العوامل المُنبِئة بإدمان الألعاب الإلكترونية لدى المراهقين نحو بناء نموذج تفسيري للظاهرة

Abdel Halim, Muhammad Riyad Ahmed, Al-Hudaibi, Mustafa Abdel Mohsen, Imran, Fatima Muhammad & Abdel Rahim, Nesma Safwat. (2023). Factorial structure of the Electronic Games Addiction Scale (VASC) among a sample of children in the Egyptian environment. Studies in Psychological and Educational Counseling, 6 (34), 268-290. Retrieved from https://journals.ekb.eg/article_325840.html

Abdel Razzaq, Osama Hassan Jaber. (2023). Addiction to electronic games and its relationship to the sense of responsibility, self-esteem, and family communication among secondary school students in the city of Najran, Scientific Journal of the College of Education, Zamar University, vol. 12, no. 19, 09-51. Retrieved from https://journal.tu.edu.ye/index.php/edu/article/view/1650/1430

Ahmed, Samar Hassan Sobh. (2021). Video game addiction and its relationship to psychological adjustment among primary school students. College of Education Journal, No. 120, 784.

Al-Daraan, Farhan Abdul Aziz Samir, and Al-Sharafeen, Ahmed Abdullah Muhammad. (2016). Addiction to electronic games and its relationship to academic, social, and emotional problems among school students, Master’s thesis, Yarmouk University, Irbid. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/740282

Al-Dash, Sharifa bint Yahya bin Muhammad & Hantoul, Ahmed bin Musa Muhammad. (2021). Addiction to electronic games and its relationship to bullying behavior among middle school female students, Sabya Education Department, Master’s thesis, Jazan University, Jazan. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1324954

Al-Mahdawi, Adnan Mahmoud & Harez, Insam Iyad Ali. (2019). Revealing the level of kindergarten children’s addiction to electronic games in Diyala Governorate, Al-Fath Magazine, 78, 21-45. Retrieved from http://search.shamaa.org/FullRecord?ID=258553

Al-Mazharah, Manal Hilal. (2014). Media research methods. Dar Al Masirah for Publishing, Distribution and Printing, Jordan, 1st edition, pp. 356-359.

Alsén, A., Runge, J., Drachen, A., & Klapper, D. (2016). Play with Me? Understanding and measuring the social aspect of casual gaming. arXiv (Cornell University). https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1612.02172

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. Retrieved from: https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. Retrieved from: https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm

Arslan, G., & Yıldırım, M. (2022). Psychological Maltreatment and Loneliness in Adolescents: Social Ostracism and Affective Experiences. Psychological Reports, 125(6), 3028-3048. https://081134mps-1103-y-https-doi-org.mplbci.ekb.eg/10.1177/00332941211040430.

Bányai, F., Zsila, Á., Griffiths, M. D., Demetrovics, Z., & Király, O. (2020). Career as a professional gamer: gaming motives as predictors of career plans to become a professional esport player. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01866

Barr, M., & Copeland-Stewart, A. (2022). Playing Video Games During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Effects on Players’ Well-Being. Games and Culture, 17(1), 122-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/15554120211017036

Baumann, F., Emmert, D., Baumgartl, H., & Buettner, R. (2018). Hardcore Gamer Profiling: Results from an unsupervised learning approach to playing behavior on the Steam platform. Procedia Computer Science, 126, 1289–1297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.08.078

Ben Amour, beautiful. (2018). Factorial structure of the self-esteem scale for adolescents. Academies Journal of Social and Human Studies, No. 19, 47-55. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/921301

Blinka, L., Faltýnková, A., & Rečka, K. (2024). Alexithymia in gaming addiction and engagement. Journal of Affective Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.060

Brown, E., & Cairns, P. (2004). A grounded investigation of game immersion. In CHI'04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1297-1300).

Caner, N., & Evgi̇N, D. (2021). Digital risks and adolescents: The relationships between digital game addiction, emotional eating, and aggression. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 30(6), 1599–1609. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12912

Cao, J. (2022). The Collector, the Glitcher, and the Denkbilder: Towards a Critical Aesthetic Theory of Video Games. arXiv (Cornell University). https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2201.08552

Castle, C. J. (2015). Personality traits and motivations for playing video games as predictors of video game addiction (Order No. 1586425). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1675025307). Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/personality-traits-motivations-playing-video/docview/1675025307/se-2

Charoenwanit, S., & Sumneangsanor, T. (2014). Predictors of Game Addiction in Children and Adolescents. Thammasat Review, 17, 150-166.

