حامل الراية فى مصر خلال العصر الروماني

أولاً المصادر الأدبية:

1-      Plut. Galb. 22.

2-      N Oliver Foster, Ph.D., Ed. . Cambridge, Mass., Harvard  University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1926.

3-      Cornelius Tacitus, The Annals, book I, Chap. 48.

4-      Titus Livius ,The History of  Rome, Book 8,Chpter 8,4, Benjami

5-      Tacitus. Ann. 1.38., Alfred John Church. William Jackson Brodribb. Sara Bryant. edited for Perseus. New York. : Random House, Inc. Random House, Inc. reprinted 1942.

6-      Tacitus. 1.41., Alfred John Church. William Jackson Brodribb. Sara Bryant. edited for Perseus. New York. : Random House, Inc. Random House, Inc. 1873. reprinted 1942.

ثانياً المصادر الوثائقية:

1-     BGU.2= Aegyptische Urkunden aus den Königlichen (later Staatlichen) Museen zu Berlin, Griechische Urkunden. Berlin. bguII, 1898. Nos. 362—696.

2-     C. Ep. Lat.141 = Corpus Epistularum Latinarum, papyris tabulis ostracis servatarum, ed. P. Cugusi, 3 vols. Florence 1992 and 2002. (Pap.Flor. XXIII and XXXIII). vols. I and II, nos. 1-245; vol. III, Addenda, Corrigenda, Indices rerum, Index verborum onmium. [LGF]

3-     Chr.Mitt.309 = L. Mitteis and U. Wilcken, Grundzüge und Chrestomathie der Papyruskunde, II Bd. Juristischer Teil, II Hälfte Chrestomathie. Leipzig-Berlin 1912. Nos. 1—500. [MF 2.122—123 (with Grundzüge); rp. GO, all 4 vols.]

4-     O. Did== Didymoi. Une garnison romaine dans le désert Oriental d’Égypte, vol. 2: Les Textes, H. Cuvigny (ed.), A. Bülow-Jacobsen, H. Eristov, with contributions by F. Briquel-Chatonnet and T. Gagos. (Praesidia du désert de Bérénice 4). Nos. 22–465 are ostraca; nos. 466–479 are figured ostraca.

5-     O. Krok.1=Ostraca de Krokodilô.vol.I, La correspondance militaire et sa circulation, ed. H. Cuvigny. Cairo 2005. (Fouilles de l'Ifao 51).

6-     P. Abinn.42= The Abinnaeus Archive: Papers of a Roman Officer in the Reign of Constantius II, ed. H.I. Bell, V. Martin, E.G. Turner, D. van Berchem. Oxford 1962. Nos. 1—82. [Rp. CG]. See also SB X 10755, SB XIV 11380 and SB XX 14954. p.abinn.

7-     P. Col.7.188= Columbia Papyri. p.colVII, Fourth Century Documents from Karanis, ed. R.S. Bagnall and N. Lewis. Missoula 1979.

8-     P. Laur.3= Dai Papiri della Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana. Florence. p.laurIII, ed. R. Pintaudi. 1979. (Pap.Flor. V). Nos. 51—125; no. 125 is Coptic.

9-     P. Mich.21.847= Michigan Papyri. Each volume has a subtitle of its own. The numerical sequence of volumes as a single series was not established until volXXI, Papyri from Karanis. The Granary C123, ed. W.G. Claytor and A. Verhoogt, with the assistance of P. Heilporn and S. Lash. 2018.

10-            P. Stras. Vol 3= Griechische Papyrus der Kaiserlichen Universitäts- und Landes-bibliothek zu Strassburg, ed. F. Preisigke. Leipzig. Vol III, Papyrus grecs de la Bibliothèque Nationale et Universitaire de Strasbourg, ed. P. Collomp et ses élèves. Paris 1948.

11-            P.Charite.7= Das Aurelia Charite Archiv, ed. K.A. Worp. Zutphen 1981. (Stud.Amst. XII). Nos. 1—41.

12-            P.Oxy. 60= The Oxyrhynchus Papyri. Published by the Egypt Exploration Society in Graeco-Roman Memoirs. London. The number in parentheses at the end of each entry is the number in this series. Earlier vols. carry the heading of Egypt Exploration Fund, Graeco-Roman Branch; even after the title change numbers were not assigned to the volumes until the 1950s. The system followed here is that adopted retroactively by the EES. LX, Nos. 4009—4092, ed. R.A. Coles, M.W. Haslam, P.J. Parsons and others. 1994.

13-SB.16.13030= Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Aegypten. (A collection of documentary papyri, ostraca, inscriptions, mummy tablets and related texts published in journals or unindexed catalogues. Begun by F. Preisigke in 1915, continued by F. Bilabel, E. Kiessling, and H.-A. Rupprecht). In progress. XVI, Wiesbaden 1985-1988. Nos. 12220—13084.

14-T. Vindol.2.214 = Vindolanda: the Latin Writing Tablets II, ed. A.K. Bowman and J.D. Thomas, with contributions by J.N. Adams. London 1994.

15-Rom.Mil.Rec.1 = Roman Military Records on Papyrus, ed. R.O. Fink. Cleveland 1971. (American Philological Association, Philological Monograph 26). Nos. 1—134.

ثالثاً: المراجع الأجنبية:

1-     Cheesman. G. L., 1914, Roman Imperial Army, Oxford University Press.

2-     Cheesman. G. L.,2012.The Auxilia of the Roman Imperial Army, Tales End Press.

3-     Cheesman. G. L., 2018,The Auxilia of the Roman Imperial Army. 

4-     David J Breeze, 1989, The flag of legion II Augusta on the Bridgeness distance slab, Proc SocAntiq Scot, 119.

