References

Primary Sources

Law

Basic Law of Governance, Royal Decree No A/90 March 2, 1992 <https://laws.boe.gov.sa/BoeLaws/Laws/LawDetails/16b97fcb-4833-4f66-8531-a9a700f161b6/1> [Accessed: 6 January 2023]

Code of Law Practice, Royal Decree No (M/38) October 15, 2001

Law of the Judiciary, Royal Decree No M/78 October 01, 2007

Cases

Blackrock Asset Management Australia Services Ltd v Waked [No 2] [2017] FCA 479 at [46]

Campaign Master (UK) Ltd v Forty-Two International Pty Ltd [No 3] [2009] FCA 1306, at [78] 

Da Silva Moore v Publicis Groupe and MSL Group No 11 Civ 1279 (ALC) (AJP) (SDNY, April 24, 2012)

Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Binetter [2017] FCA 69 

Hyles v City of New York No 10 Civ 3119 (AT)(AJP) (SDNY, August 1, 2016)

Pty Ltd v Luvalot Clothing Pty Ltd [No 2] [2017] FCA 1143 at [20]

Rio Tinto PLC v Vale SA, 2015 WL 872294 (SDNY, March 2, 2015)

Services Ltd v Waked [No 2] [2017] FCA 479 at [46]; Magi Enterprises

Vasiliades v Commissioner of Taxation [No 2] [2017] FCA 185

Treaties, Conventions, and Charters

Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms as amended by Protocol Nos 11 and 14, supplemented by Protocol Nos 1, 4, 6, 7, 12, 13 and 16, Rome, 4 XI 1950

European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ), CEPEJ European Ethical Charter on the Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Judicial Systems and Their Environment (Council of Europe 2018) <https://www.coe.int/en/web/cepej/cepej-european-ethical-charter-on-the-use-of-artificial-intelligence-ai-in-judicial-systems-and-their-environment> [Accessed: 16 February 2023]

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, arts 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, and 12 <https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf> [Accessed: 02 April 2023]

Policies and Guidelines

Google Inc, Artificial Intelligence at Google: Our Principles <https://ai.google/principles/> [Accessed: 13 May 2023]

OECD, Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence (OECD Legal Instruments, 2019)

<https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0449> [Accessed: 6 January 2023]

Official Factsheets

European Commission, Factsheet: Artificial Intelligence for Europe <https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/factsheet-artificial-intelligence-europe>

Secondary Sources

Books

Al-Mojan I, Explanation of the Legal Procedure System According to the Latest Amendments, Vols 1 and 2 (Dar Al-Zaman for Publishing  2019), 7-13

Al-Mursi M, Al-Wajeez in the Saudi Legal Procedure System (2^nd edn, Dar Al-Ajadah Publishing House 2023)

Caplen A, ‘Access to Justice: The View from the Law Society’, in E Palmer, T Cornford, Y Marique, and A Guinchard, eds, Access to Justice: Beyond the Policies and Politics of Austerity (Bloomsbury Publishing 2016), 27-40

Chen DL, ‘Machine Learning and the Rule of Law’, in M Livermore and D Rockmore, eds, Law as Data (Santa Fe Institute Press 2019)

Davenport T, Process Innovation, Reengineering Work through Information Technology (Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press 1993)

Garner BA, A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage (2^nd edn, New York: OUP 2001)

Gottschalk P, Knowledge Management Information Systems in Law and Enforcement (Hershey, Penn: Idea Group Publishing 2007)

Lodder A and Zeleznikow J, Enhanced Dispute Resolution through the Use of Information Technology (CUP 2012)

Nilsson NJ, The Quest for Artificial Intelligence: A History of Ideas and Achievements (CUP 2009)

Reiling DA, Technology for Justice – How Information Technology Can Support Judicial Reform (Leiden University Press 2009)

Russell S and Norvig P, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3^rd edn, Pearson 2014)

Susskind R, Online Courts and the Future of Justice (OUP 2019)

Journals

Bassiouni  E, ‘The Reality of Doubleness in the Saudi Judicial System: A Comparative Study’ [Online] (2017) 3 Qatar University International Review of Law 24

<http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/irl.2017.24> [Accessed: 02 January 2023]

Beatson J, ‘AI-Supported Adjudicators: Should Artificial Intelligence Have a Role in Tribunal Adjudication?’ (2018) 31(3) Canadian Journal of Administrative Law & Practice 307

Berk RA, ‘Accuracy and Fairness for Juvenile Justice Risk Assessments’ (2019) 16 Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 175

Blair W, Sir, ‘The New Litigation Landscape: International Commercial Courts and Procedural Innovations’ (2019) 2 International Journal of Procedural Law 212

