Hilal, M., El Sayed, R., Ahmed, S., Mahmoud, S. (2019). Review on Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicity of Paracetamol. test, 23(2), 56-61. doi: 10.21608/smj.2019.47234
Maha Abd-Elhamed Hilal; Reda M El Sayed; Sara Elsayed Ahmed; shereen Mahmoud. "Review on Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicity of Paracetamol". test, 23, 2, 2019, 56-61. doi: 10.21608/smj.2019.47234
Hilal, M., El Sayed, R., Ahmed, S., Mahmoud, S. (2019). 'Review on Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicity of Paracetamol', test, 23(2), pp. 56-61. doi: 10.21608/smj.2019.47234
Hilal, M., El Sayed, R., Ahmed, S., Mahmoud, S. Review on Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicity of Paracetamol. test, 2019; 23(2): 56-61. doi: 10.21608/smj.2019.47234

Review on Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicity of Paracetamol

Sohag Medical Journal
Article 16, Volume 23, Issue 2, April 2019, Pages 56-61    PDF (390.01 K)
Document Type: Original Article
DOI: 10.21608/smj.2019.47234
Authors
Maha Abd-Elhamed Hilal1; Reda M El Sayed2; Sara Elsayed Ahmed3; shereen Mahmoud4
1Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University.
2Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Egypt.
3Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University.
4Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University.Sohag, Egypt .
References
  1. Anderson, B.J. (2008): Paracetamol (Acetaminophen): mechanisms of action. Paediatr. Anaesth., 18:p.915–921.
  2. Bateman, D. N. (2015): Paracetamol poisoning: beyond the nomogram. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 80(1): p.  45–50.
  3. Bateman, D.N.; Carroll, R.; Pettie, J.; Yamamoto, T.; Elamin, M.E. and Peart, L.(2014): Effect of the UK’s revised paracetamol poisoning management guidelines on admissions, adverse reactions and costs of treatment. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 78:p. 610–618.
  4. Bernal, W., and Wendon, J. (2003): More on serum phosphate and prognosis of acute liver failure. Hepatology, 38:p. 533-534.
  5. Bernal, W.; Donaldson, N.; Wyncoll, D. and Wendon, J. (2002): Blood lactate as an early predictor of outcome in paracetamol-induced acute liver failure: a cohort study. Lancet, 359(9306): p.558-563.
  6. Buehler, M.C. and Curry, S.C. (2005): False-positive acetaminophen levels associated with hyperbilirubinemia. Clin. Toxicol.,43: p.167–170. 
  7. Chen, Y.G.; Lin, C.L.; Dai,  M.S.; Chang, P.Y.; Chen, J.H.; Huang, T.C.; Wu, Y.Y. and Kao, C.H.(2015): Risk of acute kidney injury and long-term outcome in patients with acetaminophen intoxication: A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study. Medicine, 94(46):p. 2040-2046. 
  8. Chun, L.J.; Tong, M.J.; Busuttil, R.W.and Hiatt, J.R. (2009): Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and acute liver failure. J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 43:p.342-349.
  9. Chyka, P.A.; Seger, D.; Krenzelok, E.P. and Vale, J.A. (2005): Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal. Clin.Toxicol., 43(2):p. 61-87.
  10. Courade ,J.P.; Martin, K.; Besse, D.; Delchambre, C.; Hanoun, N.; Hamon, M.; Eschalier, A.; Caussade, F. and Cloarec, A. (2001) :Acetaminophen distribution in the rat central nervous system. Life Sci. 69:p. 1455–1464.
  11. Daly, F.F.; O’Malley, G.F.; Heard, K.; Bogdan, G.M. and Dart, R.C (2004): Prospective evaluation of repeated supratherapeutic acetaminophen (paracetamol) ingestion. Ann. Emerg. Med., 44:p. 393-398.
  12. Dargan, P.I. and Jones, A.L. (2002): Acetaminophen poisoning: an update for the intensivist. Crit. Care, (2):p.108-110.
  13. Dart, R.C.; Erdman, A.R.; Olson, K.R.; Manoguerra, A.S.; Chyka, P.A.; Caravati, E.M.; Wax, P.M.; Keyes, D.C.; Woolf, A.D.; Scharman, E.J.; Booze, L.L and Troutman, W.G. (2006):Acetaminophen poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin.Tox., 44:p.1-18.
  14. Farrell, S.E. and Defendi, G.L. (2018):  Acetaminophen toxicity treatment & management. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/820200-overview.
  15. Ferner, R.E.; Dear, J.W. and Bateman, D.N. (2011): Management of paracetamol poisoning. B.M.J., 342:p.2218-2227.
  16. Gelotte, C.K.; Auiler, J.F.; Lynch, J.M.; Temple, A.R. and Slattery, J.T. (2007): Disposition of acetaminophen at 4, 6, and 8 g/day for 3 days in healthy young adults. Clin.Pharmacol.Ther., 81(6):p. 840–848.
  17. Green, T.J.; Sivilotti, M.L.; Langmann, C.; Yarema, M.; Juurlink, D.; Burns, M.J. and Johnson, D.W. (2010):  When do the aminotransferases rise after acute acetaminophen overdose? Clin.Toxicol., 48:p. 787-792.
  18. Heard, K.J. (2008): Acetylcysteine for acetaminophen poisoning. N. Engl. J. Med., 359: p. 285-292.
  19. Hodgman, M.J. and Garrard, A.R. (2012): A review of acetaminophen poisoning. Crit.Care Clin., 28: p.499-516.
  20. Jaeschke, H.; Williams, C.D.; Ramachandran, A. and Bajt, M.L. (2012): Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and repair: the role of sterile inflammation and innate immunity. Liver Int., 32:p. 8–20.
