UTILIZATION OF OLIVE PULP IN FEEDING NEW ZEALAND WHITE DOE RABBITS AND THEIR OFFSPRING UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF NORTH SINAI

UTILIZATION OF OLIVE PULP IN FEEDING NEW ZEALAND WHITE DOE RABBITS AND THEIR OFFSPRING UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF NORTH SINAI

 

M.R. M. Mousa

Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Suez Canal University, El-Arish, North Sinai, Egypt

 

ABSTRACT:

The effects of feeding four dietary treatments containing 0, 20, 25 and 30% olive pulp without nucleolus as replacement for barley grains to does and growing rabbits on nutrients digestibility and nutritive values, productive and reproductive  performance, growth performance and economical efficiency were studied.

The digestibility of DM, CP and CF significantly (P<0.05) decreased with increasing olive pulp level up to 30%. However, digestibility of OM was not significantly affected by olive pulp inclusion. The gestation period, litter size at birth and at 28 days and litter weight at birth were insignificantly affected by olive pulp inclusion. The results indicated significant differences (P<0.05) among treatments in bunny weight at birth, at 21days and at 28 days, litter weight at 21days, at 28 days and at 35 days of age (weaning age), daily gain from birth to 21 days and from birth to 28 days and viability (%) from birth to 21 days, from birth to 28 days and from birth to weaning. No significant differences were observed in total milk yield among doe rabbits fed olive pulp (OP). The growth performance traits, the daily body weight gain significantly (P<0.05) decreased by increasing OP level more than 25%. Rabbits fed diets containing olive pulp can reduce production costs.

Accordingly, olive pulp without nucleolus could be used successively and safely instead of barley in feeding doe rabbits during gestation period up to 25% , up to 20% during lactation period, and up to 25% for growing rabbits without adverse, under North Sinai conditions.

Key words: Olive pulp, digestibility, growth, reproduction, economical efficiency rabbits.

 

In Egypt, particularly in the new reclaimed desert lands, there is a great shortage in animal feedstuffs especially during summer season and early autumn (Yousef, 2005). The annual requirements of animal wealth in Egypt are about 14 million-ton of TDN and the shortage of animal feeds is about 4 million-ton of TDN (Mustafa et al., 2009). However, there are large amount of many agricultural by- products which are not efficiently utilized, such as olive pulp. In recent years, the cost of energy sources had dramatically increased with the increase of demand for animal feeding. The increase in feed prices encouraged nutritionists to search for cheaper feed ingredients having high energy (Suliman and Moustafa, 2008). The olive and olive- derived industries are of an special importance in the Mediterranean area (Martin Garcia et al., 2003). Olive pulp has high nutritive value and is available in large quantities in North Sinai (Mehrez and Mousa, 2011). Olive is extensively cultivated in the new reclaimed  area in Egypt (Moustafa et al. 2008). From 1000 kg of fresh olives, about 214 kg olive oil, 496 kg crude olive cake, 40 kg of leaves and 1633 kg of olive mill waste water are produced (Vlyssides et al., 2004).

Feeding costs are the most significant expenses in animal production including rabbits and reaches 70% of the total costs of rabbits industry (El-Sayaad, 2002). Incorporation of the cheap untraditional feedstuffs such as the agro- industrial wastes in animal diets may participate in solving the problem of feed shortage, decrease the feeding cost and alleviate the pollution problems (Moustafa et al., 2008).

Rabbits production has a potential in developing countries to supply cheap and high quality animal proteins within the shortest possible time. Rabbits are of small size, short generation interval, high reproductive potential, rapid growth rates, genetic diversity and ability to utilize forages and plant by – products as major diet components (El-Basiony et al., 2005). Rabbit meat is high in protein of excellent quality and low in total lipids, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol and sodium (Cheeke et al., 1987). Moreover, the annual production of female rabbit is about 35kg of meat (comes from 60 kg  live body weight of her offspring,( Wittouk et al., 1992) , which is more than production of one ewe per year.

Olive by- products have been successively fed to rabbits (El-Kerdawy, 1997; Abd El-Galil, 2001; Abd El-Ghaffar, 2002; Mousa and Abdel-Samee, 2002; Abdel-Samee et al., 2005 and Mehrez and Mousa , 2011).

Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the effects of partial substitution of barley grains by olive pulp in does and growing rabbit's diets on nutrients digestibility, nitrogen balance, productive and reproductive performance, growth performance and economical efficiency, under the conditions of North Sinai, Egypt.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present study was carried out at Rabbit Research Farm of Animal Production Department, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, El-Arish, Suez Canal University, during the period from March to June, 2009.