Carneiro D and others, ‘Online Dispute Resolution: An Artificial Intelligence Perspective’ (2014) 41 Artificial Intelligence Review 211

Coglianese C and Lehr D, ‘Regulating by Robot: Administrative Decision Making in the Machine-Learning Era’ (2017) 105 Georgetown Law Journal 1147

Fang X, ‘Recent Development of Internet Courts in China’ (2018) 5(1-2) International Journal on Online Dispute Resolution 49

Fernandez AJ and Masson ME, ‘Online Mediations: Advantages and Pitfalls of New and Evolving Technologies and Why We Should Embrace Them’ (2014) 81 Defense Counsel Journal 395

Greenstein S, ‘Preserving the Rule of Law in the Era of Artificial Intelligence’ (2021) Artificial Intelligence and Law 1

Katsh E and Rule C, ‘What We Know and Need to Know about Online Dispute Resolution’ [Online] (2016) 67(2) South Carolina Law Review, Article No 10

<https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4166&context=sclr>  

Kleinberg J and others, ‘Human Decisions and Machine Predictions’ (2018) 133(1) Quarterly Journal of Economics 237

Larson DA, ‘Artificial Intelligence: Robots, Avatars, and the Demise of the Human Mediator’ (2010) 25 Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution 105

Lodder A and Thiessen E, ‘The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Online Dispute Resolution’ [2003]

<http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.97.9137&rep=rep1&type=pdf> [Accessed: 12 January 2023]

Mart SN, ‘The Algorithm as a Human Artifact: Implications for Legal Research’ (2017) 109 Law Library Journal 387

McAfee A, ‘Mastering the Three Worlds of Information Technology’ (2006) Harvard Business Review 141

McIntyre J, ‘Evaluating Judicial Performance Evaluation: A Conceptual Analysis’ [Online] (2014) 4(5) Oñati Socio-legal Series 898 <http://ssrn.com/abstract=2533854> [Accessed: 6 January 2023]

Oswald M and others, ‘Algorithmic Risk Assessment Policy Models: Lessons from the Durham HART Model and Experimental Proportionality’ (2018) 27 Information & Communication Technology Law 223

Raymond A and Shackelford S, ‘Technology, Ethics and Access to Justice: Should an Algorithm Be Deciding Your Case?’ (2014) 35 Michigan Journal of International Law 485

Rhode D, ‘Access to Justice: Connecting Principles to Practice’ (2004) 17 Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 369

Shackelford SJ and Raymond AH, ‘Building the Virtual Courthouse: Ethical Considerations for Design Implementation, and Regulation in the World of ODR’ (2014) Wisconsin Law Review Kelley School of Business Research Paper No 2014-10

<http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2387912>

Stern RE and others, ‘Automating Fairness? Artificial Intelligence in the Chinese Court’ (2021) 59 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 515

Zalnieriute M, Moses LB, and Williams G, ‘The Rule of Law and Automation of Government Decision‐Making’ (2019) 82(3) Modern Law Review 425

Thesis

Al-Jaloud A, Rulings on Applications of Artificial Intelligence in the Judiciary, (PhD thesis, King Saud University Faculty of Education, Department of Islamic Studies 2022)

Reports

Datatilsynet: Norwegian Data Protection Authority, Artificial intelligence and Privacy (2018)

<https://www.datatilsy(net.no/globalassets/global/english/ai-and-privacy.pdf> [Accessed: 6 January 2023]

Directorate General of Human Rights and Rule of Law at the Council of Europe, Technical Study On Online Dispute Resolution Mechanisms (Secretariat, Strasbourg: CDCJ 2018)

Gibbs P, Defendants on Video – Conveyor Belt Justice or a Revolution in Access? (Transform Justice 2017)

Khanna B, Predictive Justice: Using AI for Justice (Centre for Public Policy Research 2021)

Research and Conference Papers

Thompson D, ‘Creating New Pathways to Justice Using Simple Artificial Intelligence and Online Dispute Resolution’ (2015) 1 International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution, Osgoode Legal Studies Research Paper No 27/2015

<SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2696499>

Theses and Dissertations

Almuallem SM, ‘A Reformative Legal Vision for the Kingdom: The Adoption of Rules of Discovery in the Civil Procedural System of Saudi Arabia: Considering the Example of the United States Discovery Regime’ [Published doctoral dissertation] (University of Pittsburgh 2021)

El Hamrawy H, 'The Basis of Civil Responsibility for Robots between the Traditional Rules and the Modern Trend’ (Department of Private Law Sharia, Al Azhar University 2021)

<https://jfslt.journals.ekb.eg/article_218225_489ec22285f25bbb719c42b80e3e1fce.pdf> [Accessed: 11 June 2023]

