Bioremediation vs. Traditional Methods: A Comparative Review of Heavy Metal Removal Techniques from Aquatic Environment | ||
| Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries | ||
| Article 94, Volume 29, Issue 2, March and April 2025, Pages 1307-1335 PDF (1023.86 K) | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/ejabf.2025.419832 | ||
| Author | ||
| Khalifa et al. | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Heavy metals, while naturally occuring, become toxic when concentrated in water. There has been a significant increase in industrial waste entering the environment which affects the soil and water. This is largely due to industrial expansion, resulting in the accumulation of heavy metals. The elimination of heavy metals from wastewater has presented a considerable challenge for a prolonged duration. An assortment of methods have been developed for the removal of toxic metal ions from wastewater, including chemical precipitation, ion exchange, membrane filtration, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis. Nonetheless, these traditional technologies incur significant costs attributed to the utilization of non-regenerable materials, elevated expenses, and the production of hazardous sludge. Bioremediation is a biotechnological process that effectively and economically removes heavy metals from aqueous solutions. This illustrates a conventional approach to employing economical alternative biological materials for the specified objective. Bioremediation is a critical component of environmental and bioresource technology, with increasing attention on the use of microorganisms specifically bacteria, algae, yeasts, and fungi as biosorbents for the removal of heavy metals. This review outlines the contributions of microorganisms and plants in the biotransformation of heavy metals into non-toxic forms, highlighting the superiority of green technologies over traditional methods for heavy metal remediation. This review juxtaposes the efficiency of bioremediation and traditional methods for the removal of heavy metals. It also presents the role of remote sensing and spatial analyses in enhancing bioremediation strategies by enabling precise detection, monitoring, and assessment of contaminated sites. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Bioremediation; Phytoremediation; Bacteria; Remote sensing; Spatial analyses; Heavy metal | ||
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