مبدأ عدم التملك القومي للفضاء في ضوء قاعدة حرية استكشاف الفضاء الخارجي في القانون الدولي العام والفقه الإسلامي | ||
| مجلة الشريعة والقانون بالقاهرة | ||
| Volume 41, Issue 41, April 2023, Pages 1553-1631 PDF (1.12 M) | ||
| Document Type: المقالة الأصلية | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/mawq.2023.302752 | ||
| Author | ||
| أسماء عزت محمود أبو المعاطي صيام | ||
| Abstract | ||
| تعد قاعدة حرية استكشاف الفضاء الخارجي هي الركيزة الأساسية التي ترتكز عليها وتنبثق منها كل القواعد والضوابط القانونية الدولية التي تحكم كافة الأنشطة والممارسات المتصلة بهذا الميدان الفسيح، ويترتب على إرساء هذه القاعدة، مبدأ شديد الأهمية، وهو مبدأ عدم التملك القومي لأي منطقة من مناطق هذا الفضاء، وإلا لأفرغت هذه القاعدة من مضمونها وقيمتها، إذا لم يترتب على الأخذ بها حظر التملك القومي للفضاء الخارجي، وحظر ممارسة أي مظهر من مظاهر التملك على أي منطقة من مناطقه، تحت أي مسمى ولأي سبب من الأسباب, حيث تقتصر السيادة الإقليمية الجوية للدول على ما يعلو إقليمها من طبقات الهواء وحتى نهاية الغلاف الجوي، دون أن تمتد إلى ما وراء ذلك من مناطق الفضاء الخارجي. وقد جاء هذا البحث ليسلط الضوء على هذه القاعدة موصيا بضرورة وضع قاعدة حرية استكشاف الفضاء الخارجي، ومبدأ عدم التملك القومي له موضع التنفيذ الفعلي، والرقابة على مدى التزام أشخاص المجتمع الدولي بتطبيقهما، وترتيب الجزاء الرادع على مخالفتهما, مع التأكيد المستمر على قصر سيادة الدول على الغلاف الجوي الذي يعلو إقليمها، والتسليم بانتهاء هذه السيادة عند الحد الذي ينتهي عنده الغلاف الجوي ويبدأ عنده الفضاء الخارجي، بالإضافة إلى إبرام معاهدة دولية تستهدف تفعيل المبادئ التي يفترض أن تحكم استخدام المدار الجغرافي الثابت، مثل مبدأ المساواة بين الدول في استخدامه، ومبدأ الوصول العادل إليه، ومبدأ مراعاة احتياجات الدول النامية، ومبدأ الاستخدام الرشيد. The principle of freedom to explore outer space is the fundamental basis upon which all international legal norms governing all activities and practices relating to this vast field are based. The establishment of such a rule entails a very important principle, namely, the principle of non- national appropriation of any area of outer space. Otherwise, the rule of freedom of exploration of outer space will be emptied of its content and value if its introduction does not entail prohibiting national ownership of outer space and prohibiting, under any name or for any reason, any manifestation of ownership of any area of outer space. The territorial air sovereignty of States is limited to the upper layers of the air and to the end of the atmosphere, without extending to the outer space. This research has shed light on this rule, recommending the necessity of putting into practice the principle of freedom of exploration of outer space, the principle of Non- national appropriation, monitoring the extent to which the Geostationary Orbit of the international community are committed to its application, and arranging the deterrent penalty for their violation, with the continued emphasis on limiting the sovereignty of States to the atmosphere above their territory, recognizing the end of this sovereignty to the extent to which the atmosphere ends and outer space begins, in addition to the conclusion of an international treaty aimed at operationalizing the principles that are supposed to govern the use of the geosphere, such as the principle of equality among States in its use, the principle of equitable access to it, the principle of consideration of the needs of developing States and the principle of rational use. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| استكشاف; الفضاء; التملك; القومي; السيادة. Exploration; Space; Appropriation; National; Sovereignty | ||
| References | ||
|
(الترتيب في كل قسم بالحروف الأبجدية للمؤلفين)
أولا: القرآن الكريم وتفاسيره:
ثانيا: علم الحديث الشريف:
ثالثا: مراجع الفقه:
رابعا: السياسة الشرعية والسيرة النبوية:
خامسا: المراجع القانونية:
سادسا: المراجع الأجنبية
سابعا: المقالات والدوريات والدراسات والأبحاث والرسائل العلمية
ثامنا: بعض المواقع الإلكترونية:
Source and reference list
1- Al-Fakhr Al-Razi: The famous Al-Fakhr (Al-Razi) interpretation of the grand explanation and keys of the unseen, T1 (1401 A.H.-1981), Dar Al-Fikr for printing, publishing, and distribution in Beirut, Lebanon.