Cole, H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2007). Social interactions in massively multiplayer online Role-Playing gamers. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10(4), 575–583. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9988

Costa, S., Barberis, N., Gugliandolo, M. C., Liga, F., Cuzzocrea, F., & Verrastro, V. (2020). Examination of the Psychometric Characteristics of the Italian Version of the Game Addiction Scale for Adolescents. Psychological Reports, 123(4), 1365-1381. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294119838758

Cross, N. A. (2016). The relationship of online gaming addiction with motivations to play and craving (Order No. 10169078). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1830448745). Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/relationship-online-gaming-addiction-with/docview/1830448745/se-2

Cruea, M. D. (2011). The virtual hand: Exploring the societal impact of video game industry business models (Order No. 3493147). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (919041544). Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/virtual-hand-exploring-societal-impact-video-game/docview/919041544/se-2

Daghiri, Ali bin Hamad bin Ahmed. (2017). Social media addiction and its relationship to feelings of psychological loneliness among adolescents. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1 (1), 89-111. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/818943

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “What” and “Why” of goal pursuits: human needs and the Self-Determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01

Feng, M., & Zhou, G. (2023). Children’s peer rejection trajectories and Internet gaming addiction: A five-wave growth mixture model. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 47(5), 375–383. https://doi.org/10.1177/01650254231182966

Gad, Nevin Hassan Saad Shaker Gad. (2023). Electronic game addiction and its relationship to self-image among a sample of adolescents, Master’s thesis, Ain Shams University, College of Education, Department of Mental Health and Psychological Counseling. Retrieved from http://srv2.eulc.edu.eg/eulc_v5/Libraries/Thesis/BrowseThesisPages.aspx?fn=PublicDrawThesis&BibID=12998549

Gao, B., Cai, Y., Zhao, C., Qian, Y., Zheng, R., & Liu, C. (2024). Longitudinal associations between loneliness and online game addiction among undergraduates: A moderated mediation model. Acta Psychologica, 243, 104134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104134

Gilman, R., Carter‐Sowell, A. R., DeWall, C. N., Adams, R. H., & Carboni, I. (2013). Validation of the ostracism experience scale for adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 25(2), 319–330. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030913

Green, R., Delfabbro, P., & King, D. L. (2021). Avatar identification and problematic gaming: The role of self-concept clarity. Addictive Behaviors, 113, 106694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106694

Griffiths, M. D. (2008). Videogame addiction: Fact or fiction? In T. Willoughby & E. Wood (Eds.), Children's learning in a digital world (pp. 85–103). Blackwell Publishing.

Haagsima, M. (2008). Gaming behavior among Dutch males: prevalence and risk factors for addiction. Master Thesis. Retrieved from chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://essay.utwente.nl/58889/1/scriptie_M_Haagsma.pdf

Hamal, Fatima Al-Saadi. (2017). Children and electronic games through new media - between entertainment and depth of influence. Dar Al Khaleej for Publishing and Distribution, 1st edition, p. 79.

Hamdan, Sarah Mahmoud Abdel Rahman, and Al Haila, Muhammad Mahmoud Abdel Rahman. (2016). The pros and cons of electronic games played by children in late childhood and adolescence from the point of view of teachers and the children themselves. A master thesis. Middle East University, Amman. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/788075

Hassan, Bushra Muhammad, and Al-Khalidi, Amal Ibrahim Hassoun. (2015). Addiction to electronic games and its relationship to distraction among primary school students. Al-Ustad Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences, No. 225, 77-104. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1135428

Hassanein, Israa Abdel Maqsoud Abdel Wahab. (2022). Feeling of psychological loneliness and its relationship to self-control among a sample of blind adolescents. Egyptian Journal of Psychological Studies, 32 (116), 1-116. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1296109

https://iesf.org/members/

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/detox-for-video-game-addiction/

https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/video-game-market-102548

https://www.idsc.gov.eg/News/details/16027

https://www.tra.gov.eg

Hussain, Z., & Griffiths, M. D. (2009). Excessive use of Massively Multi-Player Online Role-Playing Games: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 7(4), 563–571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-009-9202-8

Hussain, Z., Griffiths, M. D., & Baguley, T. (2011). Online gaming addiction: Classification, prediction and associated risk factors. Addiction Research & Theory, 20(5), 359–371. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2011.640442

Hyun, G. J., Han, D. H., Lee, Y. S., Kang, K. D., Yoo, S., Chung, U. S., & Renshaw, P. F. (2015). Risk factors associated with online game addiction: A hierarchical model. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 706–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.008

ICD-11. (n.d.). https://icd.who.int/en

Irmak, A. Y., & Erdogan, S. (2016). Digital game addiction among adolescents and young adults: Acurrent overview. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 27(2), 1-10.

