EVALUATION OF SOME ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS AGAINST COTTON APHID, Aphis gossypii ON KIDNEY BEAN AND ONION AT EL-SHARKYA GOVERNORATE

EVALUATION OF SOME ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS AGAINST COTTON APHID, Aphis gossypii ON KIDNEY BEAN AND ONION AT EL-SHARKYA GOVERNORATE

 Wafaa G.T. Ghatwary and M. S. Hashim

Plant Protection Research Institute, ARC, Egypt.

ABSTRACT

Present study was carried out to evaluate of some alternative materials against cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii on kidney bean and onion at El-Sharkya Governorate, 2007. The organophosphorus compound, Malathion was used in comparison with the commercial product of entomopathogenic fungi , Biovar (Beauveria bassiana) and Mineral Oil (KZ Oil).

Results showed that all tested materials revealed highly reduction of aphid individuals in treated areas compared to the untreated one at different time intervals on both onion and kidney bean. After the 2^nd spray of onion, aphid individuals in B. bassiana treated plot ranged between 0- 12 individual/leaf, while it ranged between 5-42, 16-68 and 55-175 individual/leaf in Malathion, Mineral Oil treated and untreated plots, respectively. As for kidney bean, after the 1^st  application, B. bassiana revealed the highest reduction percentage of aphid individuals through the period from 5-14 days post-treatment followed by Malathion and Mineral oil, respectively.

Conclusively, can be using Biovar and KZ oil on IPM programs on controlling the piercing-sucking insect pests (Aphis gossypii).

Keywords: Alternative materials, cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, kidney bean, onion, El-Sharkya Governorate

INTRODUCTION

            Vegetable plants are considered one of the most important crops which used human food. Aphid insects great economic pest of kidney bean and onion which cause indirect damage by phytopathogenic viruses transmission (Neilson, 1968; Harri's and Maramorosch, 1980 and Hegab-Ola, 2001). Entomopathogenic fungi used for microbial control have arrange of desirable characteristics including safety to people, compatability with other natural enemies, and a lack of toxic residues (Fransen, 1990 and Charnley, 1997). In addition, several types of entomopathogenic or insect. Killing fungi have been developed for use against many insect pests. Beauveria bassiana is a common soil born fungus that occurs world wide. On strain of this fungus is commercially available,  Botanigard. Fungal spores (conidia) infect the insect through it's integument penetration after germination and feed on hemocle the insect's cuticle. Aim of the present study was to evaluate of some alternative materials against cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii on kidney bean and onion at El-Shakya Governorate.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In the present investigation the commercial product of entomopathogenic fungi, Biovar (Beavaria bassiana) and mineral oil (KZ oil)  in comparison with the organophosphorus compound, Malathion (S-1,2,-bis(ethoxy carbaryl)ethyl o,o-dimethyl phosphorodithioate) were used for controlling the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii on both onion and kidny bean. The experimental area was divided into small plots (each 1/24 fed.) and the total area of about 12 karates was selected at El-Ghar village Zagazig district, Sharkia Governorate. Seed of both onion and kidney beans were sown in the end of October 2006. The seeds were firstly soaking in water for 36 hours period before sowing in the field. Completely randomize plots design was used for distribution of the different tested materials with three replicates for each treatment. Tested materials were sprayed using knaspsate sprayer type with 20 liter chemical tank at rate of 200 L./fed. Under pressure 1.5 bar. The tested compounds and their recommended rates per feddan were:

            Malathion 1.5 liter/fed: Biovar (Beavaria bassiana) 30 X 10⁶ spore/gm:  200gm/100 liter water and  Mineral oil (KZ oil) 1.5 liter/100 liter water.

The chemicals used were sprayed twice at 25 December and 4 February. For counting the insect population, plant samples of 10 leaves for each plots, were picked up at random from the onion and kidney bean plants. Bionucular microscope was used for examination of insect individuals. Aphis gossypii nymphs were counted at different time after spray.  The reduction percentages were calculated according to Henderson and tilton (1955).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

I- Efficacy of some alternatives materials compared to Malathion against cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii on Onion:

Data in Table 1 show that there were slight significant difference in aphid individuals in experimental plots before treatments at LSD value of 48.9. After    three     days     of    application  of the 1^st spray, there were significant differences in aphid individuals between Malathion, and B. bassiana treated plots, but no significant differences in aphid individuals, between B. bassiana and Mineral Oil

treated one at LSD value 131.2. Increasing time intervals after spray, aphid infestation significantly was reduced in different treated plots compared to untreated one. No significant difference in aphid infestation was appeared between different treated plots after 3,5, and 8 days post-spray at LSD values 131.2, 149.2 and 113.9, respectively. While there were significant differences between treated and untreated plots at different time intervals after the 1^st spray.

