Ameen, A. (2019). The Ottoman architecture in Greece then and now: Quantitative approach. test, 6(6), 93-115. doi: 10.21608/shedet.006.06
Ahmed Ameen. "The Ottoman architecture in Greece then and now: Quantitative approach". test, 6, 6, 2019, 93-115. doi: 10.21608/shedet.006.06
Ameen, A. (2019). 'The Ottoman architecture in Greece then and now: Quantitative approach', test, 6(6), pp. 93-115. doi: 10.21608/shedet.006.06
Ameen, A. The Ottoman architecture in Greece then and now: Quantitative approach. test, 2019; 6(6): 93-115. doi: 10.21608/shedet.006.06

The Ottoman architecture in Greece then and now: Quantitative approach

Shedet
Article 6, Volume 6, Issue 6, 2019, Pages 93-115    PDF (2.22 M)
Document Type: research articles
DOI: 10.21608/shedet.006.06
Author
Ahmed Ameen
Islamic Archaeology Dep., Faculty of Archaeology – Fayoum University
Abstract
Usually, of most studies on the Ottoman architecture in the Balkans are done by comparing between the numbers of buildings then and now. This paper discusses such method with regard to its comparative advantage and maximising its use in understanding Ottoman architecture. With Greece as a case study, the present paper identifies change in the quantity of Ottoman buildings considering the archetypal, functional, chronological, and geographical evidence, in the changing context of the nature of the Ottoman rule over centuries.
The scholar provides new statistics presenting the numbers of Ottoman buildings in Greece over centuries, with special reference to three periods: the second half of the 17th century (time of EvliyâÇelebi), the late period of the Ottoman rule in Greece (based on Iyverdi’s statistics, the Ottoman slanames, and Kamûs-ülÂ'lâm of Şemseddin), and the existing architectural heritage in light of the recent publications and fieldworks’ results.

Through statistical methods, this research identifies quantitative change of several types of buildings, proper to each region or in Greece as a whole.It observes the growth or decay of the pace of construction on the basis of three main factors: type of building, period, and region. The most significant results come from the comparison between the numbers of the Ottoman buildings in Greece dating to Evliyâ’s time at the end of the 17th century and the last decades of the Ottoman rule.
The statistic table and the two charts with function and region indexes clarify to what extent the change in the number of buildings according to their function and region summarises the different phases of the Ottoman rule and the nature of each phase. The paper shows that the change in the numbers of buildings according to their function summarizes the alteration in nature of the Ottoman policy over the centuries, and the numbers of extant buildings strongly relate to the history and site of the corresponding regions. The paper clarifies that the reasons beyond the demolition of ottoman buildings in Greece include both human and natural factors, and concludes with a recommendation of preserving and reuse of extant ottoman structures.
Keywords
Ottoman architecture; Balkan; Greece; statistic; Mosques; Medrese; Imaret; Zawiya
References
  1. Adiyeke (A. Nükhet) and Adiyeke (Nuri), “1856 Girit Depremi”, TarihAraştırmaları Dergisi, C.31, S.51, ss.1-38. Link: http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/18/1687/17980.pdf [Access Date: June 7, 2018].
  2. Ak (Mahmut), Aşık Mehmed Menazırü’l-Avalim, 3 Vols. (Ankara 2007).
  3. Ameen (Ahmed), Islamic Architecture in Greece: Mosques. Foreword: Mostafa El Feki (Alexandria: Bibliotheca Alexandrina, 2017).
  4. Ayverdi (Ekrem Hakkı), Avrupa’da Osmanli Mimari Eserleri, IV. Bulgaristan, Yunanistan, Arnavutluk (Istanbul: Fetih Cemiyeti Yayınları 1982).
  5. Balducci (Hermes), Architettura Τurca in Rodi (Milano: Editore Ulrico Hoepli, 1932).
  6. Balta (Evangelia), Les vakifs des Serrès et de sa région (XVe et XVIe s.) (Athènes: Fondation Nationale pour la Recherche Scientifique 1995).
