Large Mud Brick Enclosures of Egyptian Temples سور المعبد المصرى من الخارج في عصر الدولة الحديثة | ||
| حولية الاتحاد العام للآثاريين العرب "دراسات فى آثار الوطن العربى" | ||
| Article 64, Volume 16, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 151-163 PDF (409.69 K) | ||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/cguaa.2013.32564 | ||
| Author | ||
| Nour Galal Abdel Hamid | ||
| • Associate Professor, Faculty of Arts Archaeology Department, Ain Shams Universit | ||
| Abstract | ||
| A mud brick Dbt has been regarded as a sturdy, reliable building material throughout history because it is flexible enough to be adapted to the building requirements, made of a mixture of mud, sand and water mixed with a binding material such as straw and then pressed into moulds (These moulds of which we have some actual examples) and let them dry in the sun[1]. Stone was generally reserved for tombs and temples while bricks were used even for royal palaces, fortresses, the walls of temple precincts and towns[2], and for subsidiary buildings in temple complexes papyrus Sorbonne 276 refers to the use of old bricks for the rebuilding of storehouse showing that the re-use of bricks was common practice. This study has attempted to provide an answer for why mud brick massive structures were around almost all Egyptian temples ? Spencer stated that the most important word was inb [3] used at all periods(mud bricks or stone). [1]Fired clay tiles gAS Wb,V, 156,7 used in streets in Middle kingdom fortresses in Nubia; B. Kemp, “Soil (Including Mud Brick Architecture)" in: Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Nicholson, Paul T., and Ian Shaw(eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2006, p.79 = AEMT; Spencer stated that burnt bricks were used in Ramasside buildings in special circumstances Spencer, A.J. a Brick Architecture in ancient Egypt, Warminster, 1979, p. 5; On the famous scene of foreign slaves as brick makers, in the Tomb chapel of Rekhmire, Full bibliography is in: PM,1, 211-12; Davies, Rekhmire II, 54-60, pls.58-60; J. Spencer, Brick Architecture, p. 5; N. Davies, The Tomb of Rekhmire at Thebes, pl. LVIII. [2] E. Uphill, Egyptian Towns and Cities, Oxford, 2008, p. 7. This book surveys the main kinds of Urban settlement and towns planning that existed in ancient Egypt before the Hellenistic period ; Charles Gates, Ancient Cities, The Archaeology of Urban life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome, Routledge, 2003, p. 101; B. Kemp, "The early development of towns in Egypt" Antiquity 51, 1977, pp. 185-200; Kemp, Barry, "Temple and town in ancient Egypt", in Ucko et al., pp. 661, pp. 666–66. The Egyptians referred to most cities as niwt or dmi , niwt usually refers to unplanned cities that grew naturally, such as Memphis and Thebes, while dmi can be translated as settlement and usually refers to towns that were laid out along a plan ; Uphill, op.cit; J.Van Leep , Is Hieroglyphic Sign niwt a village with Cross- roads?, GM 158,1997, pp. 91-100; J. Monnet-Saleh, Fortresses, ou Villes-Protégées Thinites?, BIFAO 67, 1969, pp.173-187; J. Wilson, Buto and Heirakonpolis in the Geography of Egypt, JNES 14, 1955, 209-236; S. Seidlmayer, Town and State in the Early Old Kingdom: A View from Elephantine. In J. Spencer, (ed.) Aspects of Early Egypt. London: British Museum Press, 1996, pp.108-127. [3] P. Spencer, The Egyptian Temple: A Lexicographical Study. Kegan Paul International,1984; Wb I , 94, 15 کان المعبد المصرى في الدولة الحديثة مؤسسة متکامله هدفها خدمة الإله والملک ، له نظام وهيئة تتفق في کثير من خطوطها العامة واهدافها وتختلف في تفاصيلها ، الدخول الى المعبد يکون بأمر عبر ابوابه التى طالما کانت مغلقة امام العامة فيما عدا اوقات بعينها وهى اوقات الأعياد ، وبما ان للمعبد دور اعلامى کبير في عصر الدولة الحديثة لذا کانت سور المعبد من الخارج مسرحاً لأستعراض القوة والهيمنة فلم يغفلها الملوک بل استغلوها خير استغلال يوافق اهدافهم وستتم الدراسة حول تلک المناظر الخارجية وترتيبها لتحديد الغرض منها وتقدير دورها الأعلامى للملک کواجهة متاحة للعامة والخاصة من الناس ، وستتم الأستعانة بالنصوص المتاحة التى تبين طبيعة هذه الأستفادة من المناظر التى سجلت خارج السور. | ||
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