رؤية الخبراء لمستقبل دور خوارزميات الذكاء الاصطناعي في إدارة منشورات وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي خلال الأزمات "دراسة استشرافية خلال العقد القادم (2024-2034م)"

- Steve Rathje, Claire Robertson, William J. Brady, Jay J. van Bavel, People think that social media platforms do (but should not) amplify divisive content, Psychological Science, 2023.

[1]) Fernand A. Claud, Al-Ryan Gian L. Kadil, Effects of Social Media Algorithms on the Political Views of Students, SSRN Electronic Journal, January 2023, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368385020

- krikti, A. (2022). khawarizmiaat aldhaka' alaistinaeii wa'akhlaqiaat muhtawaa mawaqie altawasul alaijtimaeii 'aya dawrin? wa'ayi ealaqati? majalat al'iielam walmujtamaei, 2(4): 407-421.

[1]) Matias Nathan, Lucas Wright, Impact Assessment of Human- Algorithm Feedback Loops, Social Science Research Council, March 2022, Available at:

 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35650/JT.3028.d.2022

[1](Constanza M. Vidal Bustamante, Social Media Recommendation Algorithms, The Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, August 2022, pp1-34.

[1]) Farahat Ali, Muhammad Awais, Muhammad Faran, Social Media Use and Political Polarization: The Mediating Role of Political Engagement and Political Loyalty, International Journal of Media and Information Literacy, Vol.6(1), 2021, pp34-45.

[1]) Florian Saurwein, Charlotte Spencer‐Smith, Automated Trouble: The Role of Algorithmic Selection in Harms on Social Media Platforms, Media and Communication, Vol.9, Issue.4, 2021, pp 222-233.

- Alsayid, F. (2020). alkhawarizimiaat wahandasat tafdilat mustakhdimi al'iielam alaijtimaeii, libab lildirasat alastiratijiat wal'iielamiati, 5(2).

[1](Livia Norström, Anna Sigríður Islind, Ulrika M. Lundh Snis, Algorithmic Work: The Impact of Algorithms on Work with Social Media, Twenty-Eighth European Conference on Information Systems,2020,Available at:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342421823_Algorithmic_Work_The_Impact_of_Algorithms_on_Work_with_Social_Media

[1](Rodrigo Cetina Presuel, Jose Manuel Martínez Sierra, J. M, Algorithms and the News: Social Media Platforms as News Publishers and Distributors, Revista de Comunicación, vol.18, N° 2, 2019,pp261-285.

[1](Thomas Fujiwara, Karsten Muller, Carlo Schwarz, The Effect of Social Media on Elections: Evidence from the United States, Journal of the European Economic Association, October 2023, pp 1-73.

[1]) Verena K. Brändle, Charlotte Galpin, Hans-Jörg Trenz, Brexit as ‘politics of division’: social media campaigning after the referendum, SOCIAL MOVEMENT STUDIES, 2022, VOL. 21, NOS. 1–2, p.234–253

[1]) Emily Kubin, Christian von Sikorsk, The role of (social) media in political polarization: a systematic review, Annals of the International Communication Association, Vol.45, No.3, 2021, pp188-206.

[1](Ekaterina Zhuravskaya, Maria Petrova, Ruben Enikolopov, Political Effects of the Internet and Social Media, Annual Review of Economics, May 2020, pp 415-438.

[1]) Ahmed Ramazan Araz, Murad Rasool Hersh, The Impact of Social Media on Panic During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Iraqi Kurdistan: Online Questionnaire Study, Journal of Medical Internet Research, Vol.22, No.5, May 2020,

[1]) Samia Tasnim, Md Mahboub Hossain, Hoimonty Mazumder, Impact of Rumors and Misinformation on COVID-19 in Social Medi, Journal of Preventive Medicine & public Health, May 2020, pp171-174.

[1]) R H Dwiwina, S Rachma, M R Abid, The Role of Social Media in Forming Political Polarization in Public, Brawijaya International Conference on Social and Political Science, Indonesia, 2019, Available at:

 https://eudl.eu/doi/10.4108/eai.26-11-2019.2295163

[1]) Samuel Hardman Taylor, Mina Choi, An Initial Conceptualization of Algorithm Responsiveness: Comparing Perceptions of Algorithms Across Social Media Platforms, social media + Society, October-December 2022, pp 1-12.

[1](Joëlle Swart, Experiencing Algorithms: How Young People Understand, Feel About, and Engage With Algorithmic News Selection on Social Media, Social Media + Society, April-June 2021,pp 1-11.