After the 2^nd spray, all tested materials revealed highly reduction of aphid individuals in treated areas compared to the untreated one at different time intervals. The entomogenous fungi, B. bassiana revealed the lowest level of infestation after different time intervals of the 2^nd spray followed by Malathion and Mineral Oil, respectively. Aphid individuals in B. bassiana treated plot ranged between 0- 12 individual/leaf, while it was ranged between 5-42, 16-68 and 55-175 individual/leaf in Malathion, Mineral Oil treated and untreated plots, respectively (Table 1).

Regarding reduction percentage, after the 3^rd day of the first application, data in Table 2 indicate that Malathion gave the highest reduction in infestation followed by B. bassiana and Mineral Oil, respectively. Reduction percentage of aphid individuals in Malathion treated plots increased with increasing time intervals after the first and second spray up to the 5^th day pot-spray. Then it was reduced after 8, 11 and 14 days after spray. In contrast, reduction percentage of aphid individuals in B. bassiana treated plots was lower than that was obtained in Malathion treated areas the period from the first to the 5^th day, but it was higher than Malathion after 8, 11 and 14 days of the 1^st spray. Residual effect of Mineral Oil resulted in low reduction of infestation at different time after the 1^st spray compared to both Malathion and B. bassiana.

II-     Efficacy of safely alternatives compared to Malathion against cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii on kidney bean

Data in Table 3 represented that there were significant differences in aphid individuals between kidney bean plots before treatment at LSD value of 23.45. After the 3^rd day of the 1^st application, Malathion reduced significantly aphid incidence on kidney bean plant, while B. Bassiana and Mineral Oil revealed slight effect on aphid population. Increasing time after spray, entomopathogenic fungi, B. bassiana represented the highest efficacy against aphids followed by  Malathion and  Mineral  oil.  Average number of aphid individuals  ranged between 9-50individual/plant for Malathion treated plot, while ranged between 5-90, 95-130 and 185 – 230 individual/plant for B. bassiana, Mineral Oil treated and untreated plots, respectively.

Table 2: Reduction percentage of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii on onion after spraying of safely alternatives compared to malathion.

After the 2^nd spray, all tested materials reduced significantly the aphid individuals on kidney bean foliage compared with the untreated plots. There were significant difference in aphid individuals between Malathion and Mineral Oil treated area, as well as, between B. bassiana and mineral Oil. B. bassiana was most potent compound against aphid individual, followed by Malathion and Mineral oil.

Tacking into account, reduction percentages of aphid individuals on kidney bean canopy, data in Table 4 indicate that reduction percentages were, however, increased with increasing time elapsed after treatment in different sprayed plots. After the 1^st application, reduction percentage in aphid individuals ranged between 81.5 – 96.27% in Malathion treated area, while it ranged between 65.20-98.16% and 34.36-62.00% for B. bassiana and Mineral Oil.

After the 2^nd application, B. bassiana revealed the highest reduction percentage of aphid individuals through the period from 5-14 days post-treatment followed by Malathion and Mineral Oil, respectively.

Hatting, et al. (2004) in small-scale field trials using a back-pack hydraulic sprayer, a single application of fungus at the rate of 5 x 10¹³ conidia in 350 liters water / ha reduced aphid populations by 60.75% relative to untreated controls. Maximum efficacy was associated with applications precisely timed to coincide with the initial stages of flag leaf formation. The flag leaf is a highly preferred feeding site, and aphids migrate to this leaf from other locations on the plant. It was hypothesized that greater efficacy of the treatments applied during the early flag leaf stage resulted from aphids acquiring lethal doses of fungal conidia from the treated foliage and from the greater exposure of aphids to spray application during this migration. Fungal efficacy following applications during an earlier growth stage was dependent on wheat cultivar. No significant control was noted on a cultivar (`Elands') expressing high antibiotic resistance, whereas an approximate 50% reduction in aphid numbers was observed on a less resistant cultivar (`Limpopo'). These results also suggested a correlation between fungal efficacy and overall aphid activity (aphid populations were higher and thus activity greater, on the less resistant cultivar). This study demonstrated potential for integrated use of fungal pathogens and varying levels of host-plant resistance for RWA management.

The fungus secretes enzymes which dissolve the insect's cuticle. After it enters the insect's body, the fungus produces a toxin that weakens the insect's immune system. Thorough spray coverage is needed so that the fungal spores contact the targeted insect pest and begin the infection process. Repeated applications (three to five) may be needed for effective control of the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover by the fungal pathogen V. lecanii (Ferron, 1978; Griffiths & Pickett, 1987; Roditakis, 1999).