Second, the science of honest speech:
2- Ibn Majah: Imam Al-Hafiz Abi Abdullah Muhammad Bin Yazid Al-Rubai Ibn Majah Al-Qazwini, under the supervision and review of Sheik Saleh Bin Abdulaziz Al-Sheik, Dar Al-Salam, Riyadh. T2, 1429.
3- Abu Dawood: Imam Al-Hafiz Abi Dawud Sulayman bin Al-Ashath bin Ishaq Al-Azdi Al-Jistani (202-275 A.H.), under the supervision of Sheik Saleh bin Abdulaziz Al-Sheik, Dar Al-Salam, Riyadh. T2, Riyadh 1429 A.H.
4- Abu Ubaid: The Book of Money by the Great Imam Al-Hafiz Al-Hidja Abi Ubaid Al-Qasim Bin Salam The deceased in 224 A.H., I1 (1428 A.H.-2007), Dar Al-Hadi Al-Nabawi, Al-Mansoura, Egypt, Dar Al-Fadilah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
5- Al-Bukhari: Sahih al-Bukhari al-Jamaa al-Musnad al-Saheem al-Saheem al-Mukhtassi from the Matters of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and deliver him to Imam Bukhari under the supervision of Sheik Saleh bin Abdulaziz Al-Sheik, Dar al-Salam, Riyadh. T2, 1429.
6- Al-Bahiqi: The Grand Years of Imam Abi Bakr Ahmed Bin Al-Hussein Bin Ali Al-Baheki, who died in 458 A.H., The Investigation of Muhammad Abd Al-Qader Atta, T3 (2003 - 1424 A.H.), Scientific Books House, Beirut, Lebanon.
7- Al-Tarmadi: The Mosque is shortened from the Sunnah by the Messenger of God, peace be upon him, and knowing what is right and what is right and what is right and what is to be done to the Imam Al-Tarmadi, under the supervision of Sheik Saleh Al Sheik, Dar Al-Salam in Riyadh. T2, 1429.
8- Al-Darami: Sinan Al-Darami: Al-Musnad Al-Jam'i Abu Muhammad Abdallah Bin Abd Al-Rahman Bin Al-Fadl Al-Darami, who died in 255 A.H., T1 (1434 A.H.-2013), Dar Al-Bashayer Al-Islamia Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Beirut, Lebanon.
9- Sheik Saleh bin Abdulaziz Al Al-Sheik: The Encyclopedia of Hadith Al-Sharif, the six books, under the supervision and review of Sheik Saleh bin Abdulaziz bin Mohammed bin Ibrahim Al-Sheik, Dar es-Salaam, Riyadh. T2, 1429.
10- Malek Ben Anas: The Home of Imam Abi Abdullah Malik Bin Anas Bin Malek Al-Asbahi Al-Himiri, T: Muhammad Fuad Abd Al-Baqi, Edition (1406-1985) Mustafa Al-Babi Al-Halabi (Arab Heritage Revival House).
11- Muslim: True Muslim, the concise correct attribution from the Sunnah conveying justice from the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, to Imam Muslim bin Al-Hajjaj bin Muslim Al-Qashiri Al-Nishaburi, Dar Al-Salam, Riyadh. T2, 1429.
References to jurisprudence:
Fiqh al-Hanafi:
12- Ibn Abidin: Al-Muhtar Responds to Al-Dur Al-Mukhtar: Explanation of the Enlightenment of Eyesight to Ibn Abidin, Special Edition (1423 A.H.-2003), Dar Alam Al-Kutub, Riyadh. This edition was printed with special approval from the Dar Al-Kubair Al-Alamiya in Beirut.
13- Al-Jassas: A brief summary of the Tahawi in Hanafi jurisprudence of Imam Abi Bakr Al-Razi Al-Jassas, The Investigation of Dr. Saed Bekdash, Q1 (1431 A.H.-2010) Dar Al-Bashayer Al-Islamiyya in Beirut, Dar Al-Sarraj in Al-Medina Al-Munawara.