[1]) Chelsea Peterson-Salahuddin, Nicholas Diakopoulos, Negotiated Autonomy: The Role of Social Media Algorithms in Editorial Decision Making, Media and Communication, Vol.8, Issue.3, 2020, pp27-38.

[1](Jonathan Stray, Ravi Iyer, Build Up, The Algorithmic Management of Polarization and Violence on Social Media, Draft for Knight First Amendment Institute, KnightColumbia. Org, 2023.

[1]) Hannah Metzler, David Garcia, Social Drivers and Algorithmic Mechanisms on Digital Media, ASSOCIATION FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE, Sage pub, 2023, pp1-14.

[1](Michael S. Bernstein, Angèle Christin, Jeffrey T. Hancock, Tatsunori Hashimoto, Chenyan Jia, Michelle Lam, Nicole Meister, Nathaniel Persily, Tiziano Piccardi, Martin Saveski, Jeanne L. Tsai, Johan Ugander, and Chunchen Xu, Embedding Societal Values into Social Media Algorithms, Journal of Online Trust and Safety, September 2023, pp 1- 13.

[1](https://www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Inspecting-algorithms-in-social-media-platforms.pdf

[1]) Urbano Reviglio, Claudio Agosti, Thinking Outside the Black-Box: The Case for “Algorithmic Sovereignty” in social media, social media + Society, Sage, 2020, pp 1-12.

[1]) Moran Yemini, THE New Irony of Free Speech, The Columbia Science& Technology Law Review, Vol.XX, Fall2018, pp119-194.

[1]) Tim Dwyer, Fiona Martin, Sharing News Online Social Media News Analytics and their Implications for Media Pluralism Policies, Digital Journalism, Vol.5, Issue8, 2017, Available at:

https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1338527.

[1]) Samia Tasnim, Md Mahboub Hossain, Hoimonty Mazumder, op.cit.

[1]) Rodrigo Cetina Presuel, Jose Manuel Martínez Sierra, op. cit.

[1] (https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2024/01/digital-2024-5-billion-social-media-users/

[1])https://www.un.org/techenvoy/sites/www.un.org.techenvoy/files/Global-Digital-Compact_how-to-engage-guide.pdf

[1](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/social-media.

[1]) https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/algorithm.

[1]) Dorcas Adisa, everything you need to know about social media algorithms, October 2023, Available at: https://sproutsocial.com/insights/social-media-algorithms

-Fouda, N. (2023). al'iielam al'iiliktruniu wadawruh fi muajahat al'azamat bayn alshabab aljamieii almisrii walsiynii "albitkwyn nmwdhjan", majalat aldirasat al'afrwasiwiati, 5(2): 246-281.

[1]) Sara Fischer, “Inside TikTok’s killer algorithm.”2020, Available at: https://www.axios.com /2020/09/10/inside-TikTok’s-killer-algorithm (

[1] (Livia Norström, Anna Sigríður Island, Ulrika M. Lundh Snis, op. cit, p6

[1]) Daniel Klug, Yiluo Qin, Morgan Evans, and Geoff Kaufman, Trick and please. A mixed-method study on user assumptions about the TikTok algorithm, In Proceedings of the 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021, 84–92. Available at: https://doi.org /10.1145/3447535.3462512.         

[1]) Arvind Narayanan, op. cit.

[1]) Max Fisher, The Chaos Machine: The Inside Story of How social media Rewired Our Minds and Our World, book review, guardian, Available at:

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/sep/22/the-chaos-machine-by-max-fisher-review-how-social-media-rewired-our-world.

[1]) Arvind Narayanan, op. cit.

[1] ibid.

[1](Arvind Narayanan, Understanding Social Media Recommendation Algorithms. Knight First Amend Institute, 2023.pp 1-39.

[1] (Constanza M. Vidal Bustamante, op. cit.

[1]) Ekaterina Zhuravskaya, Maria Petrova, Ruben Enikolopov, Political Effects of the Internet and social media, Annual Review of Economics, Vol.12, August 2020, p416.

[1]) Jay J. van Bavel, Claire E. Robertson, Kareena del Rosario, Jesper Rasmussen, Steve Rathje, social media and morality, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol.75, October 2023, p5.

[1]) Hsuan Ting Chen, spiral of silence on social media and the moderating role of disagreement and publicness in the network: Analyzing expressive and withdrawal behaviors, New Media& Society, vol.20, issue 10, March 2018.