Finally, the present work revealed that Biovar and KZ oil could be used in  IPM of piercing-sucking insect pests (Aphis gossypii) attacking onion and kidney bean crops.

Conclusively, it can be using Biovar and KZ oil on IPM programs on controlling the piercing-sucking insect pests (Aphis gossypii).

REFFERENCES

Auclair, J.L. (1963): Aphid feeding and nutrition. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 8:439-439-490.

Charnley A K. (1997): Entomopathogenic fungi and their role in pest control. In The Mycota IV, Environmental and microbial relationships, pp. 185-201. Eds D Wicklow and M Soderstrom. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Publishers.

Ferron, P. (1978): Biological control of insect pests by entomogenous fungi. Ann Rev Entomol.,  23: 409-442.

Fransen, J.J. (1990): Fungi on aphids, thrips and whitefly in the greenhouse environment. In: Proceeding, 5th International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control. Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Adelaide, Australia: 376-380.

Griffiths D C, Pickett J A. (1987): Novel chemicals and their formulation for aphid control. Proceedings of the 14^th International Symposium on Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials 14:243-244.

Hall, R.A. (1981): The fungus Verticillium lecanii as a Microbial Insecticide against Aphids and Scales. In: Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970-1980. Acad. Press 1981, Ed. Burges H.D., pp 482-498.

Harri's , K.F. and Maramorosch, K. ( 1980): Versos of plant pathogens. (Acad. Press New York, London, Toronto, San Farancisco pp 467).

Hatting, J.L., Wraight, S.P., Miller, R.M. (2004): Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana (hyphomycetes) for control of russian wheat aphid (homoptera: aphidae) on resistant wheat under field condition. Biocontrol Science and Technology,  14:459-473.

Heathcote, G.D. (1972): Evaluating aphid populations on plants. Pages 105-145 In H.F. van Emden (ed.) Aphid Technology. Academic Press, New York.

Hegab-Ola, I.M.S. (2001): Studies on certain insect vectors of plant pathogenic agents. Ph.D of Thesis, Fac. of Agric., Zagazig Univ., Egypt.

Henderson, D.F. and E.W. Tilton (1955): Tests with acaricides against the brown mite. J. Econ. Entomol., 49: 161-175.

Nilson; M.W. (1968): The leafhopper vectors of phytopathogenic viruses         (Homoptera: Circadellidae) taxonomy, biology and virus transmission. Agric. Ser. M.S Dept. Agr. 89. pp 386.

Roditakis E. (1999): Interactions between the peach aphid Myzus persicae and the entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium lecanii.Ph.D. Thesis. University of Bath, UK.

تقییم بعض المواد البدیلة ضد من القطن علی کل من محصول الفاصولیا والبصل بمحافظة الشرقیة

وفاء غتوری طنطاوی -  مصطفی سعید هاشم

معهد بحوث وقایة النباتات مرکز البحوث الزراعیة الدقی-  الجیزة- مصر.

تم إجراء دراسة حالیة لتقییم بعض المواد البدیلة ضد ألیف القطن ، أفسوس جوسبی على حبة الفاصولیا والبصل فی محافظة الشرقیة ، 2007. تم استخدام مرکب الفسفور العضوی ، الملاثیون بالمقارنة مع المنتج التجاری للفطریات المسببة للأمراض ، بیوفار (بیوفیریا) Bassiana) والزیوت المعدنیة  (KZ Oil). .

أظهرت النتائج أن جمیع المواد التی تم اختبارها أظهرت انخفاضًا کبیرًا فی عدد الأفراد المن فی المناطق المعالجة مقارنةً بالمواد غیر المعالجة فی فترات زمنیة مختلفة على کلٍ من البصل وحبوب الفاصولیا بعد رش البصل الثانی ، تراوحت أعداد المن أفید فی ب. باسیانا قطعة أرض بین 12 فرد / ورقة ، بینما تراوحت بین 5-42 ، 16-68 و 55-175 فرد / ورقة فی الملاثیون ، الزیوت المعدنیة المعالجة وغیر المعالجة ( الکنترول)، على التوالی. بالنسبة لفاصولیا ، بعد التطبیق الأول ، کشفت B. bassiana عن أعلى نسبة انخفاض للأفراد المنبتین خلال الفترة من 5 إلى 14 یومًا بعد العلاج تلیها الملاثیون والزیوت المعدنیة ، على التوالی.

التوصیة :بشکل قاطع ، یمکن استخدام زیت Biovar و KZ على برامج المکافحة المتکاملة للآفات للتحکم فی آفات الحشرات الخارقة للامتصاص (Aphis gossypii).