THE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS RESULTED IN WARS IN IRAQI IN THE TIME DURATION (1980 – 2015) | ||
| Journal of Environmental Science | ||
| Article 13, Volume 45, Issue 2, March 2019, Pages 367-390 PDF (512.56 K) | ||
| Document Type: Review Article | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/jes.2019.57381 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Genan S. Al-Rawe1; Amal Abdel Hameed2; Nermin Ma'rouf3; Abeer Abdel Hakam4 | ||
| 1Post Grad., Institute of Environmental Studies & Research, Ain Shams University | ||
| 2Faculty of Women, Ain Shams University | ||
| 3Faculty of Commerce, Al-Salmania University, Iraq | ||
| 4Faculty of Commerce, Ain Shams University | ||
| Abstract | ||
| The current study objective is crystallized in identifying the social, economic, and environmental effects produced by successive wars on state of Iraq during the Gulf War I and the Gulf War II and finally the American invasion. The study counts on the descriptive-historical method. The researcher uses for evaluating the study sample the random class sample, distributing (185) questionnaire formsand retrieved (181) forms (97.8%) of the distributed forms. The data collection tool for obtaining the primary data of study is represented in the questionnaire form that is designed to contain specific phrases built on the scales set by the researchers in the research field. The researcher has distributed the questionnaire on study sample's items, replying their inquiries, collecting, unloaded and coded the data. The study comes to several findings including: there are several negative impacts of successive wars on Iraq represented in the social impacts which on top that (Iraq has become a center for poverty, unemployment,whoredom, kidnapping and selling children, human organs trade, showoff place for gangs of children trade and smuggling, and higher up of the unemployment ratio that has reached more than 50% among youth, in addition to absence of social connections in the one area, loss of confidence among society individuals, penetration of the values and morals system in the Iraqi society).Moreover, the economic negative impacts are crystallized in the almost general paralysis in Iraqi economy because of the diffused corruption in the Iraqi government and its incapability to fulfill needs, or attract the foreign investment and benefit from economic aids programs granted to it. Added to that, the huge destruction the wars have left behind that has destroyed also the infrastructure of Iraq and damaged lots of institutions and economic establishments. Finally, the environmental effects are reflected in land salinity – desertification phenomenon – water pollution – soil air pollution – forming oil lakes in the desert, soil dissolution resulted in digging ditches and mine laying. The study recommends the following: Working on prevailing peacefulness culture in the international community, particularly, war zones in the Middle east. Support diplomatic efforts for solving racial conflicts. Encouraging the international community to invest in Iraq. Working on removal of international penalties imposed on Iraq for supporting andliberalize Iraqi economy. | ||
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