Antimicrobial Resistance a Global Burden - Mechanisms, Current Insights, and Future Directions | ||
| Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences Assiut University | ||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 December 2024 | ||
| Document Type: Review Article | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/bfsa.2024.310197.2228 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Punet Kumar* 1; Deepak Kumar2; Vivek Gautam3; Sangam Singh4; Mohammad Rizki Fadhil Pratama5 | ||
| 1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Gopichand College of Pharmacy, Harchandpur, Uttar Pradesh, India | ||
| 2Department of Pharmacology, Shri Gopichand College of Pharmacy, Baghpat, U.P., India. | ||
| 3Department of Pharmaceutics, Shri Gopichand College of Pharmacy, Baghpat, U.P., India. | ||
| 4Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Oxford College of Pharmacy, Hapur, U.P., India | ||
| 5Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health threat, characterized by the increasing prevalence of drug-resistant infections and the diminishing pipeline of novel antibiotics. The development of resistance mechanisms, including target site alteration, efflux pumps, and enzymatic inactivation, has contributed to the spread of AMR among human pathogens, both within healthcare settings and the broader community. These resistance mechanisms often arise in response to the misuse and overuse of antibiotics. Antimicrobial agents exert their effects through various mechanisms, such as inhibiting cell wall synthesis (e.g., β-lactams), protein synthesis (macrolides, tetracyclines), nucleic acid synthesis (fluoroquinolones, rifampin), or metabolic pathways (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). However, the emergence of AMR has challenged the efficacy of these agents. Addressing AMR requires a multifaceted approach, including optimizing antibiotic use, strengthening infection prevention and control measures, and accelerating the development of new antimicrobial agents and diagnostics. While some studies have shown the potential for reversing antimicrobial resistance under specific conditions, the overall challenge remains complex and multifaceted. This review provides an overview of AMR, its underlying mechanisms, and the critical need for global action to mitigate its impact. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Antimicrobial resistance; Cell wall synthesis; Macrolides; Tetracyclines; Fluoroquinolones | ||
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