Jennett, C., Cox, A. L., Cairns, P., Dhoparee, S., Epps, A., Tijs, T., & Walton, A. (2008). Measuring and defining the experience of immersion in games. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 66(9), 641-661.

Jensen, K. H., & Bengtsson, T. T. (2023). Gaming Between Leisure and Addiction: How Young People Perceive Risk in Video Games. International Criminal Justice Review, 0(0). https://081132jjn-1103-y-https-doi-org.mplbci.ekb.eg/10.1177/10575677231212179

Karaoglan Yilmaz, F. G., & Yilmaz, R. (2023). Understanding the relationship between digital game addiction, academic motivation, classroom engagement and selfishness. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 0(0). https://08113bgnq-1105-y-https-doi-org.mplbci.ekb.eg/10.1177/20556365231210971

Karapetsas, A., Karapetsas, V. A., Zygouris, N. X., & Fotis, A. I. (2014). Internet gaming addiction. Reasons, diagnosis, prevention and treatment‏. ENCEPHALOS, 51, 10-14

Kaye, L., & Bryce, J. (2014). Go with the flow: The experience and affective outcomes of solo versus social gameplay. Journal of Gaming & Virtual Worlds (Print), 6(1), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1386/jgvw.6.1.49_1

Khudair, Maysoon Obaid and Nagham Hadi Hussein. 2020. Passion for the Internet and its relationship to addiction to electronic games (PUBG as an example) among adolescents in secondary schools. Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Human Sciences, vol. 23, p. 2, p. p. 334-353.

Kim, J. Y., Lee, J. S., & Oh, S. (2015b). A Path model of school violence perpetration: Introducing online game addiction as a new risk factor. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(21), 3205–3225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515597435

King, D. L., Delfabbro, P., & Griffiths, M. D. (2010). The role of structural characteristics in problematic video game play: an empirical study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 9(3), 320–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-010-9289-y

Klimmt, C., Hefner, D., & Vorderer, P. (2009). The video game experience as “true” identification: A theory of enjoyable alterations of players' self-perception. Communication Theory, 19(4), 351-373.

Kohl, A. B. (2016). Video game addiction and motivation in emerging adults: A person-centered approach (Order No. 10105053). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1790088403). Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/video-game-addiction-motivation-emerging-adults/docview/1790088403/se-2

Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Online gaming addiction in children and adolescents: A review of empirical research. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 1(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1556/jba.1.2012.1.1

Latubessy, A. (2021). Statistical analysis Relationship between behavior of millenial parents with game addictions in children. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1779(1), 012085. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1779/1/012085

Lee, C., & Kim, O. (2017). Predictors of online game addiction among Korean adolescents. Addiction Research & Theory, 25(1), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2016.1198474

Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009). Development and validation of a game addiction scale for adolescents. Media Psychology, 12(1), 77–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260802669458

Lewis, M. S. (2016). Massively multiplayer online roleplaying gaming: Motivation to play, player typologies, and addiction (Order No. 10294648). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1844577890). Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/massively-multiplayer-online-roleplaying-gaming/docview/1844577890/se-2

McWhirter, B. T. (1990). Factor analysis of the revised UCLA loneliness scale. Current Psychological Research & Reviews, 9(1), 56–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02686768.