 

Collection and preparation of olive pulp without nucleolus:

Raw olive cake was collected from a local semi automatic olive pressing factory. The olive pulp was collected during the olive pressing season then transported to the Rabbit Research Farm. Olive pulp was spread on a plastic sheath for sun-drying. A few days later when the olive pulp was air- dried, separation of seeds started. A 2 mm sieve was used in this process where almost all of the seeds were removed. Olive pulp obtained by sieving was placed in tight plastic sacs for later use.

The experimental work of this study was divided into three trials. The 1^st  trial was carried out to study the effect of partial substitution of barley grains by olive pulp without nucleolus on nutrients digestibility and nutritive values of bucks rabbits diets.

The 2nd trial was carried out to study the effect of partial substitution of barley grains by olive pulp in doe rabbit diets on their productive and reproductive performance.

The 3rd trial was carried out to study the effect of partial substitution of barley grains by olive pulp in growing rabbit diets on their growth performance.

In trial 1, 12 rabbit bucks were distributed according to their live body weight (average 3.52 + 0.02 kg) into four experimental groups (3 buck rabbits per each). The four groups were assigned at random to receive the four experimental diets. The first group was given  a commercial pelleted diet as a control, while groups 2,3 and 4 were fed diets containing either 20, 25 and 30% olive pulp without nucleolus to substitute 66.67, 83.3 and 100% of the barley in the control diet in diets 2,3 and 4, respectively. Ingredients of the experimental diets are presented in Table 1. Rabbits were kept in individual metabolic cages. The digestibility trial consisted of 10 days preliminary period followed by 7 days as a collection period. The experimental diets were offered once a day at 8.00 a.m. During the collection period, total daily excreted feces were weighed and dried in an oven at 65°C for 48 hours. At the end of the collection period, dried feces of each buck were mixed, ground and kept in plastic vials for laboratorial analysis. Total daily urine excreted by each buck was collected in a jar containing 50 ml of 20% H2SO4 to prevent ammonia loss. Daily samples of 20% were taken from each animal. Samples of feed, feces and urine were chemically analyzed according to A.O.A.C. (2010). 

 

Table 1.  Formulation of the experimental diets (% of the ingredients on DM basis).

*One kg of premix contained: Vit. A 4000.000 IU, Vit. 3D 5000.000 IU, Vit. E 16.70g , Vit. K 0.67g , Vit B₁ 0.067g , Vit. B₂ 2g , Vit. B₆ 0.67g , Vit. B₁₂ 0.004g , Niacin 16.7g , pantothinic  acid  6.67 g , Biotin 0.07g , folic acid 1.67g , Choline chloride 400 g , Zn 23.3g, Mn10g , Fe 25g , Cu 1.67g , I 0.25g , Se 0.033 g and Mg 133.4g.

1.According to prices of the used ingredients at the experimental period (2009).

 

In trial 2, 32 New Zealand White (NZW) doe rabbits, according to weight and age, were randomly divided into four experimental groups (8 doe rabbits per each) during two parities from March to June . The average initial live body weight of the four groups were 3.25, 3.21, 3.15 and 3.170 kg , respectively.

Does were housed separately in individual wired cages (60 x 40 x 35 cm) and raised 100 cm from the concrete floor. Each cage was provided with a natal box for kindling and nursing her young during the suckling period, and were provided with feeders and automatic nipple drinkers.

Feed and water were available ad-libitum. All rabbits were kept under the same managerial, hygienic and environmental conditions. Each doe was transferred to the cage of buck assigned for mating and returned back to her  own cage after being mated and palpated  for pregnancy 10 days after mating and those failed to conceive were  returned back to the same mating buck to be remated  within 12 hours, After kindling, litter size,  litter  weight and bunny weight were recorded. Gestation period (days), bunny weight at 14,  21,  28 days and at weaning age, mortality rate and daily gain weight up to weaning were also recorded. Daily milk yield for each doe was measured individually twice / day (every 12 hours) by difference in weight of the  pups after and before suckling. Averages of daily milk yield and total milk yield during the sucking period were recorded.

