Shaaban, N., Raslan, H., Ramadan, O., Habib, A., Zaki, E. (2018). MICRONUCLEI AS BIOMARKERS OF GENETIC DAMAGE IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA. test, 43(3), 28-33. doi: 10.21608/adjalexu.2018.57988
Nancy A. Shaaban; Hanaa S. Raslan; Omneya R. Ramadan; Ahmed MA. Habib; Eiman I. Zaki. "MICRONUCLEI AS BIOMARKERS OF GENETIC DAMAGE IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA". test, 43, 3, 2018, 28-33. doi: 10.21608/adjalexu.2018.57988
Shaaban, N., Raslan, H., Ramadan, O., Habib, A., Zaki, E. (2018). 'MICRONUCLEI AS BIOMARKERS OF GENETIC DAMAGE IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA', test, 43(3), pp. 28-33. doi: 10.21608/adjalexu.2018.57988
Shaaban, N., Raslan, H., Ramadan, O., Habib, A., Zaki, E. MICRONUCLEI AS BIOMARKERS OF GENETIC DAMAGE IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA. test, 2018; 43(3): 28-33. doi: 10.21608/adjalexu.2018.57988

MICRONUCLEI AS BIOMARKERS OF GENETIC DAMAGE IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

Alexandria Dental Journal
Article 5, Volume 43, Issue 3, December 2018, Pages 28-33    PDF (205.28 K)
Document Type: Original Article
DOI: 10.21608/adjalexu.2018.57988
Authors
Nancy A. Shaaban1; Hanaa S. Raslan2; Omneya R. Ramadan3; Ahmed MA. Habib4; Eiman I. Zaki5
1-Instructor of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University.
2-Professor of Oral Pathology
3-Lecturer of Oral Pathology.
4-Assistant Professor of Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery
5-Lecturer of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Oral cancer is a major health problem, causing high morbidity and mortality rates. Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for 90-95% of all oral malignancies. The prognosis of OSCC is often poor due to the late discovery of most lesions, after they have reached a large size. Here comes the role of biomarkers of genetic damage that can have excellent use in early diagnosis of cancer. Micronuclei are small extranuclear bodies formed by chromosome fragments or whole chromosomes that lag behind at anaphase and are not incorporated into the resulting daughter nuclei but are covered by a nuclear membrane and resemble a small nucleus. Many investigators have already called micronuclei (MN) an upcoming biomarker of tumorogenesis. More than 90% of human malignancies originate from epithelial cells. Thus the MN test in exfoliated buccal epithelial cells could be used as an objective, non-invasive tool for biomonitoring the genetic damage in high risk human populations and for screening cellular alteration in OSCC cases. OBJECTIVES: To assess the degree of genetic damage in the oral squamous cell carcinoma lesions using micronuclei as biomarkers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of thirty four participants; seventeen OSCC patients and17 healthy control subjects were included. Cytological smears were taken from the lesion of the OSCC cases as well as from the buccal mucosa of the control group subjects using a cytobrush. Cytological smears were stained using Papanicolaou stain and the number of micronucleated (MNed) cells per 1000 cells was determined for each subject. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between the number of MNed cells in the cytological smears of OSCC cases and those of the healthy control subjects
Keywords
OSCC; MNi; genetic damage; early diagnosis; Pap stain
References
  1. Mathers C, Boerma; T, Fat DM. The global burden of disease: 2004 update. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organzation; 2008.
  2. Ibrahim AS, Khaled HM, Mikhail NN, Baraka H, Kamel H. Cancer incidence in Egypt: Results of the national population-based cancer registry program. J Cancer Epidemiol. 2014;2014:1–18.
  3. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer. 2010;127:2893–917.
  4. Feller L, Lemmer J. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: Epidemiology, clinical presentation and treatment. J Cancer Ther. 2012;3:263–8.
  5. Radoï L, Luce D. A review of risk factors for oral cavity cancer: The importance of a standardized case definition. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2013;41:97–109.