  7. Balta (Evangelia), Ottoman Studies and Archives in Greece, Analecta Isisiana LXX (Istanbul: Isis Press, 2003).
  8. Barkan (Ömer Lutfi), “İmaret sitelerinin Kuruluş ve isleyişi.” Iktisat FaKültesi Mecmuasi 23 (1963), pp. 239–378.
  9. Bıçakçı (İsmail), Yunanistan'da Türk mimari eserleri, önsöz Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu (İstanbul: Ircica, 2003).
  10. Çam (Nusret), Yunanistan'Daki Türk Eserleri (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2000).
  11. Duman (Hasan), Osmanlı yıllıkları (Salnameler ve Nevsaller) (Istanbul: Ircica 1982).
  12. Eren (Halit), Oğuz (Mustafa) and Mete (Zekai), Balkanlar’da Osmanlı vakıfları, vakfiyeler Yunanistan, 5 vols. (İstanbul : IRCICA, 2017).
  13. Evliyâ  #1: Evliyâ Çelebi, Seyahatname, Autograph manuscript, Bağdat köşkü 308, Book 8.
  14. Evliyâ  #2: Evliyâ Çelebi, Seyahatnâmesi. vol. 8 (İstanbul: Orhaniye Matbaasi, 1928).
  15. Evliyâ #3: Evliyâ Çelebi (bin Derviş Mehemmed Zilli), Evliyâ Çelebi Seyahatnamesi VIII. Kitap, [Topkapı Sarayı Kutuphanesi Bağdat 308 numaralı yazmanın transkripsiyonu-dizini], edited by Kahraman (Seyit Ali), Dağlı (Yücel) and Dankoff (Robert), (İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2003).
  16. Evliyâ #4: Günümüz Türkçesiyle Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi 5. Kitap 2 Cilt Akkirman - Belgrad - Gelibolu - Manastır - Özü - Saraybosna - Slovenya - Tokat – Üsküp, 5. kitap, 2. Cilt, haz. Kahraman (Seyit Ali), (İstanbul: Yapı Kredi, 2010).
  17. Evliyâ #5: Günümüz Türkçesiyle Evliyâ Çelebi seyahatnâmesi: Gümülcine, Kavala, Selânik, Tırhala, Atina, Mora, Navarin, Girit Adası, Hanya, Kandiye, Elbasan, Ohri, Tekirdağı, 8. kitap,  2 Cilt, haz. Kahraman (Seyit Ali), (İstanbul: Yapı Kredi, 2011).
  18. Evliyâ #6: Günümüz Türkçesiyle Evliyâ Çelebi seyahatnâmesi: Kütahya, Manisa, İzmir, Antalya, Karaman, Adana, Halep, Şam, Kudüs, Mekke, Medine, 9. kitap, 2. Cilt, haz. Kahraman (Seyit Ali), (İstanbul: Yapı Kredi, 2011).
  19. Evliyâ #7: Δημητριάδη (Βασίλη), ΗκεντρικήκαιδυτικήΜακεδονίακατάτονΕβλιγιάΤσελεμπή (εισαγωγή, μετάφραση, σχόλια) (Θεσσαλονίκη: Εταιρεία Μακεδονικών Σπουδών, 1973).
  20. Evliyâ #8: Χειλαδάκης (Νίκος), ΕβλιάΤσελεμπί: ΤαξίδιστηνΕλλάδα. έρευνα, λογοτεχνικήαπόδοση (Αθήνα, 1991).
  21. Evliyâ #9: Λούπης (Δημήτρης), ΟδοιπορικόστηνΕλλάδα, 1668-1671: Πελοπόννησος - ΝησιάΙονίου - Κρήτη - Κυκλάδες - ΝησιάΑνατολικούΑιγαίου (Αθήνα: Εκάτη, 1994).