Nowotko PM, ‘AI in Judicial Application of Law and the Right to a Court’ (Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Szczecin, Poland 2021)

< https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.08.235>

Speeches

Allsop J, ‘Courts as (Living) Institutions and Workplaces’ [Speech] (Joint Federal and Supreme Court Conference, 23 January 2019) <www.fedcourt.gov.au/digital-law-library/judges-speeches/chief-justice-allsop/allsop-cj-20190123> [Accessed: 15  June 2023]

Bathurst T, CJ, ‘ADR, ODR and AI-DR, or Do We Even Need Courts Anymore? [Speech] (Supreme Court of New South Wales, 20 September 2018)

Beazley M, ‘Law in the Age of the Algorithm’ [Speech] (New South Wales Young Lawyers, 21 September 2017), 9-10

McDougall R, ‘The Uses and Abuses of Technology in the Courtroom’ [Keynote address] (Society of Construction Law, Australia Conference of 2013, 2 August 2013)

Newspaper and Magazine Articles

Beioley K, ‘Robots and AI Threaten to Mediate Disputes Better than Lawyers’ (Financial Times, 2019), 13 April

Kugler L, ‘AI Judges and Juries’ [Online] (2018) (Communications of the ACM, 2018), Vol 61, issue 12

<https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2018/12/232890-ai-judges-and-juries/abstract>

Niller E, ‘Can AI be a Fair Judge in Court? Estonia Thinks So’ (Wired, 2019), 25 March <https://law.stanford.edu/press/can-ai-be-a-fair-judge-in-court-estonia-thinks-so/> [Accessed: 10 June 2023]

Quinn J,  Frias-Martinez V, and Subramanian L, ‘Computational Sustainability and Artificial Intelligence in the Developing World’ (2014) (AI Magazine, 2014), Vol 35, issue 3

Websites and Online Articles

Angwin J and others, ‘Machine Bias: There’s Software Used Across the Country to Predict Future Criminals. And It’s Biased against Blacks’ [Online] (ProPublica, 2016), 23 May

<https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing>

Jung J and others, ‘Simple Rules for Complex Decisions’ [Online] (Cornell University, 2017) <arXiv:1702.04690>

Merrow IM and Dusseault M, ‘Non-lawyer Legal Services: An International Round-up’ [Online] (Just, 2017), 22 June <https://www.oba.org/JUST/Archives_List/2017/June-2017/Non-lawyer-global-3> [Accessed: 23 June 2023]

Salter S, ‘What is the Solution Explorer?’ [Online] (Bar Talk, 2018). <https://www.cbabc.org/BarTalk/Articles/2018/April/Features/What-is-the-Solution-Explorer> [Accessed: 20 January 2023]

Samuel A, ‘Artificial Intelligence Will Change E-Discovery in the Next Three Years’ [Online] (Law and Technology Today, 2019), 23 April <https://www.lawtechnologytoday.org/2019/04/artificial-intelligence-will-change-e-discovery-in-the-next-three-years/>

Saudi Ministry of Justice, ‘MOJ’s Initiatives’ [Online]

<https://www.moj.gov.sa/English/Ministry/vision2030/Pages/Initiative.aspx>

Saudi Press Agency, [Online], 16 August 2021

<https://www.spa.gov.sa/2274424> [Accessed: 12 March 2023]

Saudi Vision 2030, [Website] <http://vision2030.gov.sa/en> [Accessed: 2 January 2023]

Susskind R, ‘The Future of Courts’ [Online] (Center on the Legal Profession, Harvard Law School, July-August 2020), 6:5 Remote Courts

<https://clp.law.harvard.edu/knowledge-hub/magazine/issues/remote-courts/the-future-of-courts/> [Accessed: 23 June 2023]

Taylor D and Osafo N, ‘Artificial Intelligence in the Courtroom’ [Online] (Law Society Gazette, 2018), 9 April

<https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/practice-points/artificial-intelligence-in-the-courtroom-/5065545.article> [Accessed: 11 June 2023]

Webb J and others, ‘The Effective and Ethical Development of Artificial Intelligence: An Opportunity to Improve Our Wellbeing’ (ACOLA, July 2019)

Wolters Kluwer, ‘Impact of e-Justice on Law Firms: Firms - Are You Ready for the Future?’ [Online] (2018)

<https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en-gb/expert-insights/impact-of-e-justice-on-law-firms> [Accessed: 17 June 2023]

Interviews

Saudi Al-Ekhbariya Channel, Interview with Engineer Fahd Al-Shuraim, General Supervisor of the Digital Judicial Portfolio at the Saudi Ministry of Justice (26 November 2022, 19:25 MEST)