Mohammad, S., Jan, R. A., & Alsaedi, S. L. (2023). Symptoms, mechanisms, and treatments of video game addiction. Curēus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.36957

Monacis, L., Griffiths, M. D., Cassibba, R., Sinatra, M., & Musso, P. (2022). Videogame Addiction Scale for Children: Psychometric properties and gamer profiles in the Italian context. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(4), 1984–2005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00406-w

Muezzin, E. E., Arslan, F. N. & Karaaziz, M. (2024). Do Social Exclusion and Parental Attitudes Predict Online Gaming Addiction in Adolescents? Bağımlılık Dergisi, 25(2), 153-164. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1359134

Muhammad, Abduh Ibrahim Abduh. (2019). Proposed mechanisms to enhance the competitiveness of the educational media industry to confront the dangers of children’s addiction to globalized promotional electronic games. Scientific Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, 34, 165-191. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/976602

Muhammad, Aida Hamada. (2020). Children's addiction to electronic entertainment games and its relationship to their social isolation. A study from the perspective of general practice, Journal of the Faculty of Social Sciences for Social Studies and Research, vol. 20, no. 20, vol. 1, 1088-1118. Retrieved from https://jfss.journals.ekb.eg/article_180657.html

Muhammad, Fatima Sayed Abdul Latif. (2019). Addiction to suicidal electronic games and its relationship to family communication and susceptibility to temptation among a sample of adolescents. Journal of the Human Studies Sector, No. 24, 1749-1859. Retrieved from https://journals.ekb.eg/article_67245.html

Munshi, A., Saleem, H., Muhammad, U., Faheem, S. T., & Anwer, T. (2020). A study to determine the predictors of game addiction based on loneliness, motivation, and interpersonal competence. MPRA Paper. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/104509/

Mustafa, Muhammad Mustafa Abdel Razek. (2020). Deficiencies in executive functions as a mediating variable in the relationship between electronic game addiction and alexithymia among university students, Journal of Scientific Research in Education, 21 (9), 242-301. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1114164

Pallesen, S., Lorvik, I. M., Bu, E. H., & Molde, H. (2015). An exploratory study investigating the effects of a treatment manual for video game addiction. Psychological Reports, 117(2), 490–495. https://doi.org/10.2466/02.pr0.117c14z9

Pampi, M., & Asghar, M. (2021). A blur line between hobby and addiction: online video gaming among the youth of Arunachal Pradesh. The Oriental Anthropologist, 21(1), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972558x21994249

Pawłowska, B., Potembska, E., & Szymańska, J. (2018). Demographic and family-related predictors of online gaming addiction in adolescents. Polish Journal of Public Health, 128(1), 9–13. https://doi.org/10.2478/pjph-2018-0002

Primack, B. A., Swanier, B., Georgiopoulos, A. M., Land, S. R., & Fine, M. J. (2009). Association between media use in adolescence and depression in young adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(2), 181. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.532

Ross, M. (2014). Video game addiction: Interpersonal relationship distress and coping of gamers and loved ones (Order No. 1560923). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1562776688). Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/video-game-addiction-interpersonal-relationship/docview/1562776688/se-2

Ryan, R. M., Rigby, C. S., & Przybylski, A. K. (2006). The Motivational Pull of Video Games: A Self-Determination Theory Approach. Motivation and Emotion, 30(4), 344–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9051-8

Safarina, N. A., & Halimah, L. (2019). Self-control and online game addiction in early adult gamers. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1375(1), 012094. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1375/1/012094

Seel, Peter B. (2021). Digital Universe: The Global Telecommunication Revolution, translated by Ward, Diya. Hindawi Foundation, Egypt, 1st edition, p. 326.

Seok, H. J., Lee, J. M., Park, C., & Park, J. Y. (2018). Understanding internet gaming addiction among South Korean adolescents through photovoice. Children and Youth Services Review, 94, 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.09.009

Seok, H. J., Lee, J. M., Park, C., & Park, J. Y. (2018). Understanding internet gaming addiction among South Korean adolescents through photovoice. Children and Youth Services Review, 94, 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.09.009

Seok, S., & DaCosta, B. (2014). Distinguishing Addiction From High Engagement: An Investigation Into the Social Lives of Adolescent and Young Adult Massively Multiplayer Online Game Players. Games and Culture, 9(4), 227-254. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412014538811

Sha, L., Yu, C., Conner, B. T., Wang, S., Lai, W., & Zhang, W. (2017). Autistic traits and internet gaming addiction in Chinese children: The mediating effect of emotion regulation and school connectedness. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 68, 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2017.07.011

Shind, Samira Muhammad Ibrahim, Al-Sayed, Amna Shaaban Muhammad, and Abdel Wahab, Ashraf Muhammad Abdel Halim. (2017). Psychometric characteristics of the family communication scale as perceived by a sample of adolescents. Journal of Psychological Counseling, No. 49, 415-435. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/819621

Smyth, J. M. (2007). Beyond self-selection in video game play: An experimental examination of the consequences of massively multiplayer online role-playing game play. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(5), 717-721.