  21. James, L.P.; Capparelli, E.V.; Simpson,  P.M.; Letzig, L.; Roberts, D.;  Hinson, J.A.;  Kearns, G.L.; Blumer, J.L. and Sullivan, J.E. (2008): Acetaminophen-associated hepatic injury: evaluation of acetaminophen protein adducts in children and adolescents with acetaminophen overdose. Clin. Pharmacol.Ther., 84(6): p. 684-690
  22. James, L.P.; Chiew, A.; Abdel-Rahman, S.M.; Letzig, L.; Graudins, A.; Day, P. and Roberts, D. (2013): Acetaminophen protein adduct formation following low-dose acetaminophen exposure: comparison of immediate-release vs extended-release formulations. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 69:p.851–857.
  23. Ji, P.; Wang, Y.;  Li, Z.; Doddapaneni, S.; Hertz, S.; Furness, S. and Sahajwalla, C.G. (2012):  Regulatory review of acetaminophen clinical pharmacology in young pediatric patients. J. Pharm. Sci., 101:p.4383–4389.
  24. Kanno, S.; Tomizawa, A.; Hiura, T.; Osanai, Y.; Kakuta, M.; Kitajima, Y.; Koiwai, K.; Ohtake, T.; Ujibe, M. and Ishikawa, M. (2006): Melatonin protects on toxicity by acetaminophen
  25. Kozer, E. and Koren, G. (2001): Management of paracetamol overdose: current controversies. Drug Safety, 24:p.503-512. 
  26. Kumpulainen, E.; Kokki, H.; Halonen, T.; Heikkinen, M.; Savolainen, J. and Laisalmi, M. (2007): Paracetamol (acetaminophen) penetrates readily into the cerebrospinal fluid of children after intravenous administration. Pediatrics, 119:p. 766–771.
  27. Larson, A.M. (2007): Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Clin.Liver Dis.,11: p.525-548.
  28. McGill, M.R. and Jaeschke, H. (2013): Metabolism and disposition of acetaminophen: recent advances in relation to hepatotoxicity and diagnosis. Pharm Res., 30:p.2174–2187.
  29. McGill, S.K. and McGill, M.R. (2018): Extrahepatic toxicity of acetaminophen: a critical evaluation of the evidence and proposed mechanisms. J. Clin. Transl. Res., 3(3):p. 5-31.
  30. McGovern, A.J.; Vitkovitsky, I.V.; Jones, D.L. and Mullins, M.E. (2015): Can AST/ALT ratio indicates recovery after acute paracetamol poisoning? Clin. Toxicol., 53:p.164–167. 
  31. Michael, J.; Hodgman, M.D. and Alexander R. (2012):  A review of acetaminophen poisoning. Crit.Care Clin., 28:p.  499–516.
  32. Pakravan, N.; Simpson, K.; Waring, W.S.; Bates, C.M. and Bateman, D.N. (2009): Renal injury at first presentation as a predictor for poor outcome in severe paracetamol poisoning referred to a liver transplant unit. Eur.J.Clin. Pharmacol., 65: p.163-168.
  33. Patrick, J. A., and Eugene, R. S. (2007): Acetaminophen safety and hepatotoxicity – where do we go from here. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety journal, 6:p.341:355.
  34. Prescott, L.F. (2001): Paracetamol (acetaminophen): a critical bibliographic review, 2nd ed. Taylor & Francis, London:p.1001-1100.
  35. Roberts, E.A. (2007): Drug-induced liver disease. In: Suchy, F.J.; Sokol, R.J. and Balistreri, W.F.(eds.): Liver disease in children. 3rd ed. Cambridge university press, USA:p. 478–512.
  36. Rumack, B.H. (2002): Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: the first 35 years. J.Toxicol.Clin. Toxicol., 40:p.3–20.
  37. Schilling, A.; Corey, R.; Leonard, M. andEghtesad, B. (2010): Acetaminophen: old drug, new warnings. Cleve. Clin. J. Med., 77(1): p.19-27.
  38. Stockler, M.; Vardy, J.; Pillai, A. and Warr, D. (2004): Acetaminophen (paracetamol) improves pain and well-being in people with advanced cancer already receiving a strong opioid regimen: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. J. Clin. Oncol., 22:p. 3389–3394.
  39. Swierkosz, T.A.; Jordan, L.; Mcbride, M.; Mcgough, K.; Devlin, J. and Botting, R.M. (2002):Actions of paracetamol on cyclooxygenases in tissue and cell homogenates of mouse and rabbit.Med. Sci. Monit., 8(12):p.496-503.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Whyte, I.M.; Francis, B. and Dawson, A.H. (2007): Safety and efficacy of intravenous N-acetylcysteine for acetaminophen overdose: analysis of the Hunter Area Toxicology Service (HATS) database. Curr.Med. Res.Opin. 23(10):p.2359-2368
  2. Yuan, L. and Kaplowitz, N. (2013): Mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury. Clin.Liver Dis., 17:p. 507–518.
  3. Zyoud, S.H.; Awang, R.; Sulaiman, S.A. and Al-Jabi, S.W. (2011): Impact of serum acetaminophen concentration on changes in serum potassium, creatinine and urea concentrations among patients with acetaminophen overdose. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf., 20(2):p. 203-208.
Statistics
Article View: 386
PDF Download: 1,441