Trial 3 lasted for 42 days. A total number of 32 weaned NZW male rabbits (offspring from the dams of the second trial) were weighed (941.5 + 20.5g) and divided into four similar groups (8 each) which were randomly assigned to receive the same four experimental diets of trails1 and 2. Each two rabbits were housed in galvanized with commercial cages measured (40 x 40 x 25cm) and raised 120 cm from the concrete floor. The cages were provided with feeders and automatic drinkers. Feed and water were available ad-libitum. All rabbits were kept under the same managerial, hygienic and environmental conditions. Individual live body weight and feed throughout the experimental period were weekly recorded. Body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were also calculated.

Economical evaluation: The economical efficiency (Y) was calculated according to El-Kerdawy (1997) and Mousa and Abd-Samee (2002):

Y= A – B/ B, where: A is the selling cost of the obtain gain and B is the feeding cost of this gain.

 

Statistical analysis:

            Data were subjected to statistical analysis by the SAS Computer          Program (2004) using the General Linear Models (GLM). The model was used as follows:

Yij = µ + Ti +Eij

Where, Yij is the observation of ij, u is the overall mean, Ti is the effect of i (treatments) and Eij is the experimental random error.

Significance among treatment means were tested at 5% level of probability using Duncan's multiple range tests (Duncan, 1955).

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Chemical composition of the ingredients and experimental diets:

The chemical composition on DM-basis of the ingredients used to formulate the experimental diets (Table 2) revealed that the CP content 10.20%) of  olive  pulp without nucleolus used to replace barley grains in the

 

 

 

 

Table 2. Chemical composition of the ingredients and the experimental

Ingredients	DM %	% on DM basis
		OM	CP	EE	CF	NFE	Ash
Olive pulp without nucleolus	91.50	93.45	10.20	9.34	19.45	54.46	6.55
Barley grains	90.43	97.52	9.30	1.85	7.10	79.27	2.48
Diet 1 (control)	90.53	92.30	17.84	2.29	11.9	60.27	7.70
Diet 2	90.61	91.49	18.02	3.78	14.47	55.22	8.51
Diet 3	90.67	91.28	18.06	4.16	15.11	53.95	8.72
Diet 4	90.70	91.08	18.11	4.54	15.75	52.68	8.92

               Diets (on DM-basis).

 

experimental diet (was within the normal ranges ( 8.7 to 12% ) published by (Salama et al., 1993 ; Ghazalah and El-Shahat 1994; Rabayaa et al.,2001; Mousa and Abdel-Samee , 2002, Mostafa et al., 2003 and Mehrez and Mousa, 2011). However, it was higher than those reported by Mousa and Shetaewi, 2002; Abou El-Naser and El-Kerdawy, 2003; Molina – Alacaide and Yanez- Ruiz, 2008; Moustafa  et al. 2008 and Mustafa et al., 2009.  Such differences may be due to the type of olive, stage of maturity, location and methods of preparation.  

            The removal of seeds from olive pulp increased the crude protein and decreased crude fiber of the olive pulp (Rabayaa et al. (2001). In addition, ether extract for olive pulp (9.34%) was within the normal range (8.91 to 12.0%) published by Abdel-Galil, (2001); Rabayaa et al., (2001); Lotfollahian and Hosseini, (2007) ; Moic et al. (2007) and Merez and Mousa (2011), but it was lower than those reported by Abou El-Naser and El-Kerdawy, (2003) and Mustafa et al. (2009).  It was , however, higher than the values reported by Abdel –Ghaffar , (2002), Mousa and Abel-Samee, (2002) ; Mousa and Shetawei , (2002); Martin – Garcia et al., (2003); Molina – Alcaide  and Yanez- Ruiz, (2008)  and Moustafa et al., (2008).  Differences in the chemical composition can be due to the oil extraction process, degree of extraction, year and geographical origin of olives (Moic et al., 2007). One of the main limiting factors for the use of olive cake in the feed of domestic animals is its variable chemical composition (Molina Alcaide et al., 2003).

Crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE); crude fiber (CF) and ash were higher in olive pulp without nucleolus than barley grains, while nitrogen free extract (NFE) was lower than that of barley grains (Table 1). These results are in agreement with those reported by El-Kerdawy (1997), Abdel-Ghaffar (2002) and Mehrez and Mousa (2011). The proximate analysis of the consumed experimental diets is also shown in Table 1. The control diet had higher NFE% but lower EE (2.29) and  CF (11.9%) than diets 2, 3 and 4.

These results are in agreement with those giving by El-Kerdawy (1997); Abd El-Galil (2001); Mousa and Abdel-Samee (2002); Mostafa et al., (2003)l Moic et al., (2007); Moustafa et al., (2008) and Mustafa et al. (2009).

