COMPARATIVELY STUDIES ON SOME BIO AND CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES AGAINST MYZUS PERSICAE AND APHIS GOSSYPII INFESTED TWO POTATO CULTIVARS AND ITS RELATION WITH YIELD.

COMPARATIVELY STUDIES ON SOME BIO AND CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES AGAINST MYZUS PERSICAE AND APHIS GOSSYPII INFESTED TWO POTATO CULTIVARS AND ITS RELATION WITH YIELD.

A.A.A. Abd-Allah; H.M.H. Al-Shannaf, H.E. Megahed and M.M.A. Ibraheem.

Plant Protection Research Institute,  Agricultural Research center, Dokki, Giza , Egypt.

ABSTRACT

   In order to evaluate the effects of bio and chemical insecticides for reducing the aphid infestation and response on the potato yield, two bio products namely [Biofly (entomopathogenic fungi) and Jojoba oil (plant extract) and K.z oil (mineral oil)] were compared with five recommended insecticides namely; fenvalerate (Sumicidin), fenpyroximate (Kindo),  carbosulfan (Marshal), dinotifuran (MTI-446), (neo-nicotionoid); and, diafenthiuron, (Polo).

   Two cultivars of potato plants diamant and spunta were sprayed with the tested compounds at the recommended rates twice against two species of aphids, the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover), during two successive seasons of 2003 and 2004 at El-Kenaiat district, Sharkia Governorate.

   Reduction percentages cleared that A. gossypii exhibted slightly tolerant to tested compounds than M. Persicae.

   During the 1^st season (2003), the comparatively higher initial reduction percentages against M. persicae and A. gossypii were 97.5 and 98.37 % recorded for fenpyroximate against M. persicae on spunta cultivar at the 1^st and 2^nd sprays, respectively. The relatively higher residual effects were 95.16 and 94.83% recorded for carbosulfa and diafenthuron against M. persicae on spunta cultivar.

   The two bio products, Biofly, jojoba and mineral oil recorded relatively moderate general reduction percentages ranged between 50.42-73.42% against the two aphid species in the two potato cultivars.

   During the second season (2004) the relatively higher initial reduction percentages, recorded 97.99 and 96.67% for fenpyroximat against M. persicae infested spunta potato cultivar after 1^st and 2^nd spray, respectively. The two bioproducts and kz oil recorded reduction percentage ranged 50.47-74.04% against the two aphids species on the two tested cultivars.

   The aphids species infested diamant cultivar were more tolerant than that infested spunta cultivar, where the relatively higher reduction percentage recorded on spunta, that may be due to the food suitability and its effect insects response to tested compounds.

   In respecting to the yield, there were significant differences between the different treatments except these plots treated with fenpyroximate which recorded the highest yield (106.20 & 115.25 kg /plot) for both of diamant and spunta cultivars respectively at the 1^st season.

While at 2^nd season, plots treated with fenpyroximate recorded highest yield of diamant (102.25k.g./plot) and the highest yield of spunta recorded for plots treated with carbosulfan (114.5 k.g./plot).

   On the other hand, the best yield for bio-product was recorded for Jojoba oil which gave (100.25 and 102 kg /plot) when sprayed on diamant and spunta at the 1^st season and 94 and 97 kg /plot at the 2^nd season respectively. Therefore, it could be decided that Jojoba was the most efficient compound when we wanted potato as a bio-crop to avoid the hazard of chemical insecticides on health and environment which represent the principal aim of IPM programs.

Key words: Some bio- and chemical insecticides, myzus persicae, aphis gossypii,   potato cultivars.

INTRODUCTION

            Potato, Solanium tuberosum L. is a crop of an out standing importance in Egypt on account of its great value for local  consumption and export. It occupies the second rank after onion in regard to vegetable exportation. Potato plants in Egypt are usually infested with serious insect pests which threaten the yield. The most economically important pests are the green peach aphid. Myzus persicae and cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Metwally 1976, Ali  et al., 1987 and Ibraheem, 1993).

