FIELD-LABORATORY EVALUATION OF SPINOSAD AND TRIFLUMURON ALONE AND AS MIXTURES WITH SOME SURFACTANTS AGAINST 4TH INSTAR LARVAE OF S. LITTORALIS

FIELD-LABORATORY EVALUATION OF SPINOSAD AND TRIFLUMURON ALONE AND AS MIXTURES WITH SOME SURFACTANTS AGAINST 4^TH INSTAR LARVAE OF  S. LITTORALIS

Hala, M. Mead^*; A. H. Abo- Ghalia^** ; W. M. H. Desuky^*; B. A. Soliman^**  and A. A. El-Sheakh^*

* Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.

** Depart. Plant , Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Egypt.

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to evaluate the initial and residual effects of spinosad and triflumuron which were used alone and as mixtures with four surfactants; Ethoxylated Eugenol, QAS, Triton X-100 and Tween-20 against 4^th instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval).

Results indicated that, the addition of different concentrations of surfactants to spinosad and triflumuron increased their initial and residual activities against 4^th instar larvae than their used alone. Triton X-100 and Tween-20 were more effective in the initial and residual effects than other surfactants when mixed with spinosad and triflumuron, respectively.

Conclusively, it could be concluded thattreating food of cotton leafworm larvae with some chemical compounds such as spinosad and triflumuron mixed with certain surfactants, highly increased the insecticidal activity against treated larvae.

Key words: Spinosad, triflumuron, surfactants, cotton leafworm, Spdoptera littoralis Triton X-100, Tween-20, QAS.

INTRODUCTION

Cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) is the most important polyphageous insect in Egypt (Willcocks and Bahgat, 1937 and Hosny and Isshak, 1967). The insect growth regulators and naturalyte insecticide (spinosad) considered the new methods for the control such insect pest, which provide control equal or better than synthetic insecticides and have low impact on the predators associated with the pest in the fields (Desuky, 2002 and Raslan, 2003).

Addition of some surfactants to insecticides belonging to different groups caused increase in their effectiveness against S. littoralis such as pyrethroids, organophosphorus (Badr and El-Sisi, 1999); insect growth regulators (Samagghe et al., 1999) and biological insecticides (Sabbour and Abd El-Aziz, 2002).

            So, the objective of this study to increase the effectiveness of triflumuron and spinosad using  some surfactants against S. littoralis under field – laboratory  conditions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1. Tested compounds

1. 1. Insecticides:

A. Trade name: Tracer.

Common name: Spinosad 24% Suspension Concentrate (SC). Spinosad is comprised primarily of two macrocyclic lactones, Spinosyn A and D, secondary metabolites produced by the actinomycete, Saccharopolyspra spinosa under natural fermentation condition.

Rate: 50 cm³ / feddan.

Action: Naturalyte insecticide.

Basic Product: DowElanco.

B. Trade name: Alsystin (48% SC).

Common name: Triflumuron.

Chemical name: 2-chloro–N-[[[4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl] amino] carbonyl] benzamide.

Rate: 100 cm³ / feddan.

Action: insect growth regulators (benzophenyl urea).

Basic product: Bayer.

1.2. Surfactants:

   Four surfactants; Ethoxylated Eugenol, Quaternary Ammonium Salt (QAS), Triton X-100 and Tween-20 were used to assessed their efficiency alone or as mixtures with insecticides against cotton leafworm, S. littoralis.

A. Ethoxylated Eugenol.

B. Quaternary Ammonium Salt (QAS).

C. Triton  X-100.

Octyle phenoxy poly ethoxy ethanol.

D. Tween-20 .

 Poly oxi ethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate.

2. Rearing technique of the cotton leafworm culture, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.):

A laboratory (susceptible) strain of S. littoralis was reared away from any insecticidal contamination at the division of Cotton Leafworm, Branch of Plant Protection Research Institute at Zagazig, Sharkia Governorate to provide insects used in the present investigation.

Egg-masseswere reared on leaves of castor bean oil, Ricinus communis according to El-Defrawi et al., (1964) under constant conditions 27±1 °C and 70±5% R.H.