 

Nutrients digestibility and nutritive values:

Nutrients digestibility of the experimental diets are presented in Table 3. Apparent digestibility of DM, CP, EE, CF and NFE for the different experimental diets were significantly different (P<0.05). The digestibility of CP and CF were significantly (P<0.05) lower in diet 4 (30%) OP compared with other experimental  diets.

 

Table 3. Digestion coefficients and feeding values of the experimental diets.

a.b & c:  Means bearing different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (P<0.05)

                               bDE (kcal/kg)=5.28 (DCP, g/kg) +9.51 (DEE, g/kg) +4.2 (DCF + DNFE, g/kg) (Schiemann et al., (1972), cited by El-kerdawy (1997)

 

Insignificant differences were observed among diets 1, 2 and 3 in the digestibility of DM, CP and CF. However, diets 4 (30% olive pulp) showed the lowest digestibility for DM , OM, CP, CF and NFE . These results are in agreement with those of Ben Rayana et al.(1994); Abd El-Galil (2001);      Abd El-Rahman et al.,  (2003); Mostafa et al. (2003); Moustafa et al. (2008); Mustafa et al. (2009) and Mehrez and Mousa (2011). They reported that the digestibility of nutrients were decreased with increasing olive pulp inclusion in the diet.

          In this respect , Aguiliera (1987) reported that the decrease in digestibility of CP and CF may be attributed to the relatively high lignin content  of olive pulp and the fact that most of its total nitrogen is linked to lignocelluloses which are the two main factors limiting the digestive  utilization of olive residues.

The digestibility of EE was significantly (P<0.05) higher in diet 3 and 4 (25 and 30% op) compared to the control diet. These results are in agreement with those reported by El-Kerdawy (1997) and Mustafa et al. (2009). The high EE digestibility of such diets (72.39 to 80.55%) indicated the good ability of rabbits to utilize dietary fat (Beyen, 1988 , Igwebuike   et al., 2008 and Mehrez and Mousa, 2011).  

The digestibility of NFE was significantly (P<0.05) higher for diet 1 (77.10%) compared to other experimental diets. Similar trend have been  reported by Abd El-Galil (2001). The higher NFE digestibility (P<0.05) in diet 1 (control) may than other tested diets be due to high digestibility of  barley based diets due to the high availability of their carbohydrates. These results are in agreement with those reported by Cheeke et al. (1987); Onifade and Tewe (1993) and Igwebuike et al. (2008) who noted that the high  digestibility of corn- based diets was due to the high availability of their carbohydrates. Moreover, Lotfollahian and Hosseini (2007) reported that the olive pulp either with or without nucleolus can be considered as good energy source.

The previous results obtained of nutrients digestibility are supported by the findings of El-Kerdawy (1997) with rabbits. Also, Tortuero et al. (1989) found that digestibility of CP, neutral and acid detergent fiber was reduced  with 30% olive pulp diet, however, no changes were recorded with 10 or 20% OP diets compared with the control with rabbits.

It is clear that replacing 100% of the barley by olive pulp in present study lowered the digestible protein content. This may be due to the chemical nature of olive pulp crude protein beside its content of some anti- nutritional factors (tannins) Mustafa et al.,(2009). These results are parallel to those reported by Youssef et al. (2001) and Moustafa et al. (2008).

Table (4) illustrates the nutritive values of the experimental diets expressed as TDN%, DCP% and DE (kcal/kg). The nutritive value expressed as TDN and DE% significantly (P<0.05) decreased as olive pulp inclusion rates reached 30%. Also, Mustafa et al. (2009) reported that TDN was markedly reduced with increasing level of OP in the Lambs diet. Similarly, Mostafa et al. (2003); Youssef (2009) and Mehrez and Mousa (2011) reported that nutrients digestibility and feeding value of diets were decreased with increasing level of OP in diets of rabbits.

Moreover, the reductions in nutrient digestibility of OP diets were explained by Mustafa et al. (2009) to be probably due to:

1-  The negative effect of more complex tannins in OP.

2-   High content of lignin and other poorly digested components.

3-  Most of total nitrogen in OP is linked to lignocellulose compounds.

4-  The high content of ADL and ADF in OP.

Table 4. Nitrogen balance of NZW rabbit bucks fed the experimental diets.