            On the other hand, Hemida (1981) found that the commercial potato varieties differed in their susceptibility to aphid infestation. Due to the high costs of insecticides and hazards of spraying on edible crop, the possibility that potato varieties may exhibit differential susceptibility to aphids was explored. Chemical control treatments are not the only way to control aphids and there are many other methods, such as using alternative bio-insecticides which depend on their efficacy as bio agents known as unharmful to mammals(Mikhael, 1995). The present work aimed study evaluating the insecticidal activity of eight compounds from miscleaneous groups against aphids.

MATERIALS  AND  METHODS

            Field trials conducted in two successive seasons 2003 and 2004 at El-Kenaiat district, Sharkia Governorate. Two potato cultivars Solanium tuberosum  L. (Diamont and Spunta) were sown on November 19 in 2003 season and October 24 in 2004 season in an separated area, each one was about half Feddan divided into 36 plots. Normal agricultural practices were applied as recommended for ordinary potato growing. Design of two varieties and their plots were a randomized complete block design including three replicates for each treatment and check. Each replicate consisted of 8 rows (42 m²). Knapsak sprayer with one nozzle was used. Application of different compounds were carried out after one month from sown. Number of aphids were carried out visually in the field. Two species of aphids were counted directly before application and at 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14 days after application. At the end of experiment, yield from each treatment were harvested and weighted per plots. The obtained results subjected to compute the reduction percentages in according to Henderson and Tilton Formula (1955). Reduction percentage =1–(Ta/Tb x Cb / Ca) x100          Where :

            Ta = number of aphids in treated plot  after treatment

            Tb = number of aphids in plot before treatment

            Cb = number of aphids in check plot  before treatment

            Ca = number of aphids in check after treatment

Data of % reduction and yield were analyzed statistically to determine the significant of variances between treatments in according to little and Hill (1975).

Tested Material:

1- Chemical insecticides :

a. Fenvalerate (Sumicidin) 20 % E.C; used at 150 ml./100 liter water (L.W.).

b. Carbosulfan (Marshal) 25 % W.P.; used at 150 gm./100 L.W.

c.  Dinotefuran  (M.T.I-446 neo-nicotinoid) 20% W.P.; used at 100 gm/100 L.W.

d. Fenpyroximate (Kendo) 5% E.C.; used at 375 ml./Fed.

e. Diafenthiuron (Polo) 50% Sc.; used at 150 ml. /100 L.W.

2-Biocides :

1. Beauveria bassiana. (Biofly – 30 x 10⁶ cells/ ml. L.). used at 100 ml ./100 LW.

  b.   Mineral oil (K.Z. oil 95 % E.C.) used at 1.75 L. / 100 L.W.

c.  Al-Kanz 2000 (jojoba oil),  (plant extract) Simmondsia chinensis (Link), used at 1000 ml./100 L.W.

RESULTS  AND  DISCUSSION

1. Effect of the tested materials at the first season:

            Results in Table (1) indicated that, fenpyroximate exhibited relatively higher toxic against M. persicae and A. gossypii as a general effect recording, 90.8, 89.81, 89.63, 89.18 % at the 1^st and the 2^nd sprays on diamant cultivar and  93.49, 91.63, 92.53, 91.14 % R. at the 1^st and the 2^nd sprays on spunta cultivar, respectively.

            Fenpyroximate exceeded all tested materials but it as not significant differences compared with carbosulfan and diafenthiuron at 1^st spray and carbosulfan, diafenthiuron and fenvalerate at 2^nd spray results on diamant and with dinotifuran on spunta at 1^st spray.

On the other hand, biofly gave poor effect on the two aphids species as general effect, where 57.9, 58.99 & 56.25, 50.42 for the 1^st and the 2^nd sprays and 62.1, 59.04 & 57.72, 56.14 on spunta cultivar for the two sprays. Mineral oil reduced aphids number with relatively low reduction % as general effect, 67.91, 67.54 & 64.91, 60.27% R. in two species of aphids population on diamante and gave 69.59, 67.71 & 70.54, 64.76% R. on spunta at the two sprays respectively.