  22. Eyice (Semavi), “Yunanistan’da Türk mimari eserleri.” Türkiyat Mecmuası 11 (1954), pp. 157-182.
  23. Eyice (Semavi), “Yunanistan’da Türk mimari eserleri.” Türkiyat Mecmuası 12 (1955), pp. 205-230.
  24. Giapitsoglou (Konstantinos), “Veli Pasha Complex. Tekes – Mosque – Medrese – Imâret,” in Ottoman Architecture in Greece, pp. 442-443.
  25. Gökbilgin (Tayyip), Edirne ve Paşa Livâsı (İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi 1952).
  26. Hartmuth (Maximilian), “A Late Fifteenth Century Change in the Rapport of Friday Mosque and Ottoman City? A Case Study Of Macedonia” in: Centre and Periphery? Islamic Architecture in Ottoman Macedonia, 1383-1520 (FWF P26406, 2014-2017), 1-19. Link: https://www.academia.edu/34115981 [Access Date: Jan. 7, 2018]
  27. Kiel (Machiel), “The Oldest Monuments of Ottoman–Turkish Architecture in the Balkans: The Imâret and the Mosque of Ghazi, Evrenos Bey in Giimiilcine (Komotini) and the Evrenos Bey Khan in the Village of Ilica Loutra in Greek Thrace (1370–1390).” Sanat Tarihi Yillığı- Kunsthistorische Forschungen 12 (Istanbul 1983), pp. 117–144.
  28. Kiel (Machiel), Studies on the Ottoman Architecture of the Balkans (London: Variorum, 1990).
  29. Kiel (Machiel) and Gara (Eleni), “KARAFERYE. Yunan Makedonyası’nın güneyinde bugünkü adı Béroia (Véria) olan şehir,” TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 24 (2001), 392.
  30. Kiel (Machiel), “The Quatrefoil Plan in Ottoman Architecture Reconsidered in Light of the "Fethiye Mosque" of Athens”. Muqarnas 19 (2002), pp. 109–122.
  31. Kiel (Machiel), “The Medrese and Imaret of Hayreddin Barbarossa on the Island of Lesbos/Midilli: A little-known aspect of the cultural history of Sappho's Island under the Ottomans (1462–1912),” SHEDET (Annual Peer-Reviewed Journal Issued By The Faculty Of Archaeology, Fayoum University), 5 (2018), pp. 162-176.
  32. Konuk (Neval), Ottoman Architecture in Lesvos, Rhodes, Chios and Kos Islands (Ankara, The Center for Strategic Research, 2008).
  33. Konuk (Neval), Ottoman Architecture in Greece Ι (Ankara, The Center for Strategic Research, 2010).
  34. Lowry (Heath), Studies in Defterology: Ottoman Society in the Fifteenth and Fifteenth Centuries (Istanbul: ISIS, 1992).
  35. Lowry (Heath), The Nature of the Early Ottoman State (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003).
  36. Lowry (Heath),  The Shaping of the Ottoman Balkans 1350–1550: The Conquest, Settlement and Infrastructural Development of Northern Greece (Istanbul: Bahçeşehir University Publications, 2008).
  37. Lowry (Heath), Ottoman Architecture in Greece: A Review Article with Addendum and Corrigendum (Istanbul: Bahçeşehir University Press, 2009).
  38. Lowry (Heath), “The ‘Soup Muslims’ of the Ottoman Balkans: Was There A ‘Western’ and ‘Eastern’ Ottoman Empire?”, In D. Quataert and B. Tezcan (eds.): Beyond Dominant Paradigms in Ottoman and Middle Eastern/North African Studies: A Tribute to Rifʻat Abou-El-Haj (İstanbul: İSAM, 2010).
  39. Mαργιέ (Aναστασία) and Mατσκάνη (Άννας), Η οθωμανική αρχιτεκτονική της Βέροιας (Θεσσαλονίκη, 2005).
  40. Ottoman Architecture in Greece, Brouskari, E. (ed.), Athens: Hellenic Ministry of Culture, Directorate of Byzantine; Post-Byzantine Antiquities, 2008.
  41. Özergin (M. Kemal), “Eski bir rûznâmeye göre İstanbul ve Rumeli Medreseleri,” Tarih Enstitüsü Dergisi vol. (4-5), 1973-1974 , pp. 263-290.