Items	Levels of olive pulp (%)
	(Control) 0	20	25	30
N- intake (g/h/d)	2.75+0.02	2.64+0.11	2.52+0.08	2.48.+0.03
Fecal –N (g/h/d)	0.83+0.02	0.79+0.05	0.80+0.07	0.76+0.09
N-digested (g/h/d)	1.92+0.04a	1.85+0.06ab	1.72+0.03b	1.73+0.06b
Urinary-N (g/h/d)	0.93+0.11	0.98+0.07	1.07+0.04	1.05+0.05
N-balance (g/h/d)	0.99+0.07a	0.87+0.02a	0.65+0.01b	0.57+0.01b
NB/NI x 100	36.00+2.51a	32.92+1.58a	25.79+0.99b	22.98+0.10c
NB/ND x 100	51.95+4.82a	47.03+1.90a	37.79+1.39b	33.14+1.41b

        a.b &c: means bearing different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (P<0.05).

 

No significant differences in TDN% were observed among diet 1 control and 2 (20% op). Similar results were obtained by El-Kerdawy (1997); Moustafa et al. (2008) and Mehrez and Mousa (2011).

Insignificant differences were observed among dietary treatments for DCP % of diets 1, 2and 4. While, Moustafa et al. (2008) reported a significant decrease in DCP when lactating buffaloes were fed diet including 30 % OP.

However, El-Sayed et al. (1996) and Moustafa et al. (2008) found that the values of TDN and DCP for diets contained 25 to 30% of olive pulp were lower than those contained 15 to 20% level of olive pulp.

Nitrogen balance:

The data of N-balance recorded for the rabbits fed the four experimental diets are presented in Table 4. In general, all rabbits fed the four experimental diets were in positive N-balance. The N-balance was higher (P<0.05) for rabbits receiving either the control diet or the diet containing   20% OP compared with those on the 25% or 30% OP. Finally, N-balance was decreased with increasing olive pulp inclusion in the diets. These results are in agreement with those reported by Mehrez and Mousa (2011).

 

Reproductive performance:

            Reproductive performance of NZW doe rabbits are presented in Table 5. There were no significant differences in gestation period for the four diets. The gestation period of does used in the experiment was within the normal ranges (30.2 to 32 day) published in Egypt (Salwa et al., 1999; Hussein et al., 1999; Bassuny, 1999; and Mousa and Shetawei, 2003).

            Gestation length was nearly similar in all experimental diets and ranged between 31.0 to 31.50 days. These results confirmed the finding of Sarhan (1995) and Mahmoud et al. (1998).

Table 5. Reproductive traits of doe NZW rabbits as affected by dietary olive pulp levels during the experimental periods.

Items	Levels of olive pulp meal (%)
	(Control) 0	20	25	30
Doe weight after
Kindling (kg)	3.12 + 0.06	3.09 + 0.13	2.91 +0.11	3.04 +0.08
Conception rate (%)	87.5	87.5	75.00	75.00
Gestation period (days)	31.0 +0.19	31.12 +0.37	31.13 +0.18	31.50 +0.27
Litter size:
At kidding	7.30 + 0.19	7.63 +0.24	6.94 + 0.45	6.87 +0.41
At 14 days	6.03 + 0.61	6.57 + 0.28	5.69 + 0.35	5.65 +0.38
At 21 days	5.86 + 0.62	6.03 + 0.52	5.45 +0.32	4.37 +0.42
At 28 days	5.40 +0.64	5.55 +0.50	5.00 +0.28	3.97 +0.43
At weaning	5.07 +0.67a	5.08 +0.56a	4.25 +0.27ab	3.18 +0.40b
Age of weaning (d)	35.00 +0.54	35.00 +0.52	35.00 +0.57	35.00 +0.45
Litter weight
At birth	383.95 +19.03	393.81 +7.39	362.5 +23.37	333.17 +24.82
At 14 days	1286.27 +121.59	1296.92 +81.48	1193.17 +58.96	1062.25 +60.10
At 21 days	1699.75 +101.85a	1558.26 +72.4a	1343.70 +108.2ab	965.1 +149.36b
At 28 days	2614.91 +209.7a	2361.31 +155.88a	2093.38 +121.98ab	1552.12 +176.4b
At weaning (35days)	3354.26 +328.06a	3025.7 +227.26a	2622.1 +344.58ab	1886.16 +349.6b

     A & b: means bearing  different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (P<0.05).

 

The results showed that does fed diets containing  0% and 20% olive pulp had better conception rate than those fed 25% and 30% OP. However, the differences were not significant.

            Results clearly indicated that litter size at kidding, 14, 21 and 28 days were not significantly influenced by olive pulp inclusion, while litter size at weaning significantly (P<0.05) decreased as olive pulp inclusion rate was 30% of the diet. There were improvements in litter size at weaning in doe rabbits fed diets containing 0 or 20% olive pulp.