These results agree with those obtained by Rizk et al., (1999). Who reported that, mineral oil CAPL2 gave low initial effect against aphid (50% R). These results found  in a agreement with those obtained by El-Mezayyen et al, (2003)who  reported that, fenvalerate, biofly and K.Z. oil reduced A. gossypii numbers on cotton plant by 68.43, 55.30 and 88.98 % reduction respectively.

Reduction percentages of the eight tested compounds against M. persicae and A. gossypii on diamant cultivar were slightly less than on spunta. That’s evidence on the two species of aphids on diamant were more tolerant than spunta, where biofly caused 57.9 , 58.99 and 56.25, 50.42 % reduction in population of M. persicae as a (G.I.) at the 1^st and the 2^nd sprays, respectively on diamant cultiva while caused 62.1 , 59.04 and 57.72, 56.14% reduction on spunta cultivar at the 1^st and the 2^nd sprays, respectively.

The other compounds, fenvalerate, K.Z. oil, dinotifuran, fenpyroximate, Jojoba, carbosulfan and diafenthiuron recorded general reduction percentages, ranged 68.71 –90.03 and 60.27-89.63 % reduction as general effect at the 1^st and the 2^nd sprays on diamant cultivar while on spunta the reduction percentages ranged 72.67 – 72.83 and 68.83 –90.89% reduction at the 1^st and the 2^nd sprays on spunta cultivar, respectively.

2-Effect of the tested materials at the second season:

            Results in Table (2) indicated that fenpyroximate exhibited highly initial effect and significant differences with other treatments, recording initial reduction percentages of 91.95, 93.26, 97.99 and 96.67 % against M. persicae and gave 92.60, 91.09, 96.65 and 96.03% reduction in population against A. gossypii at the 1^st and the 2^nd sprays on diamant and spunta cultivars, respectively.

            Also, fenvalerate recorded relatively high reduction percentages of 91.21 and 90.23% reduction as a general effect on diamant cultivar at the 1^st spray against M. persicae and A. gossypii, respectively while dinotifuran was record 88.85 and 86.26% reduction against the two aphids species at the 2^nd spray.

Carbosulfan was the first compound against two aphid species on spunta cultivar recorded 95.42 and 93.44% reduction at the 1^st spray and 92.94 and 93.39% reduction at the 2^nd spray as a general effect.

Carbosulfan recorded relatively higher general effect on diamant cultivar at the 1^st spray caused 89.53% against M. persicae, and 83.51% against A. gossypii. Jojoba recorded on spunta cultivar moderate general reduction percentage 70.34% at 2^nd spray against M. persicae and 66.22% against A. gossypii.

            Also, reduction percentages against two aphid species were higher on spunta more than it on diamante.

These results agree with those obtained by Drishpon et al, (1989). who reported that, the carbosulfan was highly effective against A. gossypii on cotton plants.

            The obtained results agree with those of El-Mezayyen et al, (2003), who reported that, biofly and K.Z oil were reduced the population of A. gossypii as a mean of two sprays by 36.81 and 74.55% R. respectively on cotton. Also, El-Maghraby (1998) reported that, carbosulfan 25% W.P. at rate 150 gm / 100 L.W. reduced M. persicae population by 73 and 98.9% as initial and residual effect.

 On the other hand, El-Hariry et al, (1998)indicated that the Jojoba as a crude oil gives 70.5% R. on control of A. gossypii. Generally, it could be concluded that the Aphis gossypii was considered more tolerate of all tested materials specially biocides  ( Biofly and Jojoba) than M. persicae.

3- Relationship of yield and general aphid infestations:

            The mean of general reduction in population of two species of aphids infesting two tested potato varieties during two successive seasons 2003 and 2004 and its relation with yield were shown in Table 3. Data indicated significant differences between general means of infestation which affected with the tested compounds for all treated plots and its increased significantly (P<0.05) in comparable with untreated ones during the two seasons.

a) At the 1^st season, it could be classified into three categories, the 1^st was including fenpyroximate, carbosulfan and fenvalerate with mean yield about 103 and 115.25 kg / plot, the 2^nd which occupied diafenthiuron, dinotifuran and Jojoba with yield about 90.75 and 110.5 kg / plot, the last group had the rest treatments (between 77.0 –100.0 kg / plot).

b) At 2^nd season, the relatively high yield of potato was recorded for plots treated with carbosulfan, fenpyroximate, fenvalerte and diafenthiuron with yield values ranged between 100-114.5 kg /plot compared with 70.25-71.57 kg /plot for untreated plots.