Soo, S., & Seo, B. K. (2018b). Smartphone use and smartphone addiction in middle school students in Korea: Prevalence, social networking service, and game use. Health Psychology Open, 5(1), 205510291875504. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102918755046

Soumya, Qaddi. (2018). Addiction to suicidal electronic games and its relationship to bullying in the school environment. A field study on primary school students in Mostaganem Province. Journal of Human Development, Vol. 6, No. 2, 162-172. Retrieved from https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/54173

Swing, E. L., Gentile, D. A., Anderson, C. A., & Walsh, D. (2010). Television and video game exposure and the development of attention problems. Pediatrics, 126(2), 214–221. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-1508

Tavares, H. L. S., Costa, D. S., Soares, A. A., Kestelman, I., Da Silva, A. G., Malloy‐Diniz, L. F., De Paula, J. J., & De Miranda, D. M. (2022b). Gaming addiction and screen time in a context of increase of internalizing symptoms: Moderation evaluation. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 28(1), 212–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591045221125329

Tharumiya, A. K., Riniprabha, P., Sakthivel, K., Janani, K., & Manicka, M. M. K. (2024). Influence of mindfulness on Game Addiction-Mediating role of Emotional Control. Psychological Reports. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941241232940

Vallerand, R. J., Blanchard, C., Mageau, G. A., Koestner, R., Ratelle, C., Léonard, M., Cagne, M. & Marsolais, J. (2003). Les passions de l’âme: On obsessive and harmonious passion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 756-767.

Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., Blais, M. R., Brière, N., Senécal, C., & Vallières, É. F. (2007). The Academic Motivation Scale: a measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52(4), 1003–1017. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164492052004025

Van Looy, J., Courtois, C., De Vocht, M., & De Marez, L. (2012). Player identification in Online games: Validation of a scale for measuring identification in MMOGs. Media Psychology, 15(2), 197–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2012.674917.

Video game influences on aggression, cognition, and attention. (2018). In Springer eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95495-0

Vollmer, C., Randler, C., Horzum, M. B., & Ayas, T. (2014). Computer game addiction in adolescents and its relationship to chronotype and personality. SAGE Open, 4(1), 215824401351805. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013518054

Wang, M., Qu, X., Chen, X., Wu, X., & Wang, J. (2024). Harsh Fathering Longitudinally Predicts Adolescents’ Internet Gaming Addiction via Unfulfilled Psychological Need. Youth & Society, 56(2), 372-386. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X231168666

Wang, Y. (2022). The Impact of Interparental Conflicts on Online Game Addiction Symptomatology: The Mediating Roles of the Parent-Adolescent Relationship and Loneliness in Adolescents. Psychological Reports, 125(5), 2337-2356. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941211016751

Wittek, C. T., Finserås, T. R., Pallesen, S., Mentzoni, R. A., Hanss, D., Griffiths, M. D., & Molde, H. (2015). Prevalence and predictors of video game Addiction: A study based on a national Representative sample of gamers. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14(5), 672–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-015-9592-8

Yee, N. (2006). The demographics, motivations, and derived experiences of users of massively multi-user online graphical environments. PRESENCE: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 15(3), 309-329.

Yılmaz, V., & Tunca, B. (2024). Structural model proposal to explain online game addiction. Entertainment Computing, 48, 100611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.entcom.2023.100611

You, S., Kim, E., & Lee, D. (2017). Virtually Real: Exploring Avatar Identification in Game Addiction Among Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPG) Players. Games and Culture, 12(1), 56-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412015581087

Young, K. (2009). Understanding online gaming addiction and treatment issues for adolescents. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 37(5), 355–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180902942191

Yun, T. S., Jang, W. D., Lee, J. S., & Im, C. J. (2003). The implementation of the Electronic Game Terminology Dictionary. In Lecture notes in computer science (pp. 480–488). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24594-0_48

Zaghib, Shaima Zulfiqar. (2009). Research methods and statistical uses in media studies. Egyptian Lebanese House, Cairo, 1st edition, p. 93.

Zhang, M. X., Lam, L., & Wu, A. M. S. (2022). Recovery Experiences Protect Emotionally Exhausted White-Collar Workers from Gaming Addiction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12543. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912543