            Body weight of the doe rabbits post kindling and reproductive performance are shown in Table 5. Body weight of the doe rabbits post kindling and litter weights at birth and 14 days did not differ significantly among different dietary treatments. While, litter weight at 21 days, 28 days and weaning significantly (P>0.05) decreased with increasing 30% OP inclusion  in the diet. The adverse effect of OP on litter weight at 28 days and weaning may be attributed to  lignin content of OP and the fact that most of its total nitrogen is linked to lignocellulose which are the two main factors limiting the digestive utilization of olive residues (Aguilera, 1987). Also, high level of OP may lead to lower palatability for bunny, which was reflected on the lower feed intake by bunnies and according decreased in litter weight. However, the differences in reproductive efficiency between does fed 20 and 25% OP and those fed the control diet were not  significant.

            On the other hand, Abdel Ghaffar (2002) and Abdel-Samee et al. (2005) reported  that litter weight at 21 day of age and at weaning of heat stressed California and NZW adult female rabbits increased significantly (P<0.05) in groups fed diets containing 20% OP than in control diet.

          The average bunny weight at birth, daily weight gain and viability at all ages are presented in Table 6. Bunny weights (at birth, 14, 21 and 28 days and weaning), daily weight gain (from birth  to 14 days and to weaning) and viability  (from birth to 14 days and to 28 days and to weaning) were insignificantly affected when OP represented 20 or 25% of the diet compared to the control. While, these values were significantly (P<0.05) decreased when the diet included 30% OP. Moreover, bunny weight at 14 days, daily gain from  birth to 14 days and viability % from birth to 14 days did not differ significantly among different dietary treatments.

Results concerning effects of OP as untraditional source of energy on the reproductive performance of doe rabbits are agreed with the findings of Abdel Ghaffar (2002) and Abdel-Samee et al. (2005).

Data in Table (7) show that there were no significant differences in milk production for doe rabbits fed  diets containing 0, 20, 25, and 30% OP during suckling  period. These results are in agreement with those obtained by Mousa and Shetaewi (2002) and Moustafa et al., (2008). Mousa and Shetwaei (2002) reported that OP replacement up to 30% of the lactating ewes diet did not significantly affect total milk yield and average daily milk yield. Also, Moustafa et al. (2008) reported insignificant differences among treatments for actual and 7% fat – corrected milk yield of Egyptian lactating buffaloes fed rations containing OP compared to the control

 

  Table 6. Effect of feeding olive pulp on young traits of NZW rabbits.

Items	Levels of olive pulp (%)
	(Control)0	20	25	30
Bunny  weight at
Birth	53.16 +2.40ab	51.94+1.64ab	58.71+1.83a	48.77+1.27b
14 days	218.12 +7.39	201.21 +7.10	225.17 +7.69	191.17 +6.21
21 days	344.03 +18.2a	291.06 +21.2ab	309.6 +15.06ab	256.4 +8.91b
28 days	498.60 +24.28a	441.64 +37.38ab	435.42 +19.02ab	397.12 +13.86b
Weaning	676.08 +23.63	618.37 +38.64	637.35 +61.33	591.38 +23.91
Daily weight gain from
Birth to 14 days	11.35 +0.58	10.24 +0.60	11.87 +0.56	10.17 +0.41
Birth to 21 days	16.55 +0.78a	12.83 +0.85b	12.66 +0.61b	10.75 +0.46b
Birth to 28 days	16.49 +0.96a	14.43 +1.25ab	13.95 +0.73ab	12.90 +0.59b
Birth to weaning	17.80 +0.64	16.18 +0.61	16.53 +1.29	15.50 +0.62
Viability, % from
Birth to 14 days	82.54 +6.21	85.93 +1.86	82.16 +3.64	81.92 +1.51
Birth to 21 days	80.47 +3.62a	78.81 +3.18a	79.34 +3.51a	63.68 +2.82b
Birth to 28 days	73.90 +6.71a	72.06 +4.99a	70.16 +4.33a	57.44 +4.12b
Birth to weaning	69.42 +7.27a	65.65 +5.42a	62.19 +4.27a	45.07 +3.57b
Daily feed intake (g/doe/d)	250.02	248.41	245.95	243.25

     a.b. means bearing  different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (P<0.05)

 

animals. In contrast, Christodoulou et al. (2007) found that average milk yield tended to (P<0.01) decrease with increased fermented olive wastes feeding of lactating ewes. On the other hand, Abdel Ghaffar (2002) and Abdel-Samee et al. (2005) reported that feeding of heat stressed rabbits with OP meal increased (P<0.05) total milk yield during the suckling period compared to the control group.