REFERENCES

 Ali, A.M.; Abdel-Galil, F.A.; El-Ghareeb, A.M. and Soliman, M.M. (1987). Toxicity of certain insecticides to the potato tuber worm, Phthorimeae operculella, (Zeller).

Drishpon, Y.; N. Bilizar and K. Kayni (1989). Chemical control of the cotton Aphis gossypii on cotton early in the season. Hassadeh,69 (8) 1397, (C.F.R.A.E. 79 (3) Abst. No.2802).

El-Harriry, M.A.; I.A. Marzouk; M.Salem; E.M.E. Khalafalla and A.G. El-Sisi (1998). Field and laboratory evaluation of environmentally safe chemicals against some aphid species. Egypt of Agric. Res., 76 (1), 127-139.

El-Maghraby, H.M. (1998). Effect of the insecticide (Admir 20%) specified on two species of Homoptera insects which infesting potato and tomato plants. J. Agric. Sci., Mansoura Univ., 23 (4), April, 1998.

El-Mezayyen, G.A.; A.M.A. Nassef and I.I. El-Fakharany (2003). Effect of certain alternative compounds and their combinations with fenvalerate on some cotton insect pests and their associated predators. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 28 (4): 3661-3069.

Hemida, E.A.M. (1981). Studies on some insects attacking certain solanaceous plans. Ph.D. Thesis, Fac. Agric. Cairo Univ.

Henderson, C.E. and E.T. Tilton, (1955). Tests with acaricides against the brown wheat mite. J. Econ. Ent., 48: 157-161.

Ibraheem; M.M.A.(1993). Ecological and biological studies on some pests of solanaceous plant at Sharekia Governorate. M. Sc. Thesis Fac. of Agric. Zagazig University.

Little, T.M. and F.J. Hills (1975). Statistical Methods in Agricultural Research. Available from U.C.D. Book Store Univ. of California, Davis: 241 pp.

Metwally, A.A. (1976). Studies on certain pests attacking solanaceous crops. Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. Agric., Al-Azhar University.

Mikhael, R.H. G. (1995). Studies on insect pests infesting potato crop and their control by using non-chemical methods. Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. Agric., Moshtohor, Benha Branch, Zagazig University.

Rizk, M.A.; A.G. El-Sisi; N.A. Badr and S.M. Abdel-Halim (1999). Controlling of cotton sucking pests using safe materials. 2^nd Int. Conf. of Pest Control, Mansoura University, Egypt, Sep, 1999.

دراسة مقارنة بعض المرکبات الحیویة والمبیدات الکیمائیة الحشریة ضد من الخوخ الأخضر ومن القطن وعلاقتهما بالمحصول لصنفین من البطاطس

عاطف عبد الفتاح أحمد عبد الله – حاتم محمد حاتم الشناف –حمدی محمد السعید مجاهد - محمد محمد أحمد إبراهیم.

معهد بحوث وقایة النباتات – مرکز البحوث الزراعیة – الدقی – الجیزة – مصر.

          تم تقییم ومقارنة تأثیر بعض المرکبات أو المنتجات الحیویة وهی فطـرBeauveria bassiana (بیوفلای) ، فطر ممرض للحشرات ومستخلص نبات الجوجوبا Simmondsia chinensis (Link) (مستخلص نباتی) و(زیت معدنی) K.Z. oil وذلک بخمسة مبیدات کیماویة من مجامیع مختلفة وهی فینفالیرات (سیموسیدین) ، فینبیروکسیمات (کندو) وهما من البیروثرویدات المصنعة وکاربوسلفان (مارشال) من مجموعة الکاربامـات، داینوتیفیـوران (أم-تی-أی – 446) من مجموعة مرکبات النیونیکوتینوید ، دایفنثیورون (بولو) من مرکبات الثیویوریا.. وذلک ضد نوعین من حشرات المن وهما من الخوخ الأخضر Myzus persicae (Sulzer). ومن القطن Aphis gossypiiاللتان تصیبان صنفین من البطاطس وهی صنف دیامونت وصنف أسبونتا.

