Possible involvement of serotonin receptors and NO/cGMP pathway in the antinociceptive effect of geranium essential oil | ||
| Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences Assiut University | ||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 March 2025 | ||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/bfsa.2025.335016.2340 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Valiollah Hajhashemi* 1; Majid Bakhshi2 | ||
| 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran | ||
| 2Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Background: Previous studies have shown that Geranium essential oil (GEO) has anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects . The present study was performed to determine the possible mechanism of antinociception of GEO in an animal model. Methods: Formalin test in male Swiss mice (25–30 g) was conducted to assess the antinociceptive effect. Antagonists of several receptors involved in pain pathway including prazosin, yohimbine, propranolol, naloxone, sulpiride, haloperidol, ondansetron, cyproheptadine as well as drugs affecting NO/cGMP pathway (arginine, L-NAME, Methylene blue, tadalafil and glibenclamide) were administered 30 minutes before the administration of GEO. Thirty minutes later formalin was injected into the subplantar space of the right hind paw and the time spent for paw licking was recorded 0-5 (acute phase) and 20-40 minutes (chronic phase) after formalin as pain index. Results: GEO (25, 50, and 100 µL/kg) showed antinociceptive activity in formalin test. Pretreatment of mice with naloxone, prazosin, yohimbine, propranolol, sulpiride, and ondansetron failed to inhibit GEO-induced antinociceptive effect indicating that opioid, α1-, α2- and β-adrenergic, D2 dopamine and serotonin 5-HT3 receptors are not involved. Cyproheptadine significantly inhibited the GEO effect in the chronic phase of formalin test indicating that 5-HT2 serotonin and/or H1 histamine receptors might contribute to the antinociceptive effect of GEO. Results also showed that drugs affecting NO/cGMP altered GEO effect. Conclusions: The findings revealed that serotonin (possibly 5-HT2) and/or histamine H1 receptors as well as NO/cGMP pathway contribute to the antinociceptive effect of GEO. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Analgesics; antinociception; Pain Measurement; Pelargonium graveolens; Volatile Oils | ||
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