          Total milk yield values were 4517, 4795, 4895 and 4345 g/ doe in suckling  period  for  does  fed  diets  containing 0,  20,  25 and  30 OP,

Table 7. Milk yield of NZW doe rabbits as affected by feeding varying olive pulp levels during the experimental periods.

All the differences between treatment groups were not significant.

 

respectively. The highest value was that of diet 3 (25 % OP) followed by diet 2 (20 % OP), 1 (control) and 4 (30% OP). The low total milk yield value of diet 4 (30 % OP) may be due to its high level of OP.

 

Growth performance and economical efficiency:

          Results of live body weight (LBW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake, feed conversion and economical efficiency as affected by the level of olive pulp are shown in Table 8. Rabbits fed the control diet showed non significant increase in final body weight in comparison with groups 3 and 4. Similar results were obtained by Tortuero et al. (1989), Ben Rayana et al. (1994); El-Kerdawy (1997); Mousa and Abd El-Samee (2002) and Mehrez and Mousa (2011).

Mehrez and Mousa (2011) found no significant differences in final live body weight, total body weight gain, daily body weight gain and feed conversion (feed/gain) of rabbits fed diets containing 0, 20, 25 and 30% olive pulp. The results showed insignificant total body weight gain and daily body weight gain for rabbits fed diets containing 0, 20 and 25% olive pulp. It is noticed that daily body weight gain significantly (P<0.05) decreased by increasing olive pulp  level more than 25%.

            In this connection, Moic et al. (2007) reported that the high level of olive cake inclusion (30%) decreased (P<0.01) daily gain and final weight of lambs.

            On the other hand, Gad et al. (2008) reported that the average of body weight gain was 11.29% higher for calves received 30% OP + 20 yellow maize than those of control calves which received 50% yellow maize. Moreover, Mustafa et al. (2009) reported that average daily gain

Table 8. Growth performance and economical efficiency of growing NZW rabbits as affected by dietary treatments.

Items	Levels of olive pulp, OP(%)
	(Control) 0	20	25	30
Number of rabbits	8	8	8	8
Intial body weight (g)	902.5 +22.74	928.5 +62.85	974.84 +56.08	907.14 +25.00
Final body weight (g)	1958.8 +76.65	1964.3 +98.39	1888.3 +75.06	1721.4 +52.03
Total body weight gain (g)	1056.25 +60.37a	1035.71 +59.68a	913.50 +26.17ab	814.29 +58.92b
Daily body weight gain(g)	25.15 +1.34a	24.66 +1.75a	21.7 +0.57ab	19.39+1.30b
Daily feed intake (g)	89.60 +6.78	89.80 +7.18	87.22 +6.26	82.21 +6.12
Feed cost /kg gain (LE)	5.83	5.01	5.25	5.28
Feed conversion (fFed/gain)	3.56	3.64	4.01	4.24
Economical efficiency	328.57	413.18	375.57	373.20
Improvement ,%	100	125.75	114.30	113.58
Mortality, %	-	12.5	12.5	12.50

a &b: means bearing  different superscripts within the same now differ significantly (P<0.05)

 The prices of one tone of diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 and olive pulp were L.E 1636.1326;1246 and 1210 and 100., respectively and the price of one kg of live body weight at selling was   L.E 25.00.

 

was improved by 6 and 8% for lambs  fed diet supplemented with 10 and 20% OP for 105 days.

The same trend was reported by Ghazalah and Shaat (1994) who reported a significant increase in live body weight and weight gain of rabbits when fed olive kernel meal (OKM) to replace 50% of barley, while it was significantly reduced when (OKM) replaced 75 and 100% of barley .

Moreover, Abdel-Ghaffar (2002) reported a significant (P<0.05) increase in live body and daily body weight gain for California and New Zealand White growing rabbits fed (20% olive pulp) as substitute of barley during hot summer by 19.60 and 20.30 and 42.6 and 47.1%, respectively compared with rabbits fed the conventional diet (control). Also, Abd-Alla et al. (2007) reported that feeding olive pulp during hot summer season resulted in non significant improvements in growth rate of lambs. Christodoulou et al. (2008) observed insignificant final body weight, body weight gain, DM intake or feed conversion for lambs fed diets containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% fermented olive wastes.