5-     David Woods,2010, Ammianus versus Libanius on Barbatio's Alleged Bridge Across the Rhin,, Vol. 63.

6-     Evelyn Shirley Shuckburgh,1903. Augustus: The Life and Times of the Founder of the Roman Empire [B.C. 63-A.D, T.F. Unwin.

7-     Flavius Josephus. The Works of Flavius Josephus. Translated by. William Whiston, A.M. Auburn and Buffalo. John E. Beardsley. 1895.  

8-     Flavius Josephus., Williams & Smith,1805, “The” Genuine Works of Flavius Josephus, the Jewish Historian: Containing, Albion press.

9-     G. T. Griffith,1935. The  Mercenaries of the Hellenistic World, Cambridge University Press.

10-Geoffrey D. Tully,1998, The στρατάρχης of "Legio" VI Ferrata and the Employment of Camp Prefects as Vexillation Commanders, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik , Bd. 120, pp. 226-232.

11-Gilliver ,Catherin M. 2007. "Battle". In The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, Vol II, Cambridge University Prees Prees.

12-Goldsworthy, Adrian 2011. The Complete Roman Army. London.

13-Goldswortlry,Adrian,2003,the complete

14-Isaac, Benjamin,1998. The Near East under,Roman Rule, Leiden, New York,p.9.

15-Johannes Kromayer & Georg Veith, 1928. Heerwesen und Kriegführung der Griechen und Römer, Abb.107.s.403, 520, Taf.35.

16- John McCormack, 1993. One Million Mercernaries: Swiss Soldiers in the Armies of the World, London.

17-Keppie,1984,The Making of The Roman Army,Batsford, London.

18- Lan Haynes, 2013. Veterani and Other Veterans, OXFORD ACADEMIC.

19-Lawrence J. F. Kepp, 1973,Vexilla Veteranorum, British School at Rome, Vol. 41

20-Lee Ann Riccardi,L.A.,2002." Military Standards, Imagines, and The Gold and Silver Imperial Portraits from Aventicum, Plotinoupolis, and The Marengo Treasure, Antike Kunst 45, n. 58- 95.

21-M. P. Speidel., 1986. Centurions and Horsemen of  Legio II Traiana, Aegyptus , gennaio-dicembre, Anno 66, No. 1/2.

22-M. Rostovtzeff, 1942, Vexillum and Victory, The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 32, Parts 1 and 2.

23-Mann, J.C., 1956. The settlement of veterans in the Roman Empire. Doctoral thesis , University of London.

24-Michael Speidel, 1973,The Pay of the Auxilia, The Journal of Roman Studies , Vol. 63.

25-M.P.Speidel., 1984,"PALMYRENIAN IRREGULARS AT KOPTOS", The Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists, Vol. 21, No. 1/4.

26-Mohamed Abd-el-Ghani, 2013. An Epitaph of a Roman Legionary Soldier from the Legio II Traiana stationed in Alexandria, Issue No.8.

27- Nic Fields,2003.Hadrian’s Wall AD 122–410, Fortress 2.

28- Paul Erdkamp,2011. A Companion to the Roman Army, John Wiley.

29-Ramsay Mac Mullen, 1963. Soldier and Civilian in the Later Roman Empire, Harvard University Press.

30-Roger S. Bagnall & Hélène Cuvigny.,2021, Rome in Egypt's Eastern Desert: Volume One,NYU Press

31-Rossi, Lino,1971, Trajan's Column and the Dacian Wars, Cornell University Press,p.82.

32-Sara,2008,Roman Military Service, Cambridge University Prees.

33-Scheidel,W. 2007" Marriage, Families, and Survival:demographic aspects,”in p. Erdkamp,ed,The Blackwell companion to the Roman army. Oxford and Malden.

34-Sherman LeRoy Wallace,1969, Taxation in Egypt From Augustus to Diocletian, Greenwood Press.

35-Webster,Graham,1985.The Roman Imperial Army,University of Oklahoma press,pp.133,137. Rosse,Lino,1971,Tragans Column and the Dacian Wars,London.

36-Webster,Graham,1985.The Roman Imperial Army,University of Oklahoma press,p.137.

رابعاً : المراجع العربية:

1-  أميمة على أحمد زهرة، دراسة أثرية تحليلية عن الأسلحة فى مصر خلال العصرين البطلمى والرومانى، رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة، مجلد2، كلية الآداب، جامعة الإسكندرية، 1995.

2-  بديع العمر،2010، الجيش الرومانى البرى فى الفترة الإمبراطورية، 31ق.م- 284م، رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة، كلية الآداب، جامعة دمشق.

3-  حنان محمد إسماعيل، 2019، صعوبات الحياة أثناء الخدمة العسكرية بصحراء مصرالشرقية خلال القرون الثلاثة الأولى، مجلة المؤرخ المصرى،ج2، العدد 55.

4-  ريهام عبدلله زكى أحمد، 2014. الملابس الرومانية فى مصر حتى القرن الثالث الميلادى، رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة، كلية الآداب، جامعة الإسكندرية.

5- طه محمد زكى على، دراسة فى البردى المنشور: لاتينية الحياة اليومية فى خطابات كلاوديوس ترينتيانوس، مجلة أوراق كلاسيكية، مجلد15، العدد 15، 2018.

القواميس:

1-    Liddell,H.G., and Scott,R.,A., Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford At The Clarendation Press, 1963.

2-    The Oxford Classical Dictionary,  Ed., N.G.L. Hammond& H.H. Scullard., Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 1970.

سادساً: المواقع الإلكترونية:

-       https://www.jstor.org/stable/