Impact of the Implementation of Multilateral Convention on Tax Treaty through The Adoption of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in collaboration with the G20 countries on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting. أثر تنفيذ الاتفاقية المتعددة الأطراف بشأن المعاهدة الضريبية بشأن تآكل الوعاء الضريبي وتحويل الأرباح

• Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Article – pwc (page1) - https://www.pwc.com/m1/en/media-centre/2019/articles/base-erosion-and-profit-shifting-beps.pdf
• https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/services/tax/tax-policy-administration/beps.html
• Estimating fiscal effects of base erosion and profit shifting Article (page 4-9) – UNCTAD
• Identification of BEPS rate article (page 2 – 3) – akjournals
• Tilburg University Thesis on BEPS by Zoi Vangeli article chapter 2 (page 6-8)
• Apple using BEPS techniques article – KPMG
• https://news.bloombergtax.com/daily-tax-report-international/insight-the-apple-case-where-are-we-now
• https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/187428/1/1041095848.pdf
• Tax planning in multinational companies article – Econpapers
• https://www.healyconsultants.com/base-erosion-and-profit-shifting/
• Base Erosion and Profit Shifting key considerations article page (7-10) – KPMG –

https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/pdf/2015/12/fs-tax-real-estate-beps-whitepaper-v5-web.pdf

• https://www.ato.gov.au/business/international-tax-for-business/in-detail/base-erosion-and-profit-shifting/
• https://pro.bloombergtax.com/brief/oecd-beps-and-the-multilateral-instrument/
• https://www.mra.mu/download/GNno180of2019IncomeTaxReg-BEPS.pdf
• Mauritius Revenue Authority MLI research (page 8-10)

https://www.mra.mu/download/MLI.pdf

• MLI convention article PDF (page 1-5) – zatca.sa
• https://www.oecd.org/ctp/treaties/egypt-deposits-its-instrument-of-ratification-for-the-multilateral-beps-convention.htm#:~:text=The%20MLI%20will%20enter%20into,ratified%2C%20accepted%20or%20approved%20it
• Egypt’s MLI ratification decision mondaq article - https://www.mondaq.com/tax-authorities/1064028/multilateral-instrument-mli-ratification--decision-no-446-of-2020
• UAE MLI ratification article – EY
• https://www.ey.com/en_gl/tax-alerts/uae-ratifies-multilateral-convention-to-implement-tax-treaty-related-measures
• Deloitte article (page 1-3) - BEPS actions Action 1 - https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Tax/dttl-tax-uk-beps-action-1.pdf
• BEPS Action 2 – Hybrids: OECD final proposals and their potentially wide impact on cross-border dealings - https://www.cliffordchance.com/content/dam/cliffordchance/briefings/2015/10/beps-action-2-hybrids-oecd-final-proposals-and-their-potentially-wide-impact-on-crossborder-dealings.pdf
• https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/beps-actions/action3/
• BEPS Action 4 - proposed limits on interest deductions - https://www.cliffordchance.com/content/dam/cliffordchance/briefings/2015/10/beps-action-4-proposed-limits-on-interest-deductions-what-do-they-mean-for-businesses.pdf
• Deloitte article (page 1-4) – BEPS action 5 –

https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Tax/dttl-tax-uk-beps-action-5.pdf

• https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/beps-actions/action6/#:~:text=BEPS%20Action%206%20addresses%20treaty,other%20forms%20of%20treaty%20abuse.
• https://www.roedl.com/insights/beps/beps-action-7-prevent-the-artificial-avoidance-of-permanent-establishment-status
• https://www.oecd.org/ctp/transfer-pricing/BEPS-implementation-guidance-on-hard-to-value-intangibles-discussion-draft.pdf
• https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/beps-actions/actions8-10/
• https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/beps-actions/action11/
• Dr. Ana Paula Dourado, University of London – mandatory disclosure rules: BEPS Action 12 article (page 1-6) –

http://ibdt.org.br/material/arquivos/Biblioteca/SLIDES/Ana%20Paula%20Dourado.pdf

• https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/beps-actions/action12/#:~:text=BEPS%20Action%2012%20provides%20recommendations,disclose%20aggressive%20tax%20planning%20arrangements.
• https://www.roedl.com/insights/beps/beps-action-13-re-examine-transfer-pricing
• https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/beps-actions/action14/#:~:text=The%20BEPS%20Action%2014%20Minimum,tax%2Drelated%20disputes%20between%20jurisdictions.
• https://www.deloitte.com/global/en/services/tax/analysis/beps-actions.html
• OECD BEPS Action Plan article – page (13 -25)
• OECD: Base Erosion and Profit Shifting - Frequently Asked Questions article (page 13-18) –

https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/beps-frequently-asked-questions.htm

• Tax Foundation: Pros and Cons of the OECD’s Anti-BEPS Project article - https://taxfoundation.org/pros-cons-oecds-anti-beps-project/
• Base Erosion and Profit Shifting: Pros and cons between companies and governments –

https://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0121/ijsrp-p10957.pdf

• https://www.oecd.org/ctp/BEPS-FAQsEnglish.pdf

41)Preventing the Granting of Treaty Benefits in Inappropriate Circumstances, Action 6 - 2015 Final Report (Published on 5 October 2015)

42) Multilateral Convention to implement the Tax Treaty Related measures to prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, Although the MLI position for Mauritius came into force on 01 February 2020, the amendments to the treaties being modified by the MLI will take effect from 01 August 2020 onwards.
43) Tax Treaty-Related BEPS Measure, Elements of a minimum standard to ensure the timely, effective and efficient resolution of treaty-related disputes (page 13), and best practices (page 28), Articles 16 and 17.

44) The text of the MLI and the MLI position of Luxembourg submitted to the Depositary upon ratification on 9 April 2019 and of the MLI position of the United Arab Emirates submitted to the Depositary upon ratification on 29 May 2019 can be found on the MLI Depositary (OECD) webpage.

45) Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent BEPS, On June 7, 2017, 68 jurisdictions signed the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (the MLI) at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in Paris.

46) Tax Treaty-Related BEPS Measure, Artificial avoidance of PE status through commissionaire arrangements and similar strategies (page 15), Articles 12 and 15.

47) Prof. Dr. Ana Paula Dourado, University of London – mandatory disclosure rules: BEPS Action 12 article (page 1-6) –

http://ibdt.org.br/material/arquivos/Biblioteca/SLIDES/Ana%20Paula%20Dourado.pdf
48) For a summary of CFC rules in five major EU countries (Germany, UK, Italy, France, and Spain), see Ernst and Young, at

http://www.m-i-tax.de/content/Wichtige_Links/Alumni_Netzwerk/documents/cfcrules_000.pdf. Currently, EU rules generally exempt other EU countries, following court decisions. For a list of selected countries with and without CFC rules and an indication of their strength, see Kevin Markle and Leslie Robinson, “Tax Haven Use across International Tax Regimes,” November 2012, at

http://faculty.tuck.dartmouth.edu/images/uploads/faculty/leslierobinson/marklerobinson.pdf.

  CFC in U.S. discussions stands for “controlled foreign corporation,” but in Europe and the OECD in general, it stands for “controlled foreign company.” Discussions also refer to “controlled foreign enterprises” (CFEs). The United States determines its deferral rule on the basis of foreign incorporation.
49) https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/beps-actions/action3/