From the economical point of view, feeding growing rabbits diets containing 20, 25 and 30% olive pulp decreased the cost  of feed per kg gain by 14.07, 9.95 and 9.43%, while the economical efficiency values were raised with olive pulp supplementation by 25.75, 14.30 and 13.58 %, respectively, compared with rabbits fed the control diet. The same trend was noticed for the improvement %, the values were 100, 125.75, 114.30 and 113.58, respectively. These findings are in good agreement with those reported by El-Kerdawy (1997); Rabayaa et al. (2001), Mousa and Abdel-Samee (2002) and Abd El-Gaffar (2002). They are also in agreement with  Mousa (2000 and 2001); Fayed et al. (2001); Abdel-Rahman  et al. (2003) Abou El-Naser and El-Kerdawy (2003); and Mostafa et al. (2003) who found that the feed cost per kg gain was relatively lower than the control when lambs were fed diets contained 15-35% olive cake. Also, Moustafa  et al. (2008) found that the economical efficiency (price of the 7% fat corrected milk produced/cost of the consumed feed) was lower than the control when Egyptian lactating buffaloes were fed diets containing 10-30% olive pulp. Conclusively, it could be concluded that olive pulp without nucleolus could be successively and safely included up to 25% of the pregnant rabbit diets without adverse effects on  reproductive and productive performance and up to 20% during suckling period without any adverse effects on growth performance of bunnies. In addition, olive pulp could be fed to growing rabbits up to 25% without adverse effects on growth performance and decreased the cost of feed per kg gain.

However, further studies are required to arrive at the optimal level of olive pulp replacement for doe rabbits during suckling period.

Coclusively, olive pulp without nucleolus could be used successively and safely instead of barley in feeding doe rabbits during gestation period up to 25% , up to 20% during lactation period, and up to 25% for growing rabbits without adverse, under North Sinai conditions, Egypt.

 

 

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الاستفادة من تفل الزیتون فى تغذیة أمهاتونتاج الأرانب النیو زیلاندى الأبیض تحت ظروف شمال سیناء

 

محمد رضا محمد موسى

کلیة العلوم الزراعیة البیئیة بالعریش – جامعة قناة السویس- ج.م.ع.

 

أجرى هذا البحث  فى مزرعة الأرانب التابعة لقسم الإنتاج الحیوانى بکلیة العلوم الزراعیة  بالعریش وذلک بهدف معرفة تأثیر التغذیة على تفل الزیتون بنسب صفر ، 20 ، 25، 30% أستبدالاً  من الشعیر لأمهات الأرانب ونتاجها على معاملات  الهضم والقیم الغذائیة  والکفاءة الإنتاجیة والتناسلیة ، وکفاءة النمو والکفاءة الاقتصادیة . أظهرت نتائج  تجارب الهضم على الذکور البالغة أنخفاضاً معنوىاً  لمعاملات هضم کل من المادة الجافة ، والبروتین الخام ، والألیاف الخام عند أحتواء العلیقة على 30% تفل زیتون مقارنة بمجموعة الکنترول. لم تتأثر معنویاً کل من مدة الحمل، وحجم البطن عند الولادة وعند 28 یوم ووزن البطن عند الولادة بوجود تفل الزیتون، بینما تشیر النتائج الى وجود اختلاف معنویة بین المعاملات لکل من وزن المولود عند الولادة وعند 21 یوم وعند 28 یوم، ووزن البطن عند 21 یوم عند 28 یوم وکذلک عند الفطام، ومعدل الزیادة الیومیة من الولادة حتى 21 یوم ومن الولادة حتى 28 یوم ، وحیویة النتاج من الولادة حتى 21 یوم  ومن الولادة حتى 28 یوم ومن الولادة حتى الفطام. لا توجد اختلافات  معنویة بین المعاملات فى إنتاج اللبن ،فی تجربة النمو انخفض معدل النمو الیومى بزیادة نسبة تفل الزیتون عن 25 %.  بینما انخفضت تکلفة إنتاج الکیلوجرام من اللحم الحى فى العلائق المحتویة على تفل الزیتون مقارنة بمجموعة الکنترول.

التوصیة: وبناءً على ذلک یمکن  استخدام تفل الزیتون فى تغذیة أمهات الأرانب الحوامل حتى نسبة 25% ، وحتى نسبة 20 % خلال فترة الرضاعة وحتى نسبة 25% للأرانب النامیة بدون حدوث أى تأثیرات ضارة تحت ظروف شمال سیناء.

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