  6. Patton LL, Epstein JB, Kerr AR. Adjunctive techniques for oral cancer examination and lesion diagnosis: A systematic review of the literature. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139:896– 905.
  7. Zygogianni AG, Kyrgias G, Karakitsos P, Psyrri A, Kouvaris J, Kelekis N, et al. Oral squamous cell cancer: early detection and the role of alcohol and smoking. Head Neck Oncol. 2011;3:1–12.
  8. Kadashetti V, Shivakumar KM, Baad R, Vibhute N, Belgaumi U, Sushma G, et al. Field cancerization in stomatognathic system. CHRISMED J Heal Res. 2016;6:247–51.
  9. World Health Organization & International Programme on Chemical Safety. Biomarkers In Risk Assessment: Validity And Validation. In Geneva: World Health organzation; 2001.
  10. Holland N, Bolognesi C, Kirsch-Volders M, Bonassi S, Zeiger E, Knasmueller S, et al. The micronucleus assay in human buccal cells as a tool for biomonitoring DNA damage: The HUMN project perspective on current status and knowledge gaps. Mutat Res - Rev Mutat Res. 2008;659:93–108.
  11. Dev MS, Grover S, Batra J, Talathi R, Jaiswal M, Patil RS. Micronucleus as a non-invasive biomarker – A review. J Adv Med Pharm Sci. 2016;6:1–9.
  12. Samanta S, Dey P. Micronucleus and Its Applications. Diagn Cytopathol. 2010;40:84–90.
  13. Bolognesi C, Bonassi S, Knasmueller S, Fenech M, Bruzzone M, Lando C, et al. Clinical application of micronucleus test in exfoliated buccal cells: A systematic review and metanalysis. Mutat Res - Rev Mutat Res. 2015;766:20–31.
  14. Stich HF, Stich W, Parida BB. Elevated frequency of micronucleated cells in the buccal mucosa of individuals at high risk for oral cancer: Betel quid chewers. Cancer Lett. 1982;17:125–34.
  15. Sangle VA, Bijjaragi S, Shah N, Kangane S, Ghule HM, Rani SRA. Comparative study of frequency of micronuclei in normal, potentially malignant diseases and oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2016;7:33–8.
  16. Bukhari MH, Saba K, Qamar S, Majeed MM, Niazi S, Naeem S. Clinicopathological importance of Papanicolaou smears for the diagnosis of premalignant and malignant lesions of the cervix. J Cytol. 2012;29:20–5.
  17. Gupta N, Shrivastava S, Naik R, Malu M, Daharwal R. An exploration for the most congruous stain for valuation of micronuclei. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res. 2016;3:21–3.
  18. IHCWORLD. Papanicolaou Stain (Pap Stain) Protocol [Internet]. Available at: http://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/papani colaou_stain.htm
  19. Henwood T. Papanicolaou Staining [Internet]. Available at: http://www.histosearch.com/histonet/Mar02A/Re.Papstain. html
  20. Tolbert PE, Shy CM, Allen JW. Micronuclei and other nuclear anomalies in buccal smears: Methods development. Mutat Res. 1992;271:69–77.
  21. Bonassi S, Coskun E, Ceppi M, Lando C, Bolognesi C, Burgaz S, et al. The HUman MicroNucleus project on eXfoLiated buccal cells (HUMN XL): The role of life-style, host factors, occupational exposures, health status, and assay protocol. Mutat Res - Rev Mutat Res. 2011;728:88– 97.
  22. Fenech M, Chang WP, Kirsch-Volders M, Holland N, Bonassi S, Zeiger E. HUMN project: Detailed description of the scoring criteria for the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay using isolated human lymphocyte cultures. Mutat Res - Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 2003;534:65–75.
