largest possible profit from the consumer audience without regard for their interests. Illegal means are thus committed in order to achieve this, such as depleting raw materials from the developing countries, obstructing their production and not allowing them to appear until they are unique to the market alone. It is pernicious to some monopolistic cartels that they throw their production surplus at sea or burn it to preserve their economic status, causing damage to some societies and damage to sell, leading to the monopolization of goods, and the monopolization of others Service, such as exclusive agent cartels. Research has focused on the legalization of cartels and their legal revisions. It has addressed the jurisprudential and legal adaptation of cartels, the economic effects of cartels for producers, consumers and workers, preventive measures taken by the Authority to confront cartels, and punitive measures imposed by the Authority in confronting them. The research has concluded that cartels are legally prohibited and criminalized, as they have general negative effects on all segments of society. The Authority has the right to intervene to limit the existence of cartels and to exploit their resources in accordance with legitimate purposes, to store their necessary commodities according to time plans, to boycott cartel products, and to impose broader powers to protect consumers and impose penalties on them, as a form of punishment, as well as financial sanctions, and financial sanctions imposed on them dismantle them and forcibly sell the goods. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| الكارتلات الاحتكارية; عرقلة الإنتاج; حماية المستهلك; تفكيك الكارتلات; التجارة. : Cartels; disruption of production; consumer protection; break-up of cartels; trade | ||
| References | ||
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أولاً: مراجع التفسير وعلوم القرآن:
ثانياً: كتب متون الحديث والآثار:
ثالثًا: شروح الحديث:
رابعًا: كتب الأصول والقواعد
خامسًا: كتب الفقه الفقه الحنفي
الفقه المالكي
الفقه الشافعي
الفقه الحنبلي
الفقه العام
مراجع اللغة، والاصطلاحات الفقهية:
مراجع عامة
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