  42. Papadopoulou (Varvara), “Aslan Pasha Medrese,” in Ottoman Architecture in Greece, pp. 163-164.
  43. Sarıcaoğlu (Fikret), “KİTÂB-ı BAHRİYYE Pîrî Reis'in (ö. 962/1554) Ege ve Akdeniz kıyılarını tasvir eden coğrafî eseri.” TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, cilt 26 (2002), pp. 72-75.
  44. Sezen (Tahir), Osmanli Yer Adlari (Alfabetik Sırayla) (Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet arşivleri genel müdürlüğü, 2006).
  45. Stavrianos (Leften Stavros), The Balkans since 1453 (New York: Rinehart, 1958).
  46. Şemseddin (Sami Frashëri) , Kamûs-ül Â'lâm. Tarih ve cografya lûgati ve tabir-i esahhiyle kâffe-yi esma-yi hassa-yi camidir (Istanbul: Mihran 1889-1898), 6 vols.
  47. The Cultural Imperialism of Greece and the Turkish-Islamic Works (Ankara: Union of Western Thracians, 1986).
  48. Türkmen (Zekeriya) , “Girit Adasini Osmanli İdaresinden Ayirma Çabalari: Yunan İsyanini Takip Eden Dönemdeki Gelişmeler (1821-1869),” Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi OTAM Vol. 12, Issue 12 (Jan 2001).
  49. VAKIFLAR GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ ARŞİVİ (=VGMA), Defter nr. 623, s. 199, 193, sıra 193.
  50. VAKIFLAR GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ ARŞİVİ (=VGMA), Defter nr. 734, s. 26-29, sıra 10.
  51. Δημητριάδης (Βασίλης), Τοπογραφία της Θεσσαλονίκης κατά την εποχή της Τουρκοκρατίας: 1430–1912 (Θεσσαλονίκη: 1983).
  52. Κανετάκη (Ελένη Ι.), Οθωμανικά λουτρά στον Ελλαδικό χώρο (Αθήνα: Τεχνικό Επιμελητήριο Ελλάδας, 2004).
  53. Καρύδη (Δημήτρης Ν.) and Kiel (Machiel), Μυτιλήνης αστυγραφία και Λέσβου χωρογραφία, 15ος–19ος αι., με βάση αδημοσίευτες οθωμανικές και γαλλικές αρχειακές πηγές (Αθήνα: Ολκός, 2000.
  54. Κουτρούλας (Δημήτριος Ευαγγέλου), Μουσουλμανικά τεμένη και τεκκέδες στη Θράκη. Ιστορική και βιβλιογραφική προσέγγιση, Μεταπτυχιακή Διατριβή που υποβλήθηκε στο Τμήμα Ποιμαντικής και Κοινωνικής Θεολογίας της Θεολογικής Σχολής του ΑΠΘ, (Θεσσαλονίκη: 2009). 
  55. Μελκίδη (Χρύσα), Τα Μουσουλμανικά μνημεία της Ξάνθης (Αθήνα: Τεχνικό Επιμελητήριο Ελλάδας 2007).
  56. Μουτσόπουλος (Νικόλαος), “Οι περιπέτειες του ναού της Παλλάδος. Ο Παρθενώνας τζαμί”. In Επιστημονικής Επετρηρίδας της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής Ι' (1986): 1–56.
  57. Σμύρης (Γεώργιος), “Τα Μουσουλμανικά τεμένη των Ιωαννίνων και η πολεοδομία της οθωμανικής πόλης,” Ηπειρωτικά Χρονικά 34 (2000), pp. 9–90;
  58. Η συντήρηση και η αποκατάσταση των οθωμανικών μνημείων στην Ελλάδα, Στεφανίδου (Αιμιλία) (ed.), (Θεσσαλονίκη: University Studio Press, 2009).
  59. http://digitalcrete.ims.forth.gr/index.php?l=1 [Access Date: April 1, 2016]
Statistics
Article View: 894
PDF Download: 878