[1] ) Hunt Allcott, Matthew Gentzkow, Social Media, and Fake News in the 2016 Election, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol.31. No2, spring 2017, p212.

[1]) Mike Isaac, Facebook Overhauls News Feed to Focus on What Friends and Family Share, The New York Times, published on 11 January 2018, Available at:

 \https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/30/technology/facebook-to-changenews- feed-to-focus-on-friends-and-family .html                                

[1]) Nickolas I. Merrill, Joe Winebrenner, Jeffrey P. Justman, Supreme Court Decides Twitter, Inc. v. Taamneh, No. 21-1496 and Gonzalez v. Google LLC, No. 21-1333, Faegre Drinker, 18 May2023, Available at:

https://www.faegredrinker.com/en/insights/publications/2023/5/supreme-court-decides-twitter-inc-v-taamneh-no-21-1496-and-gonzalez-v-google-llc-no-211333#:~:text=On%20May%2018%2C%202023%2C%20the,international%20terrorism%E2%80%9D%20under%2018%20U.S.C.

[1]) Amanda Taub, Max Fisher, Where Countries Are Tinderboxes and Facebook Is a Match “False rumors set Buddhist against Muslim in Sri Lanka, the most recent in a global spate of violence fanned by social media”, The New York Times, published at 21 April 2018, Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/21/world/asia/facebook-sri-lanka-riots.html

[1]) Tom Miles, U.N. investigators cite Facebook Role in Myanmar Crisis, Reuters,13 March 2018, Available At: https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1GO2Q4/.

[1](Transcript of Mark Zuckerberg’s Senate hearing, The Washington Post, 10 April 2018, Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2018/04/10/transcript-of-mark-zuckerbergs-senate-hearing/

[1]) Julia M. Klein, Max Fisher, The Chaos Machine: how social media rewired our world, book review, 2022. Available at: https://hub.jhu.edu/magazine/2022/fall/chaos-machine-fisher-book-review/

[1]) Max Hanska, tweeting for Brexit: How social media shaped the Referendum campaign, Research Gate, 2018, Available at:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320357979_Tweeting_for_Brexit_how_social_media_influenced_the_referendum

[1]) Jeff Horwitz, Deepa Seetharaman, Facebook Executives Shut Down Efforts to Make the Site Less Divisive: The social-media giant internally studied how it polarizes users, then largely shelved the research, The Wall Street Journal, 26 May 2020, Available at:

https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-knows-it-encourages-division-top-executives-nixed-solutions-11590507499

[1])https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/10/26/frances-haugen-facebook-whistleblower-documents/

[1]) https://foundation.mozilla.org/en/youtube/findings/

[1]) Social Media Algorithms: Content Recommendation, Moderation, and Congressional Considerations, The congress Research Service, In Focus, https://crsreports.congress.gov/    

[1])https://www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Inspecting-algorithms-in-social-media-platforms.pdf

[1]) Bill Chapell, FEC Commissioner Rips Facebook Over Political Ad Policy: 'This Will Not Do', npr,9 January 2020, Available at:

 https://www.npr.org/2020/01/09/794911246/fec-commissioner-rips-facebook-over-political-ad-policy-this-will-not-do

[1](https://www.amnesty.org/ar/latest/news/2022/09/myanmar-facebooks-systems-promoted-violence-against-rohingya-meta-owes-reparations-new-report

[1]) Caroline Crystal, Facebook, Telegram, and the Ongoing Struggle Against Online Hate Speech, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 7 september 2023, Available at:

https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/09/07/facebook-telegram-and-ongoing-struggle-against-online-hate-speech-pub-0468#:~:text=In%202018%2C%20the%20United%20Nations,hate%20speec h%20in%20the%20country.    

[1]) Yumna Patel, 2021 in Review: A Year of Struggle and Victories for The Palestine Cause, Mondoweiss, 28 December 2021, Available at:

https://mondoweiss.net/?s=Yumna%20Patel%2C%20We%20saw%20it%20with%20the%20censorship%20of%20Palestinian%20accounts%20on%20Instagram%20during%20the%20Sheikh%20Jarrah%20protests%20in%202021

[1]) Tarek Ali Ahmed, Nadia Faour, Israel-Gaza: Social media users accuse Meta’s Instagram of censorship of pro-Palestinian posts, Arab News, 15 October 2023, Available at: https://www.arabnews.com/node/2391676/media

[1] (Joseph Menn, As false war information spreads on X, Musk promotes unvetted accounts, 8 October, The Washington post, Available at:

https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/10/08/israel-hamas-disinfo-musk-twitter-x/