          هذا وقد تمت التجارب فی مرکز القنایات – بمحافظة الشرقیة وذلک من خلال رش المرکبات المختبرة رشتین متتالیتین بفارق زمنی أسبوعین بین کلاً منهما وعلى مدار موسمین زراعیین هما 2003 ، 2004م. ولقد أوضحت النتائج ما یلی:

1- أظهرت حشرات من القطن غالباً قدراً قلیلاً من التحمل للمرکبات المختبرة عن من البطاطس.. ومن جهة أخرى فإن المرکبات المختبرة کانت غالباً أکثر تأثیراً فی الرشة الأولى فی کلا الموسمین عنه فی الرشة الثانیة.

2- سجل مرکب فینبروکسیمات أعلى تأثیر فوری ضد حشرتی من الخوخ ومن القطن حیث سبب انخفاضاً فی تعداد أفراد من الخوخ بقدر 97.5% ، 98.37% على الصنف أسبونتا بعد الرشة الأولى والثانیة على التوالی.  وکان أعلى تأثیر متبقی نسبیاً لمرکب الکاربوسلفان  ودیافینثیورون ضد حشرة من الخوخ على الصنف أسبونتا حیث حقق 95.16% و 94.83% انخفاض فی التعداد على التوالی. وقد سجل المنتجان الحیویان بیوفلای، جوجوبا وکذلک الزیت المعدنی K.Z بصفة عامة درجة متوسطة من الانخفاض فی التعداد تتراوح بین 50.42% ، 73.42% ضد نوعی المن على صنفی البطاطس المختبرین وذلک خلال الموسم الأول (2003).

3- خلال الموسم الثانی (2004) فقد سجل مرکب فینبروکسیمان أعلى معدل انخفاض فوری فی تعداد حشرات من الخوخ التی تصیب الصنف أسبونتا وتقدر بـ 97.99% و 96.67% بعد الرشة الأولى والثانیة على التوالی، هذا وقد سجل المنتجان الحیویان وکذلک الزیت المعدنی K.Z نسب مئویة للانخفاض فی تعداد نوعی المن على کلاً من صنفی البطاطس دیامونت  وأسبونتا تتراوح بین 50.47% و 74.04%.

4- وجد أن صنفی المن کان لهما قدراً أکبر من التحمل فی حالة تواجدهما على الصنف دیامونت مقارنة بالصنف أسبونتا.

5- اتضح أن هناک اختلافاً معنویاً لمتوسطات المحصول بین المعاملات وبین القطع الغیر معاملة حیث سجل أعلى محصول 106.25 کجم ، 115.25 کجم/ قطعة تجریبیة فی القطع التی تم رشها بـ فینبیروکسیمات (کندو). وذلک للصنف دایامونت ، اسبونتا خلال الموسم الأول بینما کان أعلى محصول فی الموسم الثانی للصنف دایامونت للقطعة المعاملة بالمرکب فینبیروکسیمات حیث أعطت 101 کجم وکان أعلى محصول للصف أسبونتا ناتج عن القطعة التجریبیة المعاملة بالمرکب کاربوسلفان (مارشال) حیث أعطت 114.5 کجم. من جهة أخرى کان أفضل محصول ناتج عن معاملات المرکبات الحیویة هو الخاص بالقطعة المعاملة بالمرکب جوجوبا حیث أعطت 100.25 ، 102 کجم/قطعة تجریبیة لکلاً من الصنف دیامونت ، الصنف أسبونتا على التوالی وذلک فی الموسم الأول ، 94 ، 97 کجم/قطعة تجریبیة فی الموسم الثانی على التوالی.

6- یمکن استخدام المستخلص النباتی جوجوبا بالترکیز الموصی به فی مکافحة کلاً نوعی المن وذلک عندما نرغب فی الحصول على البطاطس کمنتج حیوی بعیداً عن خطر استخدام المبیدات الکیماویة الحشریة على الصحة والبیئة ضمن برامج المکافحة المتکاملة لحشرة المن على البطاطس.