  23. Tandon P, Dadhich A, Saluja H, Bawane S, Sachdeva S. The prevalence of squamous cell carcinoma in different sites of oral cavity at our Rural Health Care Centre in Loni, Maharashtra – a retrospective 10-year study. Contemp Oncol. 2017;21:178–83.
  24. Pires FR, Ramos AB, de Oliveira JBC, Tavares AS, da Luz PSR, dos Santos TCRB. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: clinicopathological features from 346 cases from a single Oral Pathology service during an 8-year period. J Appl Oral Sci. 2013;21:460–7.
  25. van Zyl A, Bunn B. Clinical features of oral cancer. SADJ. 2012;67:566–9.
  26. Grover S, Mujib ABR, Telagi N, Shivappa AB, Kp N. Evaluation of diagnostic reliability of micronuclei in potentially malignant disorders of oral cavity. Chrismed J Heal Res. 2014;1:15–20. 
  27. Grover S, Mujib ABR, Jahagirdar A, Telagi N, Kulkarni PG. A comparative study for selectivity of micronuclei in oral exfoliated epithelial cells. J Cytol. 2012;29:230–5.
  28. Gurley AM, Hidvegi DF, Bacus JW, Bacus SS. Comparison of the papanicolaou and feulgen staining methods for DNA quantification by image analysis. Cytometry. 1990;11:468– 74.
  29. Mendonca P, Ladeira C. Evaluation of Staining Techniques on the Results of Micronucleus in Exfoliated Oral Mucosa Cells. In: 35th European Congress of Cytology, 27th to 30th September 2011. Lisbon;
  30. Chaudhary M, Venkatapathy R, Oza N, Prashad K V, Malik S. Evaluation of micronuclei in oral squamous cell carcinoma: A cytological study. Int J Oral Care Res. 2017;5:4–8.
  31. Jörundsson E, Lumsden JH, Jacobs RM. Rapid staining techniques in cytopathology: a review and comparison of modified protocols for hematoxylin and eosin, Papanicolaou and Romanowsky stains. Vet Clin Pathol. 1999;28:100–8.
  32. Ayyad SBA, Israel E, El-setouhy M, Nasr GR, Mohamed MK, Loffredo CA. Evaluation of Papanicolaou Stain for Studying Micronuclei in Buccal Cells Under Field Conditions. Acta Cytol. 2006;50:398–402.
  33. Effiom OA, Adeyemo WL, Omitola OG, Ajayi OF, Emmanuel MM, Gbotolorun OM. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: a clinicopathologic review of 233 cases in Lagos, Nigeria. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;66:1595–9.
  34. Mesquita JA, Cavalvanti AL, Nonaka CFW, Godoy GP, Alves PM. Clinical and histopathological evidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma in young patients : systematized review. J Bras Patol Med Lab. 2014;50:67–74.
  35. Mathur PT, Dayal P, Pai KM. Correlation of Clinical Patterns of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Age , Site , Sex and Habits. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol. 2011;23:81–5.
  36. Acharya S, Tayaar AS. Analysis of clinical and histopathological profiles of oral squamous cell carcinoma in young Indian adults: A retrospective study. J Dent Sci. 2012;7:224–30.
  37. Shah SN, Manjunatha BS, Shah VS, Dagrus K, Soni N, Shah S. Quantitative evaluation of micronuclei in oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral submucous fibrosis patients: A comparative study. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov. 2015;10:233–8.
  38. Pratheepa SN, Sohinder K, Reddy KS, Vivekanandam S, Ramachandra RK. Micronucleus index: An early diagnosis in oral carcinoma. J Anat Soc India. 2008;57:8–13.
  39. Chan KL, Hickson ID. New insights into the formation and resolution of ultra-fine anaphase bridges. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2011;22:906–12.
  40. Stimpson KM, Matheny JE, Sullivan BA. Dicentric chromosomes: unique models to study centromere function and inactivation. Chromosom Res. 2012;20:595–605. 
Statistics
Article View: 294
PDF Download: 752