3. Field-laboratory evaluation of spinosad, triflumuron alone and as mixtures with some surfactants against 4^th instar larvae of S. littoralis:

            Spinosad and triflumuron were used at the recommended doses either when tested alone or as mixtures with the surfactants against 4^th instar larvae. Each surfactant was used at the concentrations of 5, 10, 20 and 25 mg/liter.

            Samples of cotton leaves were picked up at random for each treatment at zero time (directly after spraying), 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 15 days post treatment. The collected samples were sealed in paper bags and transferred to the laboratory where they were offered to cotton leafworm larvae (Aly, 1999).

Ten larvae were placed in each glass jar and allowed to feed on treated leaves for 2 days then survived larvae were transferred to other clean jars and supplied with fresh clean castor bean leaves for 3 days. Five replicates were used for each treatment. Cumulative mortalities were calculated at the end of each testing time and corrected according to Abbott’s formula (1925).

The cumulative mortalities at the zero time were considered as initial kill; while the mean of the cumulative mortalities of the remaining tested times were considered as residual effect. Results indicated the important role of feeding period on treated leaves for 2 days as well as followed untreated leaves for 3 days. So, the evaluation was assessed using the cumulative mortalities (calculated after 5 days of each testing times).

4. Statistical analysis:

Data were analyzed using commercial statistical software (SPSS for Windows, release 6.1; SPSS Inc., Chicago, TL).

One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for significant differences between mean values. Multiple compares of means using Tukey’s honestly significant difference was applied as a posterior test to locate the source of each significant difference (P<0.05).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 1. Field-laboratory evaluation of spinosad, triflumuron alone and as mixtures with some surfactants against 4^th instar larvae of S. littoralis:

            Data concerning the initial and residual activity of the tested insecticides; spinosad (Tracer) and triflumuron (Alsystin) which were used alone or as mixtures with the four surfactants; Ethoxylated Eugenol, Quaternary Ammonium Salt (QAS), Triton X-100 and Tween-20 at the concentrations of 5, 10, 20 and 25 mg / liter for each one against 4^th instar larvae of cotton leafworm, S. littoralis are tabulated in Tables (1 & 2).

            It is clear that, the higher initial effect (calculated as the cumulative mortalities at zero time) were obtained for all tested the selected agents alone or as mixtures. The initial effects increased with increasing the concentrations of all mixtures used than the selected agents alone with the exception of spinosad when mixed with QAS at concentrations 25 mg / and triflumuron when mixed with Ethoxylated Eugenol or Triton X-100 at the two concentrations 5 and 10 mg / liter, that recorded the same value 96% (Tables 1 and 2).

            The initial effect of spinosad alone recorded 94%, while its mixtures were observed (98, 100, 100 and 100%) for Ethoxylated Eugenol, (94, 96, 100 and 98%) for QAS, (98, 100, 100 and 100%) for Triton X-100 and (96, 98, 100 and 100%) for Tween-20 at the concentrations 5, 10, 20 and 25 mg / liter, respectively. As for, triflumuron was given a percentage of 96. Whereas its mixtures were recorded  (96, 96, 100 and 100%) for Ethoxylated Eugenol, (96, 98, 100 and 100%) for QAS, (96, 96, 100 and 100%) for Triton X-100 and (98, 98, 100 and 100) for Tween-20 at 5, 10, 20 and 25 mg / liter, respectively. No significant differences were obtained among the treatments (P = 0.243) or the concentrations used of each surfactant (P ranged between 0.192 & 0.585).

            As shown in Tables (1 and 2) the mean of residual effect (calculated as the mean of cumulative mortalities from day 1 till day 15 after spraying) was gradually decreased than initial effect. The residual effect of spinosad alone was recorded 91.59% for Ethoxylated Eugenol, QAS and 91.33% for Triton X-100, Tween-20. While as mixtures, the values ranged between a minimum value of 91.91% for spinosad with Tween-20 at concentrations 5 mg / liter to a maximum value of 98.84% when mixed with Triton X-100 at 25mg/ L. or mixed with QAS at concentrations 20 or 25mg/L. Meanwhile, triflumuron alone was recorded 87.22% for Ethoxylated Eugenol, QAS and 87.26% for Triton X-100, Tween-20. The mean residual effects of mixtures were increased than triflumuron alone, this increase ranged between 87.56 for triflumuron with Triton X-100at 5 mg / liter to 95.37% for triflumuron with Tween-20 at 25 mg / liter. All the mixtures caused significant increase more than spinosad and triflumuron alone, P=0.0034. Moreover, the two higher

concentrations of each surfactant significantly increased the residual effects in relative to the remaining concentrations, P values ranged between (0.000 to 0.020).