14- Al-Zilai: The facts The treasure of minutes was explained to Al-Zilai Al-Hanafi, the first edition of the Emiri Grand Printing House in Bulaq, Egypt (1314-1315 A.H.).
15- Samarqandi: The Masterpiece of the Jurists by Alaa Al-Din Al-Samarqandi (539 A.H.), I1 (1405 A.H.-1984 A.D.), Science Textbook House in Beirut, Lebanon.
16- Al-Kassani: The Marvelous Things in the Order of Laws of Al-Kasani, Scientific Books House in Beirut, Lebanon, second edition (2002-1424 A.H.).
17- Damad: The Al-Ahhar Complex of Investigator Al-Faqih Abdul Rahman Bin Mohammed Bin Sulayman Al-Kulaiboli called Sheikhi Zada Al-Hanafi is known as Damad Effendi, who died in 1078 A.H., in explaining the Al-Ahhar Forum to Imam Ibrahim Bin Mohammed Bin Ibrahim Al-Halabi, who died in 956 A.H., I1 (1419 H-198 A.M.), Beirut Science Library.
18- Qazizadeh: The Results of Ideas in Revealing Symbols and Secrets, by Shams Eddine Ahmad Bin Qoder, better known as Qazi Zada Afandi, Judge Askar Rummeli, Science Textbook House, Beirut, I1 (2003-1424H).
Al-Maliki:
19- Ibn Jazi: Jurisprudence in summarizing the doctrine of Malikiyah and the stimulation on the doctrine of Shafiyah, Hanafiyah and Hanbali, by Muhammad bin Ahmad bin Jazi al-Gharnati, T1 (1434 A.H.-2013) Dar Ibn Hazm in Beirut, Lebanon.
20- Al-Hattab: Talents of Galilee in Sheik Khalil's brief explanation of Hattab (902-954 A.H.), first edition (1431 A.H.-2010), Dar Al-Radwan Publishing House, Nouakchott, Mauritania.
21- Al-Desouki: Al-Desouki's footnote on the great explanation of the scholar Mohammed Arafa Al-Desouki for the great explanation of Al-Barakat Ahmad Al-Dardir. Published by the Arab Book Revival House, Issa Al-Babi Al-Halabi and Partners in Egypt.
22- Al-Qarafi: Ammunition for Shihab Al-Din Ahmed Bin Idris Al-Qarafi, Deceased in 684 A.H.-1285 A.D., Investigation by Professor Said Arab, T1 (1994) Dar Al-Gharbi Al-Islami in Beirut, Lebanon.
Al-Fiqh Al-Shafi'i:
23- Al-Ramli: The end of the need to explain the curriculum to the son of Shahabuddeen Al-Ramli, famous as Al-Shafie Al-Sagheer, who died in 1004 A.H., I2 (2003 - 1424 A.H.), the Science Textbook House in Beirut, Lebanon.
24- Al-Shafei: Mother to Imam Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi'i (150-204 A.H.), Investigation and Graduation of Dr. Rifaat Fawzi Abd al-Muttalib, Q1 (1422 A.H.-2001) Dar al-Wafa Printing, Publishing and Distribution in Mansoura.
25- Al-Shobrawy: The total was supplemented by the polite explanation of Imam Abi Ishaq Ibrahim bin Ali bin Yusuf Al-Shirazi, written by Muhammad Ayman Al-Shabrawy, edition (1431 A.H.-2010), Dar Al-Hadith, Cairo.
26- Al-Amrani: The statement in the doctrine of Imam Al-Shafi'i, written by Sheik Al-Jaleel Al-Faqih, the scholar Abi Al-Hussein Yahya bin Abi Al-Khair bin Salem Al-Amrani Al-Shafi'Al-Yemeni, printed edition of Dar Al-Manhaj for printing, publishing, and distribution.
27- Al-Mazni: Summary of Al-Mazni in the branches of Al-Shafiyah Imam Abi Ibrahim Ismail Bin Yahya Bin Ismail Al-Masri Al-Mezni, deceased in 264 A.H., Dar Al-Kutub Al-Alamiya, Beirut, Lebanon, I1 (1419 A.H.-1998).
* Fiqh Al-Hanbali:
28- Ibn al-Mubarid: The pure role in explaining the clumsy words of the son of a refrigerator who died in 909 A.H., I1 (1411 A.H.-1991) Dar al-Jama'a Publishing and Distribution, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
29- Ibn Uthman al-Basri: The conspicuous explanation of Al-Kharki is Othman al-Basri's dark son (624h-684h), I3 (1424h-2003), Al-Asadi's library (d. Abdul Malik bin Dheish, Mecca.
30- Ibn 'Aqil al-Baghdadi: The Islamic jurisprudence ticket to the doctrine of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, son of Aqil al-Baghdadi al-Hanbali, who died in 513 A.H., I1 (1422 A.H.-2001), Dar Seville, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
31- Ibn Qudamah: The Singer of Ibn Qudamah, T3 (1417 A.H.-1997), Dar Al-Kutub Al-Kut Library. b) Convincing for Ibn Qaddama, T1 (1415 A.H. - 1995 A.D.) Hajar Publishing, Publishing, Distribution and Advertising House.
32- Ibn Mufleh: The Book of the Branches of the Scholar, the late scholar Shams al-Din Muhammad bin Mufleh al-Maqdisi, who died in 763A.H., I1 (1424H-2003), Al-Resala Foundation, Beirut, Lebanon, Dar al-Muayad, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
33- Abul Naga Hijawi Al-Maqdisi: Persuasion by the Beneficiary Student Classification of Abu Al-Naja Al-Hajaoui Al-Maqdisi, I3 (1423 A.H.-2002 A.D.), special edition of the King Abd Al-Aziz Administration, Riyadh.
Other doctrinal doctrines:
34- Ibn Hazm: Local Antiquities Department of Ibn Hazm al-Andalusi, Investigation of Dr. Abdel Ghaffar Sulayman al-Bandari, I1 (2002, 2003-1425 A.H.) Scientific Books House, Beirut, Lebanon.
35- D. Mahmud al-Muzzafar: Reviving dead lands is a comparative doctrinal study (1392-1972).
36- D. Muhammad Sayyid Tantawi: Mediator of the Four Schools of Jurisprudence, Edition (1428 A.H.-1429 A.H.) (2007-2008).
Legal Policy and the Prophetic Biography
37- Ibn Rajab Al-Hanbali: Extraction of the provisions of the Kharaj Imam Al-Hafiz Abi Al-Faraj Abdul Rahman Bin Ahmed Bin Rajab Al-Hanbali, who died in 795H, I1 (1405 A.H.-1985), the Science Textbook House in Beirut, Lebanon.
38- Abou Jaafar Al-Daoudi: The Book of Money Ranked by Abi Jaafar Ahmed Bin Nasr Al-Daoudi Al-Malki, T: Rida Mohammed Salem Shehada, T1 (1429 A.H.-2008) The Science Textbook House in Beirut, Lebanon, the text of the report.
39- Dr. Akram Dia'a Al-Omari, Correct Biography of the Prophet, an attempt to apply the rules of modernizers in critiquing biographical novels, The Biography and Biography Research Center, C1.
40- Al-Khafif: Ownership in Islamic Law with Comparison to Islamic Laws, written by Mr. Ali Al-Khafif, edition (1416-1996), Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, Cairo.
41- Al-Qurashi: The Director, written by Yahya Bin Adam Al-Qurashi, 203 A.H., achieved by Dr. Hussein Muanis, the first edition (1987) Dar Al-Shorouk in Cairo.
42- Al-Mawardi: The Royal Rulings of Mawardi, Edition (1427 A.H.-2006), Dar Al-Hadith, Cairo.
43- Sheik Mohamed Abu Zahra: Monarchy and the Theory of the Decade in Islamic Law, Arab Thought House, Cairo, 1996.
Legal references:
44- D. Ibrahim Fahmy Ibrahim Shehata, International Air and Space Law, 1966 edition.
45- D. Ahmed Aboul Wafa: Mediator of Public International Law, 5th edition (1431 A.H.-2010), Arab Renaissance.
46- D. Ahmed Sarhal: The Law of International Relations, first edition (1410h-1990), the University Institute for Studies, Publishing and Distribution in Beirut, the book for publishing, printing, and distribution in Cairo.
47- United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs: a/ United Nations treaties and principles on outer space and relevant General Assembly resolutions, United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, Texts of treaties and principles governing the activities of States in the exploration and use of outer space and relevant resolutions adopted by the General Assembly, United Nations, New York, 2008, United Nations publication, ST/SPACE/11/Rev.2. www.unoosa.org . b) International space law: United Nations instruments, United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, United Nations New York 2017 (ST/SPACE/61/Rev.2), publication of the English Language, Publications and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna.
48- D. El Shafee Mohamed Bashir: Public International Law in Peace and War, 6th edition, new al-Jalaa library in Mansoura.
49- D. Jafar Abdul Salam: a) The Rules of International Relations in International Law and in Islamic Law, I1, (1401H-1981), World Peace Library. b) Principles of Public International Law, p5 (1417 A.H.-1996).
50- D. Suha Hamid Salim Friday: Pollution of the Outer Space Environment in Public International Law, 2009 Edition, University Press, Alexandria.
51- Dr. Suzanne Mouawad Ghoneim: International Legal Systems for Ensuring the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, 2011, New University House, Alexandria.
52- D. Saladin Amer: Introduction to the Study of Public International Law, Cairo, Arab Renaissance Publishing and Distribution House, 2007.
53- D. Salah Abdel-Badi Shalabi: Concise International Law, Revised Edition 2011, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabi in Cairo.
54- D. Tarek Ezzat Rakha: General International Law in Peace and War, 2006, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabi.
55- D. Abdul Ghani Mahmoud: Public International Law, 2nd edition, Cairo's Arab Renaissance.
56- D. Alwi Amjad Ali: Summary in Public International Law, (1423 A.H.-2002) Dubai Police Academy, Fujairah National Press.
57- D. Mohsen Afikirin: Public International Law, Arab Renaissance, 2011.
58- Dr. Mohammad Al-Majzoub: Mediator in Public International Law, T7 (2018), Al-Halabi Human Rights Publications.
59- D. Mohammad Hafiz Ghanem: Summary in Public International Law, Notes in Public International Law, 1972-1973, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabi.
60- D. Mohamed Saadi: Impact of New Technology on Public International Law, 2014, New University House, Alexandria.
61- D. Mohammad Aziz Shukri: Introduction to Public International Law, Daoudi Press 1982.
62- D. Mohammad Wafik Abu Atla: Organization of the Use of Space, I1, 1972, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.
63- D. Mahmoud Hijazi Mahmoud: International Legal System for Satellite Communications, Cairo, Arab Renaissance Publishing and Distribution, 2001.
64- D. Mamdouh Ferjani Letter: Legal Regime of Remote Sensing from Outer Space, 1993, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabi
65- D. Hadi Talal Hadi Al-Tai: International Responsibility for Radio Broadcasting, Cairo 2013, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabi.
66- D. Sami Ahmad Abedin: The Principle of Humanity's Common Heritage, A Legal Study of the Deep Sea, Outer Space and Antarctica, Arab Renaissance, 1986.
Foreign references
67- Barry E. Carter, Phillip R. Trimble: "International Law", Third Edition 1999, Aspen Law and Business, New York.
68- Gerhard von Glahn: "Law Among Nations an Introduction to Public International Law", Sixth, revised Edition 1992, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, Maxwell Macmillan Canada, Inc. Toronto, Earlier Editions: 1965, 1970, 1976, and 1981.
69- IAN BROWNLIE, CBE, QC, FBA: "Principles of Public International Law", Sixth Edition 2003, Oxford University Press, New York.
70- Jasentuliyana (Nandasiri): "International Space Law And The United Nations", 1999, Kluwer Law International Incorporates the Publishing Programs of Graham & Trotman, London.
71- Malcolm N. Shaw QC: "International Law", Fifth Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
72- Slomanson (W. R.): "Fundamental Perspectives on International Law", Fourth Edition 2003, Thomson West.
Articles, periodicals, studies, research and scientific letters
73- D. Mahmoud Khairy: Nuclear Armament, Egyptian Society of International Law, Studies in International Law, vol. I, 1969, Cairo.
74- D. Mamdouh Ferjani Letter: Legal Regime for Remote Sensing from Outer Space, Ph.D. Thesis to Cairo University Faculty of Law, 1992.
75- Simone Courteix: a) "Questions of the Current Law Matière de l'Espace", Annuaire Francais de Droit International, Volume 24/1978, Edition CNRS, Paris. b) "De l'acces equitable a l'orbite des satellites geostationanaire", Annuaire Francais de droit International, Volume 31/1985, Edition CNRS, Paris.
76- Ruth Erne: "Telecommunications spatial resources and extra-atmospheric space resources", the evolution of their regementation, These Doctorat presently a universal Geneve, Institut Universitaire des Hautes Internationales, 2007 | ||
|
Statistics Article View: 694 PDF Download: 736 |
||