            The mean residual effects of spinosad and triflumuron were decreased than their initial effects. In addition, the residual effect of spinosad alone and as mixtures significantly increased than triflumuron alone and mixtures, P = 0.000.

  Generally, both spinosad and triflumuron alone exhibited initial effects more than their residual effects against 4^th instar larvae at the recommended concentrations. Similar results were obtained by Abd El-Latief (2001) for 2^nd and 4^th instars of the field strain of S. littoralis after treating with recommended doses of IGRs. Also, Raslan (2003) when tested recommended doses of spinosad and two IGRs against 3^rd instar larvae of field strain, arrived to the similar results.

The addition of surfactants to insecticides maximized or increased the persistence of insecticides and consequence increase residual toxicity (Salem and Auda, 1996). Additives may also cause change in the physico-chemical properties of spray solutions such as (viscosity, surface tension and pH values), therefore it cause enhancement of insecticides efficiency against S. littoralis (Tawfik and El-Sisi, 1987 and Badr et al., 1999). The results of the investigation corroborated the previous finding of El-Metwally et al., (1991) who reported that, the inclusion of surfactants to different insecticides enhanced the activities of all tested insecticides against 4^th instar larvae on cotton plants. Badr and El-Sisi (1999) reported that, adding any of the tested adjuvants to Dursban at 65% rate of the recommended rate caused 100% initial mortality of the 4^th instar larvae and activated residual toxicity of the tested insecticides.

Triton X-100 and Tween-20 were more effective in the initial and residual effects when mixed with spinosad and triflumuron, respectively than other surfactants. Similarly, in semi field trial, Sabbour and Abd El-Aziz, (2002) found that, lettuce oil was formulated with Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana against S. littoralis had ten days residual activity and showed high accumulative mortality than other oil formulated. Lettuce oil was more effective when formulated wit B. t. than with B. b.

In conclusion:

It could be concluded thattreating food of cotton leafworm larvae with some chemical compounds such as spinosad and triflumuron mixed with certain surfactants, highly increased the insecticidal activity against treated larvae.

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تقییم حقلى معملى لمرکبى سبینوزاد وترایفلومورون منفردین و کمخالیط مع بعض المنشطات على العمر الیرقى الرابع لدودةورق القطن

هالة محمد میعاد¹- أحمد حسن ابو غالیة ² - وحید محمود حسین دسوقى¹- بلال احمد سلیمان² -  على عبد العزیز الشیخ¹     

1. معهد بحوث وقایة النباتات -مرکز البحوث الزراعیة – الدقى- جیزة - مصر.

2. قسم النبات - کلیة العلوم، جامعة قناة السویس، مصر.

أجریت هذه الدراسة لتقییم التأثیر الفورى والمتأخر لکل من مرکبى سبینوزاد وترایفلومورون سواء بمفردهما او عند خلطهما مع أربعة مواد ناشرة سطحیا وهى ایثوکسیلاتید أوجینول، ملح کواترنرى أمونیوم، ترایتون اکس-100،  توین –20 على العمر الیرقى الرابع لدودة ورق القطن.

ولقد أظهرت النتائج ان اضافة ترکیزات مختلفة من المواد الناشرة سطحیا الى کل من سبینوزاد وترایفلومورون ادى الى زیادة کفاءتهم الفوریة والمتأخرة على العمر الیرقى الرابع لدودة ورق القطن مقارنة باستخدام هذه المواد بحالة منفردة. وکان ترایتون اکس – 100 و توین – 20 الأکثر کفاءة سواء فى التأثیر الفورى او المتأخر بعد خلطهما مع سبینوزاد وترایفلومورون على الترتیب مقارنة بالمخالیط